强背景下混响时间的非线性滤波M序列相关测量

本文提出采用非线性滤波抑制在强背景噪声环境中用Ｍ－序列相关法得到的房间脉冲响应中的残余噪声影响，以扩大混响衰减曲线的动态范围，从而达到能够在强背景噪声环境下准确测量混响时间的目的。首先讨论了影响Ｍ序列相关法测量混响时间的几个因素。其次，采用非线性滤波进一步抑制背景噪声的影响。结果表明，非线性滤波的效果相当显著。本文还在非白噪声背景条件下用该法进行强背景下的混响时间测量，结果与传统测量结果符合得很好     

利用对墙截面形状的优化来改善声学小房间的低频响应

提出了通过优化墙截面形状来改变声学小房间低频响应的优化方法。在矩形有限元模型中将墙面用不同的阶梯形状作为墙截面进行代换,并用于具有不同墙面的房间,进行了声场分析。阶梯形状间的差异仅是阶梯高度的取值不同,分别为相等、随机和优化值。将获得优化值的优化方法用于60Hz到120Hz的频率范围内,对不同阶梯墙面以及平墙面房间的频率响应进行了数值计算和比较。结果显示墙截面采用优化值时得到的房间频响最为均匀;将房间长、宽、高比例改变后重复上述数值分析,仍得到房间频响改善在优化情况下最大的结果。对比例较差的房间改善幅度可达4.5dB。另外还以半圆和三角形作为墙截面形状计算了半圆半径和三角形高度分别为固定值和优化值时房间的频率响应,同样得到优化墙面优于固定值墙面的结果。因此通过运用优化的墙截面来改善房间低频声场特性是有意义的。     

语音特性及声场因素对老年人警报语音可懂度和主观感受的影响*

警报语音广播是紧急情况时提高建筑物内疏散效率的有效手段。通过实验室研究的方法,研究了语音特性及声场因素对老年群体警报语音可懂度和主观感受的影响。主观感受选取了听音容易程度和感知紧迫性两个维度。研究结果表明,老年人警报语音可懂度和听音容易程度评价主要受语速、信噪比和混响时间的影响,且呈现一致的变化趋势,即随着语速和混响时间降低以及信噪比的增加,老年人可懂度和听音容易程度得分均升高,而声压级(最低设置为60dB)、有无警铃和噪声类型没有显著影响。感知紧迫性随语速和声压级的增加而显著增加,信噪比、混响时间及有无警铃声对感知紧迫性并无显著影响。采用人声播报的警报语音其可懂度和感知紧迫性显著高于合成声。比较老年人和年轻人群体的结果发现,在语速、声压级和噪声类型对主观评价的影响上有显著差异。为建立老年人理想且安全的声环境,应采用人声播报并适当降低语速以保证可懂度,同时混响及信噪比条件两方面的改善都是必要的。     

墙截面优化声学小房间低频响应的鲁棒性分析

改进了通过优化墙截面形状改善声学小房间低频响应的优化方法,实现了墙面阶梯形状宽度和深度同时优化。在60- 120 Hz频段对优化后房间频响随声源位置的鲁棒性进行了分析,并与未优化的房间比较。结果表明:对一个5×4．65×2．68 m3的小房间优化后,210个不同位置点声源所激励房间声场的频响标准偏差(SRD)平均值从未优化房间的9．66 dB下降为6．17 dB,频响最大偏离值(MD)平均值从未优化房间的41．27 dB下降为17．42 dB;SRD和MD值的标准差分别比未优化房间下降了44．8％和63．9％。证明了墙截面优化不仅能够使房间频响变好,而且小房间内频响对于声源位置的敏感程度也随着墙截面形状的优化而降低。通过运用优化的墙截面改善房间低频响应鲁棒性是有意义的。     

光纤陀螺数字闭环控制系统模型实验研究

数字闭环光纤陀螺的动态性能受控制系统设计的影响.根据光纤陀螺数字闭环检测过程,建立了控制系统的数学模型.为在全频带内对模型进行验证,提出了基于Faraday效应的光纤陀螺频率响应测试方法,对该测试方法与角振动台测试方法的等效性进行了分析.设计了频率响应测试系统,测试范围大于50 kHz,波形失真小于0.1%.实测了采用一阶积分控制算法的数字闭环光纤陀螺频率响应.实验结果表明模型误差小于8%.     

