基于新型复合齿轮线结构光的齿廓测量及其不确定度的评定

齿轮齿廓偏差是齿轮检定中的重要参数之一。文章采用新型复合齿轮线结构光测量系统,对一级标准(u=1μm,k=3)齿轮渐开线样板的齿廓进行了测量,从机、热、光、电等多个方面分析了测量误差的来源,并以JJF1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与指南》为基础,评定了用该系统测量齿轮齿廓偏差的不确定度。研究表明,用该测量系统测量齿轮齿廓时存在误差,包括:仪器测量重复性误差、渐开线样板标准量误差、样板线膨胀误差、顶尖同轴度误差、齿轮安装偏心误差、线结构光系统误差等,其中CCD相机标定误差、结构光视觉模型标定误差以及线结构光光条中心检测误差所引起的合成标准不确定度为0.98μm,是新型复合齿轮线结构光测量系统误差的主要来源,并通过分析计算得到该测量系统扩展不确定度为2.3μm(k=2),可以满足测量精度在2.3μm以上的齿轮测量。     

软质齿轮影像法测量及系统误差和随机误差分析

通过实验了解影像法测量时的误差特性,分别对塑料、木质等软质齿轮公法线及模数在数显投影仪进行测量,并对实验数据进行分析处理,得到测量的系统误差主要来自测量时零线的对齐误差,通过对比检定法计算得出。随机误差主要来自于测量人员对齿廓的瞄准误差,通过A类不确定度进行计算得出。另外测量仪器的不确定度,按B类不确定度计算,由于其远小于A类不确定度,故忽略不计。对比塑料齿轮和木质齿轮测量的结果,得出软质齿轮测量的随机误差与材料、加工特性及表面质量相关的特点。木质齿轮的加工变形小于塑料齿轮,而且加工后齿廓表面质量较好,使得木质齿轮测量的随机误差小于塑料齿轮的随机误差。     

基于视觉测量的齿廓图像边缘失真判别算法

针对齿轮视觉测量过程中因齿廓表面受到污染导致齿廓图像边缘出现光学失真,从而影响齿廓偏差、齿距偏差测量精度问题,提出一种基于视觉测量的齿廓图像边缘失真迭代逼近——临近度判别算法(IAPD).建立渐开线齿廓图像边缘过渡带内像素点法向偏距与像素点极径的映射关系,将复杂的二维图像边缘信号转化为容易处理的一维信号;利用小波去噪算法对信号进行处理,提取齿廓边缘的失真特征;采用变阈值迭代逼近算法分离出齿廓倾斜偏差;采用K-邻近度分类方法自动判别齿廓图像边缘失真的起止位置,为齿距、齿廓偏差测量时进行齿廓图像边缘失真修正提供定位依据.为验证本算法的可靠性,根据相邻同名齿廓真实边缘的相似性,对失真齿廓和无失真齿廓图像提取亚像素边缘,并进行相似性比较,实现基于相似性比较的齿廓图像边缘失真判别算法,以此对IAPD算法的失真区域判别精度进行校验.实验结果表明:本文提出的齿廓图像边缘失真判别算法能够快速自动识别图像失真区域,失真区域边界的径向定位精度可以达到2.5个像素(50μm),能够满足图像边缘失真修正补偿的定位精度要求,可以实现齿轮测量的实时计算.     

