用光电计时器做机械能守恒定律验证实验

机械能守恒定律验证实验是人教版高中物理第一册(必修)中的基本实验,其作用是克服直接对守恒定律进行推导而得出结论带来的弊端,使得学生易于接受,认知过程中不感到突然.按照教材中给出的实验,把小球用细线悬挂做成一个单摆,拉小球到某一高度,由静止释放,然后摆到另一侧能达到跟初始位置几乎相同的高度.尽管实验很容易完成,又能够说明机械能转化和守恒现象,但是,对重力势能向动能转化过程中是否守恒,并没有直观的效果.笔者在教学过程中用光电计时器改进了本实验,收到了很好的教学效果.     

浅探参考系对动能的影响

重力势能因选择不同的零势能面不同,但重力势能的改变量与零势能面的选择无关.运动物体的动能也有类似的特性,因选择不同的参考系会对动能产生影响.1参考系对动能的影响 物体的运动具有相对性,同一物体选择不同的参考系,会使物体的速度发生改变,     

大气压喷泉实验仪

设计了大气压喷泉实验仪,通过小水泵将电能转化为水的势能,利用大气压使烧瓶内形成喷泉,烧瓶内的水从玻璃管流下,重力做功转化为水的动能,水冲击固定在微型发电机上的小叶轮,将水的动能转化为电动机的动能,带动微型发电机转动,电磁感应微型发电机又把动能转化为电能,进而演示了能量的转化和守恒的规律.     

对验证机械能守恒定律实验的讨论与改进

高中一年学生做《验证机械能守恒定律》的实验成功率较低,误差也较大。实验时重锤带着纸带下落的过程中,纸带受到打点计时器限位孔及振针对它的阻力,动能的增加应略小于减少的重力势能,在实验误差范围内,增加的动能和减少的重力势能可看成相等,从而验证机械能守恒。但学生做实验时却出现增加的动能大于减少的重力势能的结果。经分析发现,这种系统误差是实验方法不完善带来的。假设打点周     

自制太阳能与风能发电的新型能量转换演示仪

设计了一种展示太阳能发电与风能发电的新型能量转换演示仪, 可演示光能、 电能、 风能、 重力势能与 动能的多种能量之间的相互转化. 并用8 9 C 5 2单片机制作出L E D电压显示器, 该显示器可灵敏地显示电压的变化. 该演示仪操作简单, 现象明显, 既可用于课堂演示也适合于科普展示     

D I S实验探究弹簧振子系统中的机械能守恒定律

介绍一种用D I S研究机械能守恒定律的实验方法, 不仅为验证机械能守恒提出了一种新的方法 — — — 振动法, 也从物体动能、 重力势能和弹性势能三者相互转化的角度验证机械能守恒, 更全面地阐明了机械能守恒的 条件, 加深学生对机械能守恒定律的理解     

液滴撞击超亲水表面的最大铺展直径预测模型

液滴撞击超亲水表面铺展之后形成的薄液膜铺展直径是喷雾冷却、降膜蒸发等传热传质过程的一项关键控制参数.以往模型在预测超亲水表面惯性力驱动下的最大铺展直径时,存在低韦伯数下呈反常趋势、高韦伯数下预测值偏低等问题.针对上述问题,本文采用高速摄像技术研究液滴撞击过程中的铺展水力学特性,发现了以往模型未完全考虑超亲水表面的铺展特性:球冠状液膜、高黏性阻力及重力势能做功.本文考虑了液膜球冠形态、重力势能、辅助耗散,修正了以往最大铺展直径的预测模型,并建立了适用于超亲水表面最大铺展直径的预测模型.通过对铺展过程中各能量成分分析发现,在超亲水表面上动能、表面能、重力势能均转化为黏性耗散能,其中:在低韦伯数下,表面能转化为黏性耗散能占主要作用;在高韦伯数下,动能转化为黏性耗散能占主要作用.并且,在低韦伯数下,重力势能和辅助耗散的引入对于准确预测超亲水表面最大铺展直径具有重要作用.将模型预测结果与实验结果比较发现,本模型成功消除了以往模型在低韦伯数下的反常趋势,且能较好预测宽韦伯数范围下超亲水表面最大铺展直径.同时,本模型可以预测亲水和疏水固体表面的液滴最大铺展直径.超亲水表面最大铺展直径的准确预测模型的提出对喷雾冷却,降膜蒸发中提高和控制流体铺展距离和传热效率具有重要意义.     