频域合成房间频率响应的人工混响方法

给出了一种频域合成房间频率响应的方法用于卷积法人工混响,基于频域内房间频率响应的后期部分为高斯随机过程的假设,用自回归滑动平均模型为其自协方差函数和功率谱密度进行参数化描述,在对自回归滑动平均模型中的参数求解后,通过逆滤波得到了房间频率响应后期部分,与房间频率响应前期部分组合后经过傅里叶反变换得到完整的房间脉冲响应。仿真结果表明该方法的混响效果与镜像源法接近,明显优于反馈延迟网络法,但其计算复杂度比镜像源法低,便于实时应用。     

一种频域合成房间频率响应的人工混响方法

给出了一种频域合成房间频率响应的方法用于卷积法人工混响,基于频域内房间频率响应的后期部分为高斯随机过程的假设,用自回归滑动平均模型为其自协方差函数和功率谱密度进行参数化描述,在对自回归滑动平均模型中的参数求解后,通过逆滤波得到了房间频率响应后期部分,与房间频率响应前期部分组合后经过傅里叶反变换得到完整的房间脉冲响应。仿真结果表明该方法的混响效果与镜像源法接近,明显优于反馈延迟网络法,但其计算复杂度比镜像源法低,便于实时应用。     

ARJ21客机降落阶段起落架噪声试验研究

为了测量ARJ21客机的起落架噪声,在飞行现场分别采用改进的频域波束形成和解卷积算法对降落阶段的起落架噪声进行了测量。通过比较两种算法发现,解卷积算法比改进的频域波束形成算法具有更好的声源识别能力。为了提高传声器的利用率,设计了多臂螺旋阵,并且利用线性插值消除了多普勒效应。根据主起落架和前起落架的分布位置不同,将声源识别区域划分为两部分,在140—800Hz范围内对不同频段的1/3倍频程的起落架噪声进行了测量。结果发现:在250 Hz以上频段,主起落架为主要噪声源,且在中心频率500 Hz的1/3倍频程内为唯一强声源;前起落架在中心频率630 Hz的1/3倍频程内为主要噪声源。通过试验得到了主起落架和前起落架噪声在不同频段的分布特点,为起落架降噪设计提供了支持。      

基于统计的语音传输指数预测方法实验对比*

良好的言语可懂度是语言声厅堂声环境设计的重要目标,语音传输指数(STI)是言语可懂度的客观评价参量。在设计阶段就能对STI做出准确预测,对语言声厅堂的声环境控制具有重要意义。基于统计的STI预测方法是IEC 60268-16标准推荐的主要预测方法,但使用该方法时的影响因素以及预测精度,当前仍缺少系统性的实验对比研究。本文使用4个房间中13个测点共52种听音条件下的STI实测结果,分析了基于统计的STI预测方法的精度以及影响因素,结果表明：(1)考虑和不考虑直达声的两种预测方法,都存在着系统偏差,预测结果普遍小于实测值;在距离声源较近测点的预测都产生了较大误差,在距离声源较远测点的预测误差相对较小;(2)基于单指数衰变声场不考虑直达声的预测方法操作简单,但误差较大,52种听音条件的平均误差达到了-0.032,最大误差达到了-0.131;(3)考虑直达声的预测方法误差相对较小,52种听音条件的STI平均误差为-0.018,最大误差为-0.080;(4)预测精度主要受所使用的信噪比、扬声器的指向性、房间的声场条件等因素影响,并对这些因素的影响进行了对比分析。结果可为STI预测方法的使用者提供参考。     

波场合成与波场分析的有源房间补偿方法

波场合成是一种空间声重放技术,利用扬声器阵列在宽阔的听音区域内重建声场。为消除或者消减听音房间的反射对重建波场的影响,利用测量环绕听音区域的闭合曲线上声压和声压梯度来分析波场,推导了基于圆形阵列进行波域分解的公式,利用多通道逆滤波进行了平面波域的房间补偿,实验结果显示该算法在整个听音区域内都是有效的。与传统补偿方法相比,边界元法所需的测量传声器数目少计算复杂度低,而波域分解具有更充分的波场分析能力,因此是一种更有效的有源房间补偿方法.      