标准齿轮齿廓检验部分展开长度的计算

本文说明了测量渐开线齿形时齿廓检验部分展开长度的选择方法对标准齿轮齿廓检验部分展开长度和展开弧长给出了一种简化计算方法。文中给出的方法除用于齿轮检验外、尚可用于齿轮传动质量指标的计算,测量齿轮的设计和加工中的校核验算等。     

渐开线斜齿轮短齿廓修形降噪分析*

为了降低特定工况下减速箱的噪声特性,找到相对最佳的渐开线斜齿轮修形方式,该文基于专业的齿轮修形软件Kisssoft和多学科一体化软件LMS Virtual Lab,根据短齿廓修形可以改变渐开线斜齿轮的端面、轴向重合度的原理,比较了未修形和经过不同短齿廓修形方式达到特定重合度后的渐开线斜齿轮减速箱声功率级的大小。分析了经过短齿廓修形后的减速箱声功率级在转速500~2000 r/min之间显著下降的原因,并对经过短齿廓修形后的减速箱声功率级在2500 r/min和3000 r/min时并未明显下降的原因做了解释。最后根据减速箱声功率级在转速500~2000 r/min之间的平均降幅,认为通过齿形鼓形修形使得渐开线斜齿轮的端面、轴向重合度分别为1.516、0.864时,减速箱声功率级降幅最大,降噪效果最好。     

变位齿轮齿廓检验部分展开长度的计算

本文对变位齿轮齿廓检验部分展开长度给出两种简化计算方法,同时对近似计算法的精度进行了分析。文中给出的方法除用于齿轮的检验之外,尚可用于齿轮传动质量指标的计算和加工中的校核验算等。     

温度对CrIS热红外卫星资料反演臭氧廓线的影响分析

臭氧是地球大气中一种重要的痕量气体,在光化学反应和气候变化中都扮演着非常重要的角色。高光谱红外卫星可以观测到较高垂直分辨率的大气臭氧信息,但是由于热红外受大气温度影响较大,臭氧反演精度会有所下降。为此详细讨论和分析了温度对臭氧吸收光谱和权重函数的敏感性,以及对臭氧反演精度的影响。首先利用逐线积分辐射传输模型LBLRTM,分别模拟计算了六种不同标准大气模式下,1K的随机温度误差对大气透过率和辐射值的影响,发现1 K温度随机误差和臭氧浓度5%～6%的变化引起的辐射值变化量一致。接着利用CRTM辐射传输模型,针对搭载于美国对地观测卫星Suomi NPP(National Polar-orbiting Partnership)平台上的CrIS(Cross-track Infrared Sounder)红外高光谱观测数据,计算了1K的随机温度误差对大气臭氧权重函数的影响,并计算了由1K温度误差所导致的热红外高光谱资料大气臭氧廓线反演误差,结果显示CrIS对于臭氧的敏感区位于10～100 hPa之间,且1 K的温度误差和6%的臭氧浓度变化引起的权重函数变化量相当。最后以CrIS作为实验数据,在最优估计法框架下,通过特征向量统计法获取臭氧廓线的先验知识,并将大气温度廓线和大气臭氧廓线都作为未知量,进行同步迭代反演。将反演结果和配对的世界臭氧紫外数据中心WOUDC的站点数据进行比较,发现在反演中加入大气温度廓线进行同步迭代后,反演结果有显著提高,尤其在平流层与真值几乎一致,最大相对误差不超过20%,在对流层反演结果相对较差,最大相对误差不超过50%,优于欧洲中期天气预报中心ECMWF(European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting)臭氧模式数据集ERA-Interim。     

高精度六面体垂直度误差测量的一种新方法

介绍了一种利用波面干涉仪和精度为0.2″的端齿盘组合测量六面体相邻两面垂直度误差的新方法,建立了基于最小二乘算法的评定垂直度误差分布的数学模型,介绍了测量装置及测量实验步骤。该方法不但测量精度高,而且能够获得两个面之间垂直度误差分布数据,可用于六面体面体形位误差的高精度修形加工。针对精度为2″的标准直角棱镜的测量实验表明该方法测量结果可信,精度优于0.5″。可推广到其他多面体类零件形位误差的高精度测量。     

