横向剪切可变的双焦距波带板干涉仪

本文提出了一种应用双焦距波带板做为横向剪切元件的干涉仪,适用于检测会聚波面像差。它结构简单,不仅具有Ronchi光栅检测的优点,而且条纹对比度好,可根据需要改变剪切量,不需要更换波带板。这种干涉仪可由在波带板平面内移动波带板,获得待测波面任意方向的剪切干涉图。双焦距波带板可用全息方法很容易制作。文中给出了实验结果。     

非齐明点成像的X-射线波带板制造中的应用

软X射线成像需用高分辨率波带板(Zone plate)。本文分析了齐明系统非齐明点球差特性。利用这种特性可以产生制作高分辨率X射线波带板所需的两束非球面波。文中还给出了合肥国家同步辐射实验室光束线所用的软X射线波带板的结构参数和制造这种波带板的光学系统。     

光源尺寸和光谱带宽对波带板成像的影响

X射线菲涅耳波带板成像能实现亚微米空间分辨能力,有可能应用于激光等离子体或聚变靶的高分辨X射线成像诊断.之前的数值模拟研究表明,成像分辨能力受光源尺寸、入射光或成像光谱带宽的影响.本文报道在632.8 nm为中心波长的可见光波段,对波带板成像的数值模拟和原理性验证实验.数值模拟表明:随着扩展光源尺寸增加,视场中央分辨能力基本不变,而像对比度下降;随着成像的光谱带宽的增加,视场中央分辨能力与像对比度同时下降.实验证实了数值模拟的结论,且实验与数值模拟结果的定量比较也符合得较好.     

微聚焦菲涅耳波带板聚焦特性研究

通过激光轰击Ti平面靶,用微聚焦菲涅尔波带板做成像器,测到了在放大倍数为66倍时X射线焦斑图像.利用Fresnel-Kirchhoff衍射积分公式数值模拟了微聚焦菲涅尔波带板的点扩展函数,模拟结果表明该微聚焦菲涅尔波带板在两倍焦距处强聚焦.改变物距和像距但保持透镜的物像距公式,也可得到类似的结果.模拟和实验表明微聚焦波带板可以应用于X射线点对点成像,实现激光等离子体X射线高空间分辨成像. 关键词： 菲涅尔波带板 Fresnel-Kirchhoff衍射 数值模拟 点扩展函数     

X射线干涉仪实现扫描探针显微镜样板线间距纳米测量

X射线干涉仪以非常稳定的单晶硅晶格作为长度单位 ,可以实现亚纳米精度的微位移测量。提出了将 X射线干涉仪和扫描隧道显微镜结合起来 ,利用单晶硅的晶格尺度测量扫描探针显微镜样板节距的技术方案 ,并进行了实验研究     

X射线干涉仪实现扫描控针显微镜样板线间距纳米测量

X射线干涉仪以非常稳定的单晶硅晶格作为长度单位,可以实现亚纳米精度的微位移测量。提出了将X射线干涉仪和扫描隧道显微镜结合起来,利用单晶硅的晶格尺度测量扫描探针显微镜样板节距的技术方案,并进行了实验研究。     

精密测量中的纳米计量技术

随着纳米科学的迅速发展,对纳米计量技术也提出了更高要求。目前,纳米计量技术已经实现在几十微米量程范围内具有亚纳米甚至皮米量级的测量分辨率。回顾了现在主要的纳米计量技术,包括激光干涉仪、差拍F P干涉仪、X射线干涉仪、光学+X射线干涉仪、基于频率测量技术和光频梳技术等,介绍了其工作原理、技术特点、应用范围及其最新研究进展。     

脉冲X射线源的获取及门控成像

介绍了带门控的MCP像增强器及条纹相机对激光驱动产生的脉冲硬X射线进行探测的方法.该方法可以减少X射线的散射,使图像对比度有较大的改善,从而能够大大降低人体对X射线的吸收剂量,在X射线透视及X射线CT诊断中有重要应用.     

