微型扬声器振动系统阻尼频率特性研究

受材料黏弹性的影响,微型扬声器振动系统的力阻与频率有关。通过理论推导建立了力阻与频率之间的模型,得到了微型扬声器振动系统力阻的计算公式,利用激光测振法测量得到的微型扬声器阻抗曲线和位移曲线可以方便地得到微型扬声器振动系统力阻频率响应,表明了其随频率增加而减小的频率特性。实验表明,采用该频率相关力阻模型计算阻抗曲线、位移曲线和频率响应曲线,与测量值吻合很好,明显好于传统频率非相关力阻模型所得曲线。     

采用全面最小二乘法测量开口箱扬声器系统低频特性参数

本文分析并建立了开口箱扬声器系统的自回归平均（ＡＲＭＡ）模型参数与低频特性参数的关系，采用全面最小二乘（ＴＬＳ）法辨识开口箱扬声器系统的ＡＲＭＡ模型参数，从而在时域上测出了开口箱扬声器系统的低频特性参数、阻抗曲线和低频响应曲线，取得了较好的结果。     

直接辐射式扬声器系统的低频效率计算公式*

效率是扬声器系统的重要性能指标,然而常用的标称效率在低频范围并不适用。本文研究直接辐射式扬声器系统的低频效率,推导了基于TS参数的低频效率计算公式。针对封闭式扬声器系统和倒相式扬声器系统,开展实验验证,结果表明本文提出的计算公式得到的低频效率与实验测量得到的低频效率较为相符。进一步对比分析低频效率和标称效率,结果表明低频效率能够适用于低频,能准确地展示扬声器系统参数对效率的影响。利用本文提出的计算公式,有助于进一步优化提升扬声器系统的低频效率。     

电动扬声器悬置系统蠕变效应建模

对电动扬声器悬置系统的蠕变效应进行了分数阶建模。通过将标准线性固体模型中的牛顿黏壶替换为分数阶Abel黏壶,提出了悬置系统分数阶标准线性固体力顺模型。使用Klippel扬声器单元电阻抗激光测量系统,测量了2只具有不同橡胶折环的中频扬声器单元的电阻抗和传递函数(振膜输出位移/输入声压),并采用最小二乘法拟合实测曲线,得到了模型参数。通过与已有的考虑蠕变效应的4参数对数模型和标准线性固体模型拟合结果的对比,结果表明:分数阶标准线性固体模型能够准确描述力顺损耗因数随频率的变化规律,对蠕变效应具有更好的模拟精度。      

采用系统函数分析换能器阻抗测量方法的性能

在分析传统三电压法测量阻抗优缺点的基础上,提出了一种发射换能器阻抗测量方法,以解决海上单模激发现场检修发射相控阵一致性的难题。该方法仍利用三电压法电路结构,但修改了测量参数。首先介绍了基于系统函数的换能器阻抗测量方法的原理,然后报道了当串联电阻选取不同数值时换能器阻抗测量的结果以及它们与高精度阻抗分析仪测量结果的比较,最后进行误差分析和测量曲线的等效电路参数拟合。通过对它的性能分析可以看到,在保证采样精度条件下,选择阻值相对换能器阻抗偏小的电阻值,其测量精度完全能达到高精度阻抗分析仪的精度。最后,通过对实验测量阻抗曲线的等效电路参数的最小二乘拟合表明,其拟合电参数准确,能应用到换能器匹配网络的设计。      

红外光谱发射率测量系统的温漂修正方法

针对探测器光谱响应度温漂现象对红外光谱发射率测量系统重复性的影响,分析探测器温度与输出电压之间的变化规律,提出了基于多项式拟合的光谱响应度温漂修正方法。研究探测器自身温度与其光谱响应度的函数关系,对探测器光谱响应度随温度变化的曲线进行数据拟合,得到探测器温度-光谱响应度的拟合方程,计算光谱响应度的温漂修正系数,修正探测器的输出电压,消除光谱响应度温漂现象对探测器输出电压造成的影响。研制光谱响应度温漂修正装置,测得探测器光谱响度的温漂曲线,对比指数拟合曲线和多项式拟合曲线与测量曲线的吻合度,结果表明6阶多项式拟合曲线的一致性较好,提高了基于积分球反射计的光谱发射率测量系统的重复性。     