A quest for error factors in predicting heavy weight floor impact sound levels using measured data in existing residential buildings

A number of datasets regarding the heavy weighted floor impact sound level and the driving point impedance level, i.e., twenty times the common logarithm of driving point impedance at an exciting point, were measured in existing residential buildings before the floor finishing of the excitation room and the ceiling finishing of the receiving room were installed. These data were compared to the calculated values by the impedance method, i.e., a practical method that estimates vibration energy of an excited slab using the driving point impedance at the exciting point as a major factor, as well as those using the Finite Element Method (FEM) models of slabs. Furthermore, correlations between the residual errors and the major dimensions of the receiving rooms were investigated. Two major error factors were found to influence the calculated values by the impedance method. The spectral characteristic of the tire impact source within the 63 Hz band effectively decreased the prediction errors when it was included in the calculation and combined with the FEM models of slabs. The length of the shorter side of the receiving room plan correlated to the residual errors of the receiving rooms having a pair of flat parallel walls. These errors arise from the fact that the receiving points were placed at the central and quarter positions within the wall distance, where the nodes of the horizontal mode exist. It was not possible to identify another dimension of the receiving room that significantly correlates to the residual errors of the prediction.     

Experimental implementation of a low-frequency global sound equalization method based on free field propagation

An experimental implementation of a global sound equalization method in a rectangular room using active control is described in this paper. The main purpose of the work has been to provide experimental evidence that sound can be equalized in a continuous three-dimensional region, the listening zone, which occupies a considerable part of the complete volume of the room. The equalization method, based on the simulation of a progressive plane wave, was implemented in a room with inner dimensions of 2.70 m × 2.74 m × 2.40 m. With this method, the sound was reproduced by a matrix of 4 × 5 loudspeakers in one of the walls. After traveling through the room, the sound wave was absorbed on the opposite wall, which had a similar arrangement of loudspeakers, by means of active control. A set of 40 digital FIR filters was used to modify the original input signal before it was fed to the loudspeakers, one filter for each transducer. The optimal arrangement of the loudspeakers and the maximum frequency that can be equalized is analyzed theoretically in this paper. The presented experimental results show that sound equalization was possible from 10 Hz to approximately 425 Hz in the listening zone. A flat frequency response with deviations within ±5 decibels from the desired value was achieved. A higher demanding performance with deviations within ±1.5 decibels from a flat frequency response was attained in the interval between 20 Hz and 280 Hz. At the same time, the impulse response was quite well approximated to a delayed delta function in the listening zone. Examples of the spatial distribution of the sound field are also shown.     

A simplified field method for measuring the aggregate adverse deviation of partitions

This paper describes the investigation of a simplified field method of measuring the aggregate adverse deviation of a partition. In this study, the source spectrum in the source room was assumed to be flat over the sixteen one-third octave frequency bands of 100 Hz to 3150 Hz. Measurement of the overall level difference in dB(A) is proposed.Using real transmission loss data, it was found that there was a linear relationship between the aggregate adverse deviation and the level difference in dB(A). The correlation is very good. The investigations show that a simplified method can be developed to rate partitions according to the criterion specified in the British building regulations. The simplified field method can also be applied to situations which use a different grading curve such as the grading curve for flats in Scotland.     

Microwave heating of liquid at the forced flow around a flat plate under the conditions of non-stationary radiation-convection heat transfer

