基于干涉仪原理的闪电先导VHF辐射源速度测量

简述了闪电VHF辐射源窄带干涉仪定位原理及其数据处理方法,利用改进的窄带干涉仪系统对闪电先导VHF辐射源进行定位,给出了闪电放电通道的时空结构,并结合电场变化资料和声光差记录,估算了闪电先导放电发展的速度.     

一次人工触发闪电上行正先导的传输特征

利用山东一次人工触发闪电的高速摄像和30 m, 60 m和480 m的同步电场测量, 清晰显示了人工触发闪电上行正先导的传输特征.上行正先导头部光强相对较强, 二维发展速度变化波动较大并呈现明显不规则性,表明上行正先导发展具有明显的梯级特征. 在先导开始阶段从340 m到705 m高度之间上行正先导平均发展速度为9.8×10⁴ m/s,起始速度是 3.8×10⁴ m/s,局部速度总体上随高度呈现增加趋势.电场变化在近距离产生有规律的梯级状 变化,记录到的28个梯级相邻梯级间隔变化从14 μs 到 39 μs,几何平均值为25.1 μs. 估计的先导梯级长度分布在0.9 m到3.7 m,几何平均值为1.7 m.先导电场变化由慢的正向梯级状变化和 脉冲变化组成,结合光学和电场变化测量结果,得出正先导头部通道发生弯曲可使其电场变化的梯级特征减弱 或消失;正负先导梯级形成机制可能类似,均由其先导头部前端的双向流光发展而来.     

一次对地转移电荷极性两次反转的人工引发雷电特征及反转机制分析

利用闪电甚高频干涉仪动态成像结果,并结合通道底部电流、电场和光学观测资料对一次罕见的、对地转移电荷极性反转两次的双极性人工引发雷电放电特征进行了详细研究,首次观测到直接导致极性反转的云内击穿放电过程,探讨了对地转移电荷极性两次反转的物理机理.结果发现,此次闪电无回击过程、初始连续电流阶段对地转移电荷极性经历了负-正-负的两次反转,转移电荷量分别约–40.0 C,+13.3 C和–1.0 C.负极性初始连续电流衰减过程中,一支击穿空气的负先导起始于已电离的正先导分支通道上并形成悬浮通道,水平发展28.816 ms后,接地主通道上发生负极性击穿连接到了悬浮通道末端正电荷聚集处或双向发展的悬浮通道的正极性端,随后对地转移电荷极性快速反转为正.负先导熄灭后,对地转移电荷极性缓慢反转为负.击穿空气的负先导连接到接地主通道和持续发展的正先导是此次双极性闪电对地转移电荷极性发生两次反转的重要原因.而负先导的起始,与正先导多分支同时发展引起的先导通道和环境电势分布差异密切相关.     

人工引发闪电上行负先导的发展传输特征

在地面大气电场为正极性的条件下,成功实现12次人工引发闪电,对其放电特征、初始阶段上行负先导的传输特征与机理进行了研究.引发闪电时地面大气电场强度均值约5 kV/m,最高超过13 kV/m.除一次个例的放电发生了正、极性反转并产生多次负回击以外,其他11次引发闪电均未产生继后回击过程,闪电放电电流总体上在几百安培量级.引发闪电起始后,其向上传输的负梯级先导平均二维速度为1.85 × 10~5 m/s,获得132次梯级的长度范围为0.8—8.7 m,平均3.9 m.先导起始阶段的电流和电磁场呈现显著的脉冲特征,其脉冲间隔、电流峰值、转移电荷量、半峰值宽度、电流上升时间T~(10%—90%)平均值分别为17.9 μs,81 A,364 μC,3.1 μs和0.9 μs,单次梯级的等效线电荷密度为118.5 μC/m.先导通道的分叉一般伴随梯级过程发生,存在两种方式:1)先导头部前方成簇的空间茎/空间先导在同一梯级周期内先后与先导头部发生连接,对应的电流脉冲表现为多峰结构,峰值点时间间隔约2—3 μs,最长6—7 μs;2)曾熄灭的空间茎/空间先导重燃后侧向连接至先导通道.     

闪电双向先导理论及观测:极性不对称、不稳定及间歇性

闪电双向先导原理的提出及观测验证是闪电物理研究近几十年最重要的进展之一,而正、负先导及流光的极性不对称性及传输的持续、间歇性,是理解闪电各种过程物理机制的关键.本文对闪电双向先导的概念及进展进行了总结和讨论,重点强调了正、负先导流光传输机制特别是门限电场的不对称性,阐述了正先导传输的连续性及其在闪电始发、负先导的空间先导形成、不稳定先导通道中的反冲先导建立等过程中独特的启动作用.     