衍射相关和Lau干涉

本文用离轴傅里叶变换系统的模型和菲涅耳衍射理论分析了衍射受限下的离焦相关器的系统特性,证明是第一模板和第二模板衍射像之间的强度相关积分。推导了衍射相关器作为测量相位物体的干涉仪的一般理论,这时要求编码板函数能衍射自成像并且相关函数为周期性函数。讨论了平行光栅作为编码板时的干涉仪的横向剪切干涉特性,给出了实验结果。本文还证明了衍射相关器是推广到任何平面物体在任何观察距离上的Lau效应装置。衍射相关干涉仪产生Lau干涉条纹,并且是直接应用Lau效应的干涉仪。 关键词：     

14.4 keV迈克耳孙X射线干涉仪设计及核心器件表征

介绍了一种全新的迈克耳孙X射线干涉仪设计，可用于57Fe穆斯堡尔14.4 keV核共振波长超精准测量。所设计结构是由反对称的三次劳厄衍射型（LLL）的X射线干涉仪和可以匹配14.4 keV波长的一体型双通道切槽单色器（MDCM）构成。在上海同步辐射光源利用14.4 keV单色光对国内首个自制LLL干涉仪的性能和MDCM的工况进行了在线测量和定量表征，得到了干涉仪条纹对比度的测量结果（0.37～0.63）和MDCM光学元件的修正参数。该研究为国内复杂构型X射线光学元件的研制和在线表征积累了技术经验。     

水窗波段同轴X射线全息成像及其数字重现

水窗波段同轴Ｘ射线全息成像及其数字重现张玉火亘蒋诗平付绍军张新夷（中国科学技术大学国家同步辐射实验室，合肥２３００２９）陈建文徐至展陈敏（中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所，上海２０１８００）水窗波段软Ｘ射线对生物样品成像时，不需要电子显微镜观察时那样...     

电子束和X射线双曝光制作大高宽比高分辨率的X射线波带片

介绍了利用电子束和 X射线束双曝光技术制作大高宽比高分辨率的 X射线聚焦或色散元件的新方法 (波长范围为 1～ 5 nm )。所制做的厚度为 10μm的 Au波带片具有 30个波带 ,最外环的宽度为 0 .5μm。实验表明 :对 8ke V的X射线来说 ,波带片的衬度大于 10 ,分辨率为 0 .5 5μm,焦距为 2 1.3cm。     

Enhanced renal image contrast by ethanol fixation in phase‐contrast X‐ray computed tomography

Phase‐contrast X‐ray imaging using a crystal X‐ray interferometer can depict the fine structures of biological objects without the use of a contrast agent. To obtain higher image contrast, fixation techniques have been examined with 100% ethanol and the commonly used 10% formalin, since ethanol causes increased density differences against background due to its physical properties and greater dehydration of soft tissue. Histological comparison was also performed. A phase‐contrast X‐ray system was used, fitted with a two‐crystal X‐ray interferometer at 35 keV X‐ray energy. Fine structures, including cortex, tubules in the medulla, and the vessels of ethanol‐fixed kidney could be visualized more clearly than that of formalin‐fixed tissues. In the optical microscopic images, shrinkage of soft tissue and decreased luminal space were observed in ethanol‐fixed kidney; and this change was significantly shown in the cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla. The ethanol fixation technique enhances image contrast by approximately 2.7–3.2 times in the cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla; the effect of shrinkage and the physical effect of ethanol cause an increment of approximately 78% and 22%, respectively. Thus, the ethanol‐fixation technique enables the image contrast to be enhanced in phase‐contrast X‐ray imaging.     

Interferometry using binary holograms without high order diffraction effects

We describe a technique for a phase-stepping interferometer based on programmable binary phase holograms, particularly useful for optical testing of aspheric or free-form surfaces. It is well-known that binary holograms can be used to generate reference surfaces for interferometry, but a major problem is that cross talk from higher diffraction orders and aliasing can reduce the fidelity of the system. Here, we propose a new encoding technique which improves the accuracy of the technique and demonstrate its implementation using a binary liquid crystal spatial light modulator.     

