Spectral emission from MHD combustion gas mixed with pulverized coal

The spectral emission from MHD combustion gas mixed with pulverized coal was measured between 0.38 and 2.7 μm. Twenty lines of K, eight lines of Li, Na, Rb, and Ca, and two molecular spectra of calcium compounds were observed. The experimental line shape for the 4P-4S transition of K agreed well with the Lorentzian shape combined with the measured farwing absorption cross sections. The population temperature of the K electronic state in the optically thin limit agreed well with the wing-reversal temperature. Continuous emission from coal-ash particles was not observed.     

KCl添加剂对激光诱导土壤等离子体辐射强度的影响

为了提高激光诱导击穿光谱技术对低含量物质成分的检测能力,实验研究了KCl添加剂对土壤样品发射光谱的增强效应。利用高能量钕玻璃脉冲激光器烧蚀样品,由组合式多功能光栅光谱仪和CCD数据采集处理系统记录等离子体光谱,并通过测量光谱线的强度和Stark展宽分别计算了等离子体的电子温度和电子密度。实验结果证明,随着KCl加入量的增加,激光等离子体的光谱强度、信背比、电子温度和电子密度均呈现出先增大而后减小的规律。当KCl加入量为15%时,等离子体辐射最强,元素Mn,Fe,和Ti的谱线强度分别比无添加剂时提高了2.23,1.13和2.04倍,信背比分别提高了1.33,0.89和0.94倍;而等离子体的温度和电子密度比无添加剂时分别提高了14%和38%。     

Effect of KCI additive on laser-induced soil plasma radiation

In order to improve laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for low-level elements testing capability, the enhancement effects of KCl additive on the emission spectra of soil samples were studied. The laser spectrum analytical system is composed of a high-energy neodymium glass laser ablating samples, a multifunctional and automatic scanning spectrometer, and a CCD data acquisition system recording plasma spectra. The electron temperature and electron density of plasmas were calculated by measuring spectral line intensity and stark broadening respectively. The experimental results showed that with the increase in the KCl additive, the spectral intensity, signal-to-background ratio, the electron temperature and the electron density all went up firstly and then down. When 15% KCl was added, the radiation intensity of plasma reached the maximum value, the spectral lines intensity of element Mn, Fe, and Ti increased by 2.23, 1.13 and 2.04 than that without additive respectively, the spectral signal-to-background ratio increased by 1.33, 0.89 and 0.94 times respectively; while the electron temperature and electron density of plasmas were heightened by 14% and 38% respectively.     

条纹相机在真空弧离子源等离子体诊断中的应用

针对真空弧离子源,利用条纹相机将时间轴信息转换为空间轴信息的特点,结合光谱仪分光功能,建立了一套高时间分辨与光谱分辨能力的发射光谱诊断装置,其时间分辨率和光谱分辨率分别可达26ps与0.1nm。利用该诊断装置采集获得了单次脉冲内等离子体的时间演化特性;同时,基于局域热力学平衡等离子体的发射光谱理论,建立了一套谱线拟合的等离子体温度与密度计算模型。相比传统的Boltzmann斜率法与Stark展宽法需要寻找孤立的不受附近谱线叠加的干净线状光谱,建立的拟合光谱模型可以直接处理多条谱线因为展宽效应而叠加形成的光谱线型,计算得到等离子体中电子温度与电子密度。结果表明,在脉冲功率源的作用下,真空弧放电等离子体的电子温度与电子密度分别可达1eV与3.5×1024 m-3。     

Supermode resonances in a multi-core holey fiber-based sensor

We report experimental research of the laser-produced indium plasma in hydrogen, argon and residual atmospheric ambient conditions. Note on general plasma behavior and morphology is presented. On the basis of intensity ratio of the two intense neutral resonance spectral lines (In I 410.2 nm and 451.1 nm), self-absorption was found to be almost negligible in case of argon environment at a pressure of 6650 Pa. Under these conditions, the first Stark widths (W) and shifts (d) measurements were performed as well. The resulting synthetic Lorentz profiles, based on the hyperfine structure of these two lines and corresponded W values, were calculated in order to reproduce measured W _m in case of particular electron temperature (T) and number density (N). These results should be of interest to the upcoming theoretical calculations concerning neutral indium spectral lines and also for various diagnostic applications.     