连续辐射谱法计算闪电通道电子温度

基于连续辐射理论,得到连续辐射能量与等离子体电子温度的关系式。依据青海地区一次强地闪回击过程的光谱,从中分离出连续辐射强度,对其吸收特征进行分析以减小吸收带来的计算误差。通过对连续谱强度的曲线拟合得到闪电放电通道电子温度,温度峰值为29 800 K,温度下限为16 200 K,由同一波段光谱中的O Ⅰ线和N Ⅱ线分别拟合了电子温度。比较结果发现：由连续辐射得到的闪电通道电子温度从高温向低温过渡,高温值与离子线信息获得的闪电核心电流通道处的温度符合较好,而低温则与原子线计算的结果接近,反映了外围电晕发光通道的温度。所以,依据连续谱得到的结果能更全面地反映温度沿通道径向的分布。对于闪电热等离子体通道,连续谱法提供了一种计算闪电放电通道电子温度的新途径,对地闪回击研究有一定的意义。     

对超短脉冲激光引雷产生的等离子体通道的特性分析

 利用隧道电离诱导闪电模型,对超短脉冲激光在大气中产生弱等离子体通道的电阻和阈值强度进行了分析和计算。结果显示：强度为10¹⁴ W/cm²量级的超短脉冲激光产生的气体等离子体通道有较好的导电性,所需激光能量很小, 说明在该模型下激光能量的利用效率很高。     

横向表面放电光泵浦源特性研究

 介绍了一种用以泵浦XeF(C-A)激光的横向表面放电辐射源,比较详细地研究了这种泵浦源的放电击穿特性、放电电流与充电电压及不同气体介质的关系、表面放电均匀性以及不同气体成分对表面放电辐射特性的影响。得到了放电击穿时间、放电峰值电流随充电电压、不同气体介质变化的曲线;分析了提高放电均匀性的途径,在电极长50cm、间距6cm、充电电压25kV条件下获得了均匀放电。获得了各种实验条件下放电辐射的光谱曲线;通过对辐射光谱的分析,研究了有利于光解离XeF₂的最佳实验条件,当p_Ar:p_N2=1:1时,放电在远紫外波段产生的辐射最强。     

喷嘴-平板直流电晕放电中的OH(A2S+→X2P, 0-0)光谱研究

 为更深入地认识电晕放电低温等离子体中自由基的生成机理，以发射光谱测量为基础并结合背景气体淬灭率影响，研究了常压下喷嘴-平板电晕自由基簇射过程中放电参数、背景气体、电极气成分等因素对OH(A²S⁺→X²p, 0-0)发光的影响。结果表明：在放电参数影响中，放电电压及放电电流都会影响OH生成量，OH发光随功率增加而大大增强；在加湿氮气直流电晕放电中有明显的OH(A²S⁺→X²p, 0-0)光谱存在，但加湿空气条件下OH生成较少；载气增湿后OH生成量明显增多，而Ar和O­2的存在分别增强和减弱了OH(A²S⁺→X²p, 0-0)发光，可能的原因是这两种物质影响了放电和OH(A²S⁺)的淬灭。     

闪电回击场多尺度分析

利用聚合经验模式分解(EEMD)方法对闪电负地闪回击电场波形进行了分析并得到一系列具有物理意义的内禀模态函数 (IMF)。 结果表明,IMF1是高频噪声项,趋势项R主要是静电场作用的结果。 IMF2~IMF11表现出闪电通道的不同尺度放电特征。通过计算IMF分形维数,发现越高阶的IMF对应着越大的分形维数,表明越高阶的IMF对应着越曲折的闪电放电通道。相比于基于经验模式分解（EMD）的希尔伯特-黄变换（HHT）谱和小波谱,基于EEMD的HHT谱能改善模态混叠现象,EEMD更适合于观察像闪电这种非平稳非线性信号。     

The striking distance of lightning flashes and the early streamer emission (ESE) hypothesis

The attachment of a lightning flash to a lightning conductor (or to any other structure) takes place through a connecting leader that rises from the structure towards the descending stepped leader of a lightning flash. The spatial separation between the tip of the stepped leader and the lightning conductor (or the grounded structure) at the initiation of the connecting leader is known as the striking distance. In this paper the striking distance of stepped leaders is derived as a function of conductor height, conductor radii and the prospective return stroke current. Based on these results the validity of the early streamer emission (ESE) hypothesis is discussed. According to the ESE hypothesis, the striking distance of a lightning conductor can be increased by the artificial initiation of streamers from a lightning conductor. The results cast doubt on the validity of the ESE hypothesis. This in turn calls for more experimental data and field validations before using the ESE hypothesis in standard lightning protection practice.     