30‐Lens interferometer for high‐energy X‐rays

A novel high‐energy multi‐lens interferometer consisting of 30 arrays of planar compound refractive lenses is reported. Under coherent illumination each lens array creates a diffraction‐limited secondary source. Overlapping such coherent beams produces an interference pattern demonstrating strong longitudinal functional dependence. The proposed multi‐lens interferometer was tested experimentally at the 100 m‐long ID11 ESRF beamline in the X‐ray energy range from 30 to 65 keV. The interference pattern generated by the interferometer was recorded at fundamental and fractional Talbot distances. An effective source size (FWHM) of the order of 15 µm was determined from the first Talbot image, proving the concept that the multi‐lens interferometer can be used as a high‐resolution tool for beam diagnostics.     

Wave front reconstruction of Fresnel off-axis holograms with compensation of aberrations by means of phase-shifting digital holography

Off-axis holograms recorded with a CCD camera are numerically reconstructed in amplitude by calculating through the Fresnel–Kirchhoff integral. A phase-shifting Mach–Zehnder interferometer is used for recording four-quadrature phase-shifted off-axis holograms. The basic principle of this technique and its experimental verification are described. We show that the application of this algorithm allows for the suppression of the zero order of diffraction and of the twin image and that the contrast of the reconstructed images can be further enhanced by digital compensation of the aberrations introduced by the holographic recording system     

Multimodal hard X‐ray imaging of a mammography phantom at a compact synchrotron light source

The Compact Light Source is a miniature synchrotron producing X‐rays at the interaction point of a counter‐propagating laser pulse and electron bunch through the process of inverse Compton scattering. The small transverse size of the luminous region yields a highly coherent beam with an angular divergence of a few milliradians. The intrinsic monochromaticity and coherence of the produced X‐rays can be exploited in high‐sensitivity differential phase‐contrast imaging with a grating‐based interferometer. Here, the first multimodal X‐ray imaging experiments at the Compact Light Source at a clinically compatible X‐ray energy of 21 keV are reported. Dose‐compatible measurements of a mammography phantom clearly demonstrate an increase in contrast attainable through differential phase and dark‐field imaging over conventional attenuation‐based projections.     

Formation of holographic and speckle-interference patterns characterizing changes in the wave-front tilt. P. 1

Formation of interference patterns is analyzed for the cases of double-exposure recording of quasi-Fourier holograms and specklograms using a negative lens to control changes in the wave-front tilt. It is shown that the interference patterns are localized in the far diffraction zone, and the interferometer sensitivity depends on the scale in the hologram or specklogram planes of the Fourier transform of the function characterizing the complex transmittance or reflection amplitudes of a diffusively scattering flat surface. The experimental results are in good agreement with theory.     

Digital holographic shape measurement using Fizeau microscopy

We present a Fizeau interferometer using a microscopic objective as a tool for surface contouring without the need for a numerical lens for reconstruction. The interferometer is associated with a telescope system to feature the object with collimated light. The experiment is conducted on two objects possessing different step heights.The phase maps from the captured off-axis holograms are calculated numerically, which allows us to deduce the contours of the objects. The great advantages of the presented technique are that it can be done in real time and there is no need for numerical lenses for micro-objects reconstruction.     

Hard X‐ray microbeam lithography using a Fresnel zone plate with a long focal length

Focused hard X‐ray microbeams for use in X‐ray nanolithography have been investigated. A 7.5 keV X‐ray beam generated at an undulator was focused to about 3 µm using a Fresnel zone plate fabricated on silicon. The focused X‐ray beam retains a high degree of collimation owing to the long focal length of the zone plate, which greatly facilitates hard X‐ray nanoscale lithography. The focused X‐ray microbeam was successfully utilized to fabricate patterns with features as small as 100 nm on a photoresist.