圆柱圆锥状空腔声共振频率的测量

提出一种测量圆柱和圆锥状空腔声共振频率的方法,由微机和信号处理板配合构成的系统完成频响曲线的测量和运算,实验得到的数据和理论计算值相吻合。     

封闭箱扬声器系统的有源均衡

有源均衡是扩展扬声器系统低频响应的技术。提出的新方法能使设计师用均衡方法扩展现有封闭箱扬声器系统的低频响应,或者设计一个均衡系统使用与均衡器无关的扬声器箱。如果扬声器系统的尺寸是一个重要因素,那末这种设计方法就特别有意义。它允许设计师自由地采用小型箱子而不受均衡器的限制。已知封闭箱扬声器系统的总质量因数Q_(tc),用提出的均衡方法,可以获得系统响应为四阶Butterworth的高通滤波器转移函数。这种设计方法唯一的限制是系统的质量因数小于1.31。在Q_(tc)=0.707的二阶Butterworth系统的情况中,均衡器把系统的-3dB截止频率降低一个因子1.85,或者降低0.886个倍频程。均衡器的峰需要提高的倍数是系统质量因数的函数,对于二阶Butterworth系统,大约为8.01dB。     

高频圆电流磁场中导体环所受电磁悬浮力的实验测量

利用扭秤的高灵敏度和稳定性测量了高频圆电流对导体的电磁悬浮力。通过对与高频圆电流同轴细导体环距高频圆电流平面不同高度所受电磁悬浮力的测量，得到了导体环表面单位面积受纵向电磁悬浮力的分布。与理论计算结果进行对比分析，结果表明，在导体环与圆电流平面距离较大时实验曲线与理论曲线相吻合，从而为电磁悬浮实验提供了一种简便而准确的测量手段。     

用激光自混合干涉测量扬声器的Q值

用激光自混合干涉方法测量扬声器振动,从扬声器振动引起的自混合干涉信号测量扬声器振动速率.由正弦波激振扬声器测量振速的幅频特性曲线,谐波中包含扬声器谐振频率的方波激振扬声器测量振速衰减曲线,分别按谐振法和衰减法测量得到扬声器的品质因数约13.3和10.2.由于方波激励时扬声器有谐波振动成分,由方波激励获得的衰减曲线测量得...     

气流扬声器振动系统的设计原理

本文用等效电路方法分析了电动气流扬声器振动系统的特性,求得了气流扬声器的输入阻抗和位移振幅的频率特性,并把结果用于典型扬声器,说明用等效电路分析指导气流扬声器设计的作用。气流扬声器振动系统所需的电功率与其机械共振频率的四次方成正比,其声辐射主要限于共振频率以下,因而高频特性较差。求得了在共振频率以下,频率响应平直的最佳条件,实验表明,在最佳条件下,气流扬声器的高频特性随着磁隙中的磁感应强度的增加仍稍有提高。实验结果符合理论分析,测得气流扬声器喇叭喉部的声压级在不同情况下达181分贝或184.8分贝(零分贝等于2×10^-5牛顿/米²)。     

High frequency impedance spectroscopy study on Gd-doped CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript> thin films

The gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) thin films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition. Samples with special geometry were prepared which allowed us to characterize GDC film in across-plane direction. The electrical properties of the films were investigated by means of impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 10 Hz to 10 GHz and 380–600 K temperature interval. The data analysis was performed by using appropriate equivalent circuit. The equivalent circuit modeled thin GDC film itself, platinum metal connections (traces) in the dielectric medium of sapphire substrate and interfaces between the film and platinum electrodes. Hence, several factors influenced the impedance spectra, namely the properties of substrate, the oxygen-ion transport in the film, ion blocking at the interface between the film and the electrode, and metal traces. The electrical properties of GDC thin films were compared with these of bulk ceramics and showed similar conductivity and dielectric permittivity values. The study also revealed that measurement data at electrical field frequencies of up to 10 GHz were particularly important to correctly estimate electrical properties of GDC thin films, because at high temperatures the electric response of GDC film shifts to high frequencies (higher than 1 MHz at 600 K). The thin film sample preparation for high frequency measurements and fitting of impedance data by using relatively simple equivalent circuit model is presented.     

利用等效电路模型快速分析加载集总元件的微型化频率选择表面

为了提高频率选择表面(FSS)设计优化速度, 利用等效电路方法对基于集总元件加载的微型化FSS结构进行了分析. 根据FSS物理结构建立了相应的等效电路模型, 通过ADS软件对全波分析曲线进行拟合提取了等效电路模型参数, 通过延长曲线范围增加极值点个数提高拟合参数精度. 利用所提取的等效电路参数计算了不同LC 参数下FSS的传输特性, 与全波分析精确结果相对比, 电路模型计算的透过率略高, 中心频点及-3 dB带宽与全波分析结果的相对误差均小于10%. 证明了利用等效电路模型分析复杂FSS结构的可行性, 为FSS设计和快速优化提供了参考. 关键词： 频率选择表面 等效电路 集总元件     

An electro-acoustics impedance error criterion and its application to active noise control

Characteristics of radiation impedance and its inducing variation of electrical impedance for a controllable source have been investigated. An impedance-based error criterion has been proposed and its application to active noise control is demonstrated through a coil driven loudspeaker. A general formula of radiation impedance is derived for two control strategies, according to the criterion of total acoustic power output. The radiation impedances of some commonly used sound sources are calculated. We discuss in detail the relation between variation of the input electrical impedance and radiation impedance for the two control strategies. An AC-bridge circuit is designed to measure the weak variation of electrical impedance resulted from radiation impedance. The input electrical impedance of a loudspeaker was measured and the experimental result is consistent with that of theoretical analysis. An impedance-based error criterion is proposed since the AC-bridge relative output is unique for a certain control strategy. The implementation of this criterion applied to an active control system is analyzed by simulations. An analogue control system is set up and experiments are carried out in a semi-anechoic chamber to verify the new control approach.     