基于自适应阈值的齿轮干涉图像前景区域提取方法

齿面物体像灰度法是激光移相干涉测量中提取齿轮干涉图像前景区域的重要方法之一,针对该方法因人工设定阈值且忽略不同图像边缘特征从而导致的测量效率及精度受限问题,提出了一种基于自适应阈值的齿轮干涉图像前景区域提取方法。首先分析齿轮齿面形貌特征与各边缘顶点差异,对图像进行区域划分;然后根据边缘灰度变化规律通过邻域窗口筛选合格像素点并获取掩模结果,实现前景区域提取;最后根据5类图像评价指标分别对4组算法分割结果与传统方法分割结果进行数据对比。结果表明：算法在实现图像自动处理的基础上与参考结果匹配精确度提升约3.5%～4.5%,PRI(probabilistic rand index)提升约3%～4%,VOI(variation of information)提高约15%～25%,GCE(global consistency error)降低约2.5%～3.5%,最终相位信息准确度提升9μm～15μm。结果符合精度要求,该方法可广泛应用于齿轮干涉图像前景提取中。     

激光雷达测量大气湍流廓线

 介绍了一种利用成像激光光斑测量大气湍流廓线的激光雷达原理。通过对分层大气湍流的光束波面变化的测量,获取各分层大气湍流的相干长度,据此利用平面波近似算法反演湍流强度廓线。通过搭建的大气湍流廓线激光雷达实验系统获得了湍流廓线的实验数据,并且与系留飞艇搭载的温度脉动仪在同时段固定高度进行了对比实验,验证了近似递推算法的可行性。最后对实验中出现的误差进行了讨论。     

基于Levenberg-Marquardt算法的大型非球面镜轮廓数据处理方法

大型非球面镜通过加工 检测 再加工 再检测的制造工艺以满足面形精度要求,根据检测后的轮廓数据准确评定面形是提高再加工精度的关键。为解决抛光前镜面的面形评定问题,采用基于信赖域法则的Levenberg Marquardt算法对参数进行拟合、误差补偿以及面形评定。利用Code V仿真分析算法性能,构建大型非球面轮廓仪测试抛物面加工件,对实测数据经过32次迭代得到元件参数及轮廓残差曲线,收敛精度为1.1610-21。实验表明:该算法可对大型非球面镜轮廓数据进行高效准确的拟合、评定,为进一步提高再加工精度提供可靠依据。     

基于X射线断层成像的逆向工程中轮廓序列分割算法的原理及实现

为了实现基于X射线断层成像(CT)的逆向工程中具有参数识别的三维图像重构, 提出了一种分割轮廓序列的新算法. 首先通过一定角度的射线法来得到轮廓间的嵌套关系,然后采用扫描一次关系矩阵生成轮廓树的方法实现层内轮廓定位, 最后运用轮廓间定量、定性的属性判定来完成层间的轮廓匹配. 通过实例, 本文提供的算法可以准确、快速地分割CT零件中的轮廓序列.     

相对转动运动学方程的级数解

为解决相对转动体非线性运动微分方程的计算难题，构造了一种级数解耦方法，把微分方程转化为代数方程求解，得到了相对转动体运动方程的级数解.据此可以计算工程应用中稳态相对转动体的真实转速波动.同时该法可实现测控标定仪器的转动体匀速旋转时的不均匀性测量误差分离，也为大型复杂重型旋转轴系在线实时扭振监测提供了高效算法. 关键词： 相对转动 运动学方程 速度波动 级数解     

精密柔性传动技术在光电系统中的应用研究

传统齿轮传动存在空回和间隙等问题,难以满足光电系统高精密传动的需求。在分析了钢丝绳和钢带传动技术特点的基础上,设计了一种基于钢丝绳传动的潜望镜用1:1测角机构,以及一种基于钢带传动的光电系统用2:1传动机构。基于光学测量的方法,采用旋变测量了钢丝绳传动机构的传动误差,采用经纬仪测量了钢带传动机构的传动误差。结果显示钢丝绳传动精度可达到分级,在-110°+135°的范围内转角误差小于3.5′;钢带传动精度可达到秒级,在-3°~+3°的范围内转角误差小于11.9″,满足了潜望镜和某光电系统性能指标要求。     