A class of nonlinear problems of non-stationary radiation-convective heat transfer under the conditions of microwave action with a small depth of penetration is considered in a forced laminar flow of liquid around a flat plane. The solutions to these problems are obtained using the effective asymptotic procedures at the successive stages of nonstationary and stationary radiation-convective heat transfer on the heat-radiating horizontal plane. The non-stationary and stationary stages of solution are matched using the “longitudinal coordinate-time” characteristic. The solutions constructed on such principles correlate reliably with the exact ones at the limiting values of such parameters as a small and large intensity of external thermal impact, small and large times, etc. The error of solutions does not exceed 1–7 %. As the plate is removed from the leading edge of the plate due to heat radiation, convective heat transfer degenerates from values characteristic of the boundary condition of the second kind to the values characteristic of the boundary condition of the first kind. A strong effect on the nature of variations of the surface temperature and Nusselt number of the complex parameter of microwave and thermal radiation is noted. An important advantage of the developed method for solving this class of external problems is that even before complex calculations it is possible to perform an exhaustive analysis of the fundamental laws of the processes under study. Despite a number of initial simplifications, the latter do not significantly affect the accuracy of results, guaranteeing reliable quantitative information. The developed method can also be extended to the regimes of forced convection with linear dependence of physical properties on temperature using transformation of A.A. Dorodnitsyn. To confirm adequacy of the constructed mathematical model, stationary radiation-convective heat transfer under the forced flow around a flat plate was studied experimentally. The results of comparison of the theoretical and experimental data show that they are in a good agreement. This again confirms the effectiveness of the developed method for constructing theoretical solutions to the nonlinear problems of forced convection using the asymptotic procedures.     

A novel method of flat YBCO rings development for shield-type superconducting fault current limiters fabrication

The application of flat superconductor rings has been investigated in the structure of inductive shield-type high temperature superconducting fault current limiters, HT_c-SFCL. A laboratory scale inductive shield-type HT_c-SFCL has been designed and fabricated using flat superconductor rings. The fabrication process has been fully presented. YBCO powder has been used for the fabrication of superconductor rings. This fabrication process, being quite innovative, is introduced completely. The method of the trapped field measurement has been used for the critical current density measurement of the fabricated superconductor rings. The device with nominal current of 2 A was tested in a 30 V circuit. The SFCL successfully limited the fault currents of up to 10 times the nominal current to an approximately fixed value of 3 A. The voltage-current characteristic of the fabricated prototype has also been obtained and has shown compatibility with the fault current limitation results.     

平面晶体积分衍射效率实验标定

 平面晶体谱仪是激光等离子体X光光谱重要诊断设备之一，X光光谱的半定量或定量化诊断需要对平面晶体的一些重要参数如积分衍射效率、晶体扭摆曲线半高宽等进行标定。利用北京高能物理研究所同步辐射室的3B3中能束线作为X光光源，对PET平面晶体进行了实验标定，并对实验标定结果进行了分析，得到了2.1~6.0 keV范围内各能点处的晶体衍射效率。实验结果与其它文献符合得很好。     

On the characteristic time for the realization of instability on a flat charged liquid surface

A nonlinear integral equation that describes the time evolution of the amplitude of a nonlinear unstable wave on the flat uniform charged surface of an ideal incompressible liquid has been derived and solved. The characteristic time for the realization of instability is found to be determined by the initial amplitude of a virtual wave initiating the instability and the supercritical increment in the Tonks-Frenkel parameter. At a zero supercritical increment, the characteristic time for the realization of instability is only determined by the initial amplitude and can be rather long (up to eight hours). This effect is characteristic of a flat charged liquid surface and does not occur in charged drops.     

巴基葱的微观形态与电学特性研究

关键词：     

Nearly flat, terraced, hydrogen-terminated, 1×1 (100) silicon prepared by high-temperature exposure to H2

A method is described for the preparation of device-quality, nearly flat, terraced, hydrogen-terminated, (100) silicon. The method requires heating at high temperature (say, 1100 °C) in H₂, cooling to moderate temperature (670–700 °C) in the same ambient, and quenching to room temperature in N₂. Evidence that the process really results in the said surface is based on atomic force microscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection mode, thermal programmed desorption, reflection high energy electron diffraction, and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. PACS 68.45.Da; 34.50.Dy; 82.30.Hk; 82.65.MyThis corrected version was published in January 2005 with a correction to the title.     

基于LED阵列与漫反射自由曲面的均匀照明光源设计

提出一种由平面LED阵列与高漫反射率自由曲面构成的间接照明方式。基于LED光源与理想漫反射表面的朗伯特性,构建照明系统的数学模型。根据目标平面预期的光强分布,建立一组微分方程,利用数值方法求解得到漫反射自由曲面的面形轮廓,通过光学软件对该漫反射光源系统实体模型进行非序列光线追迹仿真,模拟结果显示检测区域辐照均匀度达到90%以上,验证了该方案设计均匀照明光源的正确性与有效性。