基于最小相位法的屏蔽电缆瞬态响应分析方法

为了分析屏蔽电缆在电磁脉冲作用下的时域响应,对基于最小相位法的频域等效方法进行了研究。首先,通过建立转移阻抗测试系统的电路模型,推导系统的频域传递函数,并验证其为最小相位系统与全通系统的级联;其次,采用最小相位法,对测得的幅频曲线进行相位重构,根据推导的传递函数的零、极点分布,对重构的最小相位传递函数进行相位补偿;最后,将补偿后的传递函数与瞬态干扰信号在频域相乘后变换到时域,得到了屏蔽电缆的时域响应。仿真及实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Definition and measurement of the normalized electrical impedance of lossy piezoelectric resonators for ultrasonic transducers

Relevant equivalent circuit parameters and values of material constants of a piezoelectric resonator can be determined from measurements of its electrical input impedance as a function of frequency. The complex electrical impedance curves and the associated critical frequencies are the basis of this characterization by the piezoelectric resonance method. In this paper, the previously introduced concept of normalized electrical impedance of the lossy resonator, extended to include piezoelectric losses, is applied to the analysis of the effects of different types of intrinsic losses on peak values, bandwidths and characteristic frequencies. The resulting impedance patterns depend solely on the electromechanical coupling coefficient and the loss tangents, providing a useful tool for the analysis of low-Q resonators. The normalized impedance is experimentally evaluated from the basic data provided by an HP 4194A impedance analyser by means of specifically developed ASP programs.     

Model and estimation method for predicting the sound radiated by a horn loudspeaker - With application to a car horn

This paper deals with a new car horn device made of a sound synthesizer and an electrodynamic horn loudspeaker. It presents an one-dimensional model allowing to predict the loudspeaker efficiency and a specific method to estimate experimentally the model parameters. First, this model aims at reducing the time spent in the design process. Second it aims at correcting the sound emitted by the sound synthesizer in order that the listener hears the sound designed for creating the warning message. The study gives a survey of the vast loudspeaker literature. It is based on the conventional electroacoustic approach used for electrodynamic loudspeakers and on wave propagation models used for characterizing acoustic horns. The estimation of the model parameter values is performed using measurements of the electrical impedance of the loudspeaker and of the acoustic impedance of the horn. The model is assessed by comparing the calculated and measured electrical impedances and horn efficiencies. Results show that the model predicts well the horn efficiency up to 2500 Hz, the limitation being due to the horn radiation impedance modelization.     

Earbud-type earphone modeling and measurement by head and torso simulator

This paper presents an analytical model using equivalent circuit method to design an earbud earphone. The electroacoustic parameters of a miniature loudspeaker are measured through a laser triangulation method. Design configurations are analyzed in accordance with the open and closed states of vent and sound holes of earphone. The equivalent circuit model is validated by the head and torso simulator measurements in an anechoic chamber. The effects of vent and sound holes on frequency response are examined and elucidated. The vent and sound holes found to affect the fundamental resonance frequency, low, and medium frequency response. The effect of sponge cover over the earphone’s front side is also investigated. Finally, it is concluded that the sponge can elevate the sound pressure level to 120 dBSPL and above, raising the possibility of permanent and incurable hearing loss. The major contribution of this work leads to successful development of earbud earphone.     

Measurement of resonance frequency and loss factor of a microphone diaphragm using a laser vibrometer

The pressure sensitivity of a laboratory standard microphone is determined using a reciprocity technique that measures the electrical transfer impedance of two microphones connected acoustically by a coupler. The electrical transfer impedance is a function of the coupler volume and the equivalent volumes of the microphones. The equivalent volume given as a function of the frequency can be determined in experiments or can be calculated if the equivalent volume at a low frequency as well as the resonance frequency and loss factor of the microphone diaphragm are known. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the resonance frequency and the loss factor accurately to obtain an accurate reading of the pressure sensitivity.In this paper, a new method to determine the resonance frequency and loss factor of a microphone diaphragm is proposed. The frequency response of the diaphragm displacement is measured by a laser vibrometer and the part of the response near the resonance frequency is used to determine the microphone parameters via least square fitting with the equation of a vibration model with one degree-of-freedom. Since the values measured by this method are close to the nominal values and the repeatability is highly feasible, the proposed method will be useful to determine the resonance frequency and loss factor of a microphone diaphragm.