激光诱导等离子体LTE态判定方法研究

针对目前等离子体温度测量中常用的Boltzmann平面法和双线法的测量精度较差的问题,提出结合Boltzmann-Maxwell分布和Saha-Eggert公式来提高等离子温度的测量精度;根据高斯公式的面积与峰值关系建立了发射谱线线宽的简便算法,并通过谱线的Stark展宽计算等离子体的电子密度;建立了以McWhirter准则的等离子局部热平衡(LTE)态判据。以铝为被测样品的实验结果表明,随着激光能量的增加,等离子体温度和电子密度随之呈线性上升趋势;激光能量在127～510 mJ范围内的等离子体电子密度变化范围为1.305 32×1017～1.873 22×1017 cm-3,等离子体温度的变化范围为12 586～12 957 K,根据McWhirter准则本实验中所有等离子体均满足LTE态阈值条件;针对在光谱仪波段内可观测到的处于同一电离态谱线相对较少的铝元素,在不适合用Boltzmann平面法计算温度时,利用Saha-Boltzmann方法对100组铝等离子体光谱进行温度测量的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.4%,相比于双线法的1.3%,大幅提高了测量精度。该计算方法可用于快速计算等离子体温度、电子密度及判断等离子体LTE态,在自由定标、光谱有效性分析、谱线的温度校正、确定最佳采光位置以及等离子体LTE分布状态等研究中都有较高的应用价值。     

极化X光谱诊断铝激光等离子体的电子密度

为了准确诊断激光等离子体的电子密度,提出了一种基于极化光谱的类氦共振线与互组合线相对强度比诊断电子密度的方法.该法考虑了激光等离子体发射的X射线存在极化的特性,用极化光谱理论对测量的类氦共振线和互组合线光谱相对强度比进行精密校正,再推导等离子体的电子密度.在2×10 J激光装置上进行了实验,使用极化PET（002）晶体谱仪测量了Al类氦离子光谱,利用光谱的极化特性推出Al等离子体的电子密度约为1.5×1020 cm－3.结果表明极化X光谱推导等离子体电子密度方法适合激光高温高密等离子体诊断.     

Measurement of Rotational Temperature by Simulated Molecular Spectra

The measurement of temperature of heavy particles in a thermal plasma is based on the comparison of experimental rotational spectrum obtained by optical emission Spectroscopy and synthetic spectra calculated for different temperatures. The calculation principle of the synthetic spectra is detailed as well as the temperature accuracy obtained. This method is used to measure the temperature of an Ar-CO₂ mixture plasma produced in a wall stabilized arc with molecular spectra of C₂ (Swan system) and CN (violet system).     

射频容性耦合等离子体放电特性的光谱诊断

利用流体模型模拟和发射光谱实验诊断相结合的方法,研究了中等气压、中等功率下射频容性耦合等离子体的放电特性。理论上,采用基于流体模型的COMSOL软件仿真,建立一维等离子体放电模型,以Ar气为工作气体,研究了不同气压以及不同射频输入功率下等离子体电子温度和电子密度的分布规律。实验上,依据仿真模型设计制作了相同尺寸的密闭玻璃腔体和平板电极,采用13.56 MHz射频放电技术电离腔体内的工作气体Ar气,测量了不同气压、不同射频输入功率时放电等离子体的发射光谱。通过分析和选择适当的Ar Ⅰ和Ar Ⅱ的特征谱线,分别利用玻尔兹曼斜率法以及沙哈-玻尔兹曼方程计算了等离子体的电子温度与电子密度,并结合模拟仿真结果对光谱诊断结果进行了修正。结果表明：当气体压强为300~400 Pa、输入功率为600~800 W时,等离子体近似服从玻尔兹曼分布,此时利用光谱法得到的等离子体参数与仿真结果相符合。仿真模拟与光谱实验诊断相结合的方法可初步诊断出中等气压下等离子体的放电参数,增加了玻尔兹曼斜率法和沙哈-玻尔兹曼方程在等离子体放电中的使用范围,扩大了光谱法在低电子密度容性耦合等离子体参数诊断的应用场合,为中等气压容性耦合等离子体在工业与军事上的应用研究提供了重要物理状态的分析手段。     