An investigation into the effect of tooth profile errors on gear rattle

In previous work, experimental data have demonstrated the severity of idling gear rattle depends not only on the amplitude, but also the phase of an external sinusoidal forcing. One possible explanation for this is in small tooth profile errors. In this paper, we investigate this hypothesis, by deriving an equation of motion incorporating an error function and losses at the mesh interface, values of which are obtained from experimental data. By solving the equations of motion, theoretical gear rattle trajectories are obtained. Theoretical and experimental trajectories are then compared, by way of time domain plots as well as via contour plots linking the amplitude of backlash oscillation to the amplitude and phase of input forcing. For most profile error functions, good agreement is achieved between the model and experimental data. In the case where the profile errors are dominated by misalignment between the gear and shaft centres agreement is less good and suggestions of areas of further study required for model refinement are proposed.     

Interpolation with Specified Error of a Point Series Belonging to a Monotone Curve

The paper addresses the problem of modeling a smooth contour interpolating a point series belonging to a curve containing no special points, which represents the original curve with specified accuracy. The contour is formed within the area of possible location of the parts of the interpolated curve along which the curvature values are monotonously increased or decreased. The absolute interpolation error of the point series is estimated by the width of the area of possible location of the curve. As a result of assigning each intermediate point, the location of two new sections of the curve that lie within the area of the corresponding output section is obtained. When the interpolation error becomes less than the given value, the area of location of the curve is considered to be formed, and the resulting point series is interpolated by a contour that lies within the area. The possibility to shape the contours with arcs of circles specified by characteristics is investigated.     

A dynamic model to predict modulation sidebands of a planetary gear set having manufacturing errors

In this study, a nonlinear time-varying dynamic model is proposed to predict modulation sidebands of planetary gear sets. This discrete dynamic model includes periodically time-varying gear mesh stiffnesses and the nonlinearities associated with tooth separations. The model uses forms of gear mesh interface excitations that are amplitude and frequency modulated due to a class of gear manufacturing errors to predict dynamic forces at all sun-planet and ring-planet gear meshes. The predicted gear mesh force spectra are shown to exhibit well-defined modulation sidebands at frequencies associated with the rotational speeds of gears relative to the planet carrier. This model is further combined with a previously developed model that accounts for amplitude modulations due to rotation of the carrier to predict acceleration spectra at a fixed position in the planetary transmission housing. Individual contributions of each gear error in the form of amplitude and frequency modulations are illustrated through an example analysis. Comparisons are made to measured spectra to demonstrate the capability of the model in predicting the sidebands of a planetary gear set with gear manufacturing errors and a rotating carrier.     

Research on the passive nuclear level gauge

ABSTRACT

Using the ‘quadruple combination detection’ automatic calibration method to solve the traditional passive nuclear ash hopper material level meter calibration problem. The method adopts the ‘contour multistage measurement’ mode, fitted the ratio of absorbed dose rate detected by adjacent cascade probe with corresponding actual material level after measurement, then use the fitting parameters to calibrate automatically which do not need ash hopper stop working, And this can effectively save the calibration time and cost. The method can effectively eliminate the material level measuring error brought by the changes of radioactive activity in the coal ash, which improve the measuring precision and material level positioning accuracy. There are many factors affecting the radioactive activity of coal ash which vary in Different feeding period, or after refueling. And this may cause measurement error and misinformation. Using quadruple combination detection and contour multistage measurement mode, when the radioactive activity in the coal ash changes, the passive nuclear meter level gauge can be revised according to the calibration curve or calibrated automatically. Which eliminated the effects brought by the changing of coal ash radioactive activity, saved onerous repeatedly calibration procedure, also improve the accuracy of the calibration, avoid misjudgment, and can improve the accuracy of measurement.