一杯水的妙用

在我们的生活中一杯水除了可以喝、可以浇花、洗手……还可以做什么呢?我们知道物体做自由下落运动时，其重力势能向动能转化．现在，我们就运用这个规律做一些小实验．     

麦克斯韦滚摆运动规律的理论研究

证明了滚摆在运动过程中势能、 平动动能和转动动能是相互转化的, 而总机械能是守恒的规律; 推导出 滚摆运动至最底端平动动能、 转动动能的表达式, 以及与总能量之关系, 并根据自做滚摆参数计算出其结果     

对重力势能影响因素的不同思考

对影响重力势能因素做了思考, 认为重力势能可以表达为与重力和高度有关, 重力势能的公式可以写 成重力与高度的乘积     

Atom-pair formulation of the rotational and vibrational motions of molecules

We have expressed the angular momentum and the internal kinetic energy of a molecule (a system of point masses) in terms of atom-pair contributions, paralleling the use of pairwise additive potential energy functions. The partitioning of the internal kinetic energy into rotational and vibrational contributions is then made following the analysis of Jellinek, J., and Li, D. H., 1989, 98, Phys. Rev. Lett., 62, 241. The resulting expressions contain pair position and velocity variables whose redundancy may be removed by transformation to Jacobi vector coordinates. These expressions should prove especially useful for describing the internal motions of clusters of like atoms.     

近共振电子态和转动能量传递AB(1∑,J)+C(slj)→AB(1∑,J'')+C(slj'')

1995年沙等在静态池实验中观测到了碰撞诱导转动传能中的量子干涉效应,并且测量到了决定跃迁截面幅值的积分干涉角(J.Chem.Phys.,1995,102,2772).同时,孙等在理论上计算了CO A1Ⅱ(v=0)～e3∑-(v=1)与He,Ne以及其它碰撞伴的碰撞体系的积分干涉角,建立了相应的理论模型.然而,以前的研究都局限在碰撞伴通常被认为是没有结构的粒子,但是在碰撞过程中相互碰撞的两个粒都有内部角动量,自旋-轨道相互作用又对反应速率起着非常重要的影响,同时也能够影响反应势垒的高度,因此这种近似忽略了碰撞伴原子对整个碰撞体系得影响.基于这种考虑,在这篇文章中我们从理论上研究AB (1∑,J)+C(slj)→AB(1∑,J')+C(slj')的碰撞诱导的电子态和转动态的能量传递,应用一级含时波恩近似、各向异性L-J相互作用势和直线轨迹近似,建立了理论模型.并讨论和比较了在近共振电子态和非共振电子态两种情况下的振动传能的跃迁几率.     

Interaction of translational and rotational modes of a molecular impurity in two-dimensional atomic crystals

The interaction between the translational and rotational degrees of freedom of a diatomic homonu-clear molecule that executes a motion at the site of a two-dimensional close-packed atomic matrix located on a close-packed atomic substrate (a molecular substitutional impurity in the crystal field of the two-dimensional lattice of a solidified rare gas) is investigated theoretically. The relationships describing the effective dynamic properties of an impurity rotator in the presence of translational excitations of its center of inertia are derived in the framework of consistent procedures on the basis of the Lagrangian (the functional-integral method) and Hamiltonian (the canonical-transformation method) formalisms. The inclusion of the translational-rotational interaction leads to a radical change in the inertial properties of the molecule. This manifests itself in a change in the form of the operator for the rotational kinetic energy as compared to the corresponding expression for a free rotator. The inertia tensor components for the molecule become functions of molecular orientation, and the molecule, in terms of rotational motion, transforms into a “parametric rotator” whose effective kinetic energy is represented as a generalized quadratic form of the angular momentum (or the angular velocity) components with a symmetry corresponding to the symmetry of the external crystal field. The translational-rotational interaction also results in the renormalization of the parameters of the crystal potential without a change in its initial form.     

Normal coordinates describing coupled oscillations in the gravitational field

The motion of a local source inducing small oscillations in the gravitational field is investigated and shown to exhibit pure rotational kinetic energy. Should the net affect of these slow, revolving oscillations cause large-scale rotations in spacetime it would certainly result in anomalous celestial accelerations. When this angular rotational frequency of spacetime is applied to the anomalous acceleration of the Pioneer 10/11 spacecrafts, the correlation is promising.     