X-ray spectroscopy from variable,Z laser-produced plasmas

We have investigated the sensitivity of X-ray line intensities as a laser-plasma diagnostic by seeding Si in CH and PbO plasmas. The Si K X-ray spectrum is measured using both time-integrating and time-resolving spectrographs to investigate the effect of time averaging on the line intensities. The measured intensities are compared with theoretical estimates for an isothermal, isodensity plasma. Si line intensities vary with the Z of the plasma, as expected from simple scaling models, indicating the Si lines can be a good plasma diagnostic. The line intensities do not predict a unique temperature and density, but, instead, the inferred temperature and density vary, depending on the line ratio used. These variations are attributed to large spatial gradients of temperature and density in the plasmas. Problems in interpretation are discussed, as well as possible directions for future experiments.     

大气压直流氩等离子体光谱诊断研究

通过光谱诊断系统测量了大气压直流氩等离子体射流在弧室内和弧室出口的发射光谱,利用波尔兹曼曲线斜率法计算了射流的电子温度,根据Ar Ⅰ谱线的斯塔克展宽得到射流的电子密度,并对氩等离子体射流满足局域热力学平衡(LTE)状态的判定标准进行了分析,结果表明在文章的实验条件下大气压直流氩等离子体射流达到局域热力学平衡。     

激光诱导煤粉等离子体的特性研究

本文研究了煤粉形态对于激光诱导煤粉等离子体特性的影响,以指导应用激光感生击穿光谱进行煤质测量时最佳样品形态的选择.建立了一套激光诱导击穿光谱的实验台架,对同一煤种的4个不同粒径范围的粉状样品进行激光激发与光谱分析,利用钙原子不同跃迁能级发射谱线的强度分布计算了0.3～0.5μs区间内的等离子体温度,并依据谱线Stark展宽与电子密度的关系得到了等离子体的电子密度.再对激发不同粒径煤粉样品产生的等离子体温度与电子密度进行了对比.实验证明,煤粉粒径越小,等离子体温度越高且电子密度越大,也即样品的等离子化程度越高,越有利于煤中元素的定量分析.     

ADN基液体推进剂激光诱导等离子体的光谱研究

ADN（二硝酰胺铵）基单组元液体推进剂是一种新兴的、可替代肼的绿色推进剂，发展非接触式手段、实时分析元素含量对于研究ADN基推力器的燃烧诊断十分重要.通过建立绝对辐射光谱和高分辨率光谱测量系统，优化了实验参数，研究了由ADN-甲醇-水组成推进剂的激光诱导击穿光谱，分析了光谱中元素H，N，O的时间演化特性，基于Boltzmann斜线法和Stark效应法分别得到了激光诱导产生等离子体的电子温度和电子密度的时间演化曲线，推进剂的初始电子温度为68 000 K，电子密度为1.6×1019 cm-3，利用e指数拟合得到相应的弛豫时间分别为270 ns和90 ns，该实验条件下未发现ADN基推进剂成功点火现象.      

Pulse Pyrolysis Infrared Laser Jet Spectroscopy of Chloroketene

The short-lived molecule chloroketene (ClHCCO) was generated by the pyrolysis of chloroacetyl chloride in a high-temperature nozzle and the infrared laser-absorption spectrum of its nu(2) fundamental band was measured between 2153 and 2161 cm(-1). The spectrum was greatly simplified by comparison with a room-temperature spectrum enabling 230 lines of the (35)ClHCCO isotopomer to be assigned and measured. A least-squares fit of these transitions yielded accurate molecular parameters for the v(2) = 1 state using ground state constants from microwave spectroscopy. The nu(2) band origin of (35)ClHCCO is 2157.19238(16) cm(-1). A comparison of simulated and experimental spectra showed that the rotational temperature of the jet spectrum was around 35 K. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Raman scattering by electron and phonon excitations in FeSi

The temperature evolution of Raman scattering by electron and phonon excitations in FeSi is studied within the range of 10–500 K. At low temperatures, the frequency dependence for the spectra of light scattered by electrons exhibits vanishing intensity in the range up to 500–600 cm^–1, which suggests the existence of an energy gap of about 70 meV. The calculations of the electronic excitation spectra based on the band structure determined using the LDA+DMFT technique (local electron density + dynamic mean field approximation) are in good agreement with the low-temperature experimental data and confirm that FeSi is a material with intermediate electron correlations. The changes in the shape of the electronic excitation spectrum and in the self-energy of optical phonons indicate a transition to the metallic state above 100 K. The analysis of experimental data demonstrates an appreciable decrease in the electron lifetime with the growth of temperature determining the (insulator–poor metal) transition.     