Rotational energy and limits to fusion reactions between two nuclei

The energy balance of the fusion process between two nuclei is discussed with respect to the rotational energy. Two energy regimes are obtained. In the first regime the increase of rotational energy of the compound system as function of incident energy is governed by the moment of inertia of the two-fragment system at the barrier configuration. The faster increase of rotational energy of the compound system is furnished by theQ-value. In a sliding collision only part of theQ-value can be converted into rotational energy. Therefore, the Yrast limit in the population of the compound nucleus cannot be reached. When this source of energy is exhausted at a certain angular momentum, a second regime is obtained; then the increase of angular momentum and rotational energy as function of incident energy must be determined by the moment of inertia of the compound system.     

准经典轨线法研究交换反应H(D)+SH/SD的动力学性质

硫在氢气中的燃烧反应在气象化学、燃烧反应和大气污染中都扮演着重要的角色, 近年来一直受到广泛关注, 其逆反应也渐渐成为人们的研究对象. 以Lü 等得到的精确势能面(Lü S J, Zhang P Y, Han K L, He G Z 2012 J. Chem. Phys. 136 94308) 为基础, 用准经典轨线法对交换反应H(D)+SH/SD的动力学性质进行了研究. 计算了包括反应截面、速率常数、不透明函数、产物振动和转动分布等在内 的标量性质和包括产物散射方向、转动角动量定向和取向性质在内的矢量性质. 详细分析了碰撞能量和同位素效应对反应H(D)+SH/SD 的动力学性质的影响. 结果表明, 随着碰撞能量的增加, 反应截面逐渐增大, 产物的后向散射逐渐减弱, 产物转动角动量的取向和定向性质逐渐增强; 另外, 同位素效应对反应的动力学性质也有明显的影响. 以反应动力学性质和势能面为基础, 详细讨论了反应H(D)+SH/SD 的反应机制. 关键词： 准经典轨线 反应截面 速率常数 振动-转动分布     

近共振电子态和转动能量传递AB(~1∑,J) +C(~sl_j)→AB(~1∑,J′) +C(~sl_(j′))(英文)

1995年沙等在静态池实验中观测到了碰撞诱导转动传能中的量子干涉效应,并且测量到了决定跃迁截面幅值的积分干涉角(J .Chem.Phys.,1995,102 ,2772).同时,孙等在理论上计算了CO A1Π(v=0)~e3∑-(v=1)与He,Ne以及其它碰撞伴的碰撞体系的积分干涉角,建立了相应的理论模型.然而,以前的研究都局限在碰撞伴通常被认为是没有结构的粒子,但是在碰撞过程中相互碰撞的两个粒子都有内部角动量,自旋-轨道相互作用又对反应速率起着非常重要的影响,同时也能够影响反应势垒的高度,因此这种近似忽略了碰撞伴原子对整个碰撞体系得影响.基于这种考虑,在这篇文章中我们从理论上研究AB(~1∑,J) C(~sl_j)→AB(~1∑,J′) C(~sl_(j′))的碰撞诱导的电子态和转动态的能量传递,应用一级含时波恩近似、各向异性L-J相互作用势和直线轨迹近似,建立了理论模型.并讨论和比较了在近共振电子态和非共振电子态两种情况下的振动传能的跃迁几率.     

Streaming potential analysis on the hydrodynamic transport of pressure-driven flow through a rotational microchannel

In this study, the streaming potential and electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency are discussed under the low zeta potential approximation through a microparallel channel with consideration of rotational effect. By solving Poisson-Boltzmann equation and modified Navier–Stokes equation, the analytical expressions of the streaming potential and electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency in the electrolyte solution are obtained. Combining with the numerical calculation, the influences of the dimensionless electrokinetic width K and the rotational angular velocity ω on streaming potential and the electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency are discussed. The results show that the streaming potential fields decrease both in mainstream and secondary directions with the electrokinetic width K, it decreases with the non-dimensional rotational angular velocity in the mainstream direction and it shows a first increasing then decreasing trend in the secondary flow direction. In addition, the influences of related non-dimensional parameters, including electrokinetic width, wall electric potential and rotational angular velocity, on the electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency are also discussed in detail. The rotating effect can enhance conversion efficiency comparing to the case of no rotation. The increase of wall electric potential gives rise to an augment in electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency. These theoretical results make sense to the energy harvesting in the rotating microfluidic systems.