Study of n=2,Δn=0 transition of Be-, B-, C-, N- and O-like sequence in the beam--foil spectrum of titanium

The foil-excited the spectrum of highly stripped titanium ions between 12-40 nm has been studied. Titanium ions of 80 and 120 MeV were provided by the HI-13 tandem accelerator at the China Institute of Atomic Energy. GIM-957 XUV-VUV monochromator was refocused to get highly-resolved spectra. Our experimental results and the published spectral data of laser-produced plasma show agreement in nearly all cases within ±0.03 nm. The spectra contained some weak or strong lines previously unclassified. These spectral lines mainly belong to 2s2p^2 for TiXVⅢ, 2p^3 for TiXVIII, 2s2p^3 for TiXVII, 2p^6 4p for Ti XII and 2p^6 3d for Ti XII transitions.     

钠氟石温致结构变化的拉曼光谱研究

本文测定了钠氟石(NaF·2CaO·SiO2)的常温拉曼光谱, 并运用Dmol3密度泛函(DFT) 理论对其晶体中主要结构单元的简正振动模式进行了计算。通过实验值与计算值的比较, 确定了其特征峰的归属。同时, 采用高温拉曼光谱仪原位实测了钠氟石在不同的升温速率下的变温拉曼光谱。研究表明, 钠氟石在缓慢升温过程中会分解成NaF和Ca2SiO4; 快升至熔点附近, 熔化成液态, 快冷至室温, 仍分解成β- Ca2SiO4。     

Collective Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from a Relativistic Magnetized Plasma

Recently, laser and microwave scatterings have become one of the important diagnostic means for plasma. Laser and microwave correlative scattering spectrum is determined by particle-density fluctuations in a weak turbulent plasma. In a relativistic plasma, on the basis of complete electromagnetic interaction between particles, a general expression for particle density fluctuations and spectra of laser and microwave scattering from a magnetized plasma are derived. The laser and microwave scattering spectra provide information on electron density and temperature, ion temperature, resonance and nonresonance effects.     

Quasi-monochromatic measurements of homogeneous arc plasmas

The refined diagnostic information obtainable by high-order spectrometry is illustrated by the results of quantitative measurements of a few rotational lines of OH in the ultraviolet spectrum of water-vapor plasmas generated in a wall-stabilized arc. Because of the high spectral and spatial resolution achieved in end-on measurements, the emission and also the absorption coefficients pertaining to homogeneous arc regions were obtained directly from measured line spectra—although the absorption was not measured explicitly—leading to the occupation of the upper and the lower state for the transition. The gas temperature was determined from the halfwidth of the Doppler-broadened rotational lines. The measured resolving power of the spectrometer was of the order of 400,000 in these measurements.     

Experimental determination and interpretation of the fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectra of chrysene cooled in a supersonic jet

The fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectra of jet-cooled chrysene are measured. The frequencies of in-plane vibrations in the ground and first excited singlet electronic states, as well as the relative intensities of transitions between them, are calculated with the MO/M8ST method. Based on these data, experimental spectra are interpreted. In the fluorescence excitation spectrum, the position of the line of the 0–0 transition (28 195 ± 1 cm^?1), which is the most intense, is determined. In the experimental fluorescence excitation spectrum, 21 lines correspond to fundamental vibrations (altogether, 37 lines are attributed). This supports our assignment and is consistent with the group-theoretical analysis of vibronic interactions. Upon excitation at the frequency of the 0–0 transition, 10 lines corresponding to the excitation of fundamental vibrations are detected, and all 17 lines observed are attributed. In the fluorescence excitation spectrum, the standard deviation between the calculated and measured frequencies of attributed fundamental vibrations is 19 cm^?1, while that in the fluorescence spectrum is 15 cm^?1.