Modeling the development of the stepped leader of a lightning discharge

A stochastic-deterministic model is presented for the propagation of a downward-moving leader. Lightning formation is described by a stochastic growth of branching discharge channels which is determined by the electrostatic field. The dynamics of the electric field and of the charge distribution over the lightning structure are calculated deterministically. The model includes the initiation of lightning, a preliminary discharge in a cloud, the propagation of a downwardmoving stepped leader toward the earth, and the initiation and upward motion of a return stroke from the earth’s surface. Numerical execution of the model yields a dynamic picture of the development of the downward-moving leader and of the intracloud discharge structure. The effect of the charge density in the cloud and the parameters of the developing channels on the spatial-temporal, current, and charge characteristics of the stepped leader’s propagation are studied. The effect of free-standing structures on the distribution of points on the earth’s surface where lightning strikes is examined. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 48–53 (April 1999)     

广东沿海地区闪电通道的温度特性研究

在广东沿海地区,用无狭缝光栅摄谱仪获得了云对地闪电回击过程的光谱。经过光谱特征分析和谱线辨认,依据测得的谱线相对强度以及多组态Dirac-Fock方法得到的谱线跃迁参数,采用多谱线法,对每个闪电回击通道不同高度处的温度进行了定量计算。结果表明,强闪电放电过程对应的通道温度较高;分析通道不同高度处的温度值,发现对大多数闪电,同一回击通道随高度的增加温度略呈减小趋势;与青海高原相比,广东沿海地区强闪电较多, 光谱上激发能高的一次电离氧离子的跃迁谱线明显增多。     

Energy spectrum of lightning gamma emission

The results of gamma emission observations obtained during thunderstorms at Tien-Shan Mountain Cosmic Ray Station are presented. The energy spectrum radiation of the stepped leader gamma radiation is measured. The total energy of stepped leader emitted in gamma rays is estimated as ¹⁰−3-¹⁰−2 J. The experimental results are in an agreement with the runaway breakdown mechanism.     

The lightning striking distance—Revisited

First return stroke current waveforms measured by Berger [Methods and results of lightning records at Monte San Salvatore from 1963–1971 (in German), Bull. Schweiz. Elektrotech. ver. 63 (1972) 21403—21422] and Berger and Vogelsanger [Measurement and results of lightning records at Monte San Salvatore from 1955–1963 (in German), Bull. Schweiz. Elektrotech. ver. 56 (1965) 2–22] are used to estimate the charge stored in the lightning stepped leader channel. As opposed to previous charge estimates based on the entire current waveform, only the initial portion of measured current waveforms (100 μs in duration) was used in order to avoid the inclusion of any charges not involved in the effective neutralization of charges originally stored on the leader channel. The charge brought to ground by the return stroke within the first 100 μs, Q_f,100 μs (in C) is related to the first return stroke peak current, I_pf (in kA), as Q_f,100 μs=0.61 I_pf. From this equation the charge distribution of the stepped leader as a function of the corresponding peak return stroke current is estimated. This distribution (along with the assumed average electric field of 500 kV/m in the final gap) is used to estimate the lightning striking distance S (in meters) to a flat ground as a function of the prospective return stroke peak current I (in kA): S=1.9 I_pf^0.90. For the median first stroke peak current of 30 kA one obtains S=41 m, while the traditional equation, S=10 I_pf^0.65, gives S=91 m. In our view, the new equation for striking distance provides a more physically realistic basis for the electro-geometric approach widely used in estimating lightning incidence to power lines and other structures.     

On the interception of lightning flashes by power transmission lines

The design of the lightning protection system LPS of transmission lines is based on the well known electro-geometrical model. The electro-geometrical model assumes that the first point on a power transmission line that will come within striking distance of the tip of a down-coming stepped leader channel is the strike point of the lightning flash. The model neglects almost all of the physics associated with the lightning attachment.Nowadays, as it is possible to use modern hardware and software tools and several different numerical methods, it is feasible to apply the physics of the discharge process to the study of lightning attachment. Such models take into account the movement of the downward and the resulting upward leaders from different points on the structures under consideration.In this paper, a procedure based on lightning physics was used to analyze the lightning attachment phenomena in EHV transmission lines of 230 kV and 500 kV and the results were compared with the predictions of the electro-geometrical method.     

负地闪CPT放电事件的发生规律研究

本文分析了2012年广州地区6次雷暴过程的负地闪中不规则脉冲簇(chaotic pulse trains,CPT)放电事件的发生规律.结果表明:CPT是负地闪整个放电过程中普遍存在的放电现象,在323次负地闪中有243次出现了CPT放电事件,比例达到了75.2%,并且能够发生在负地闪的首次回击之前、回击之间以及最后一次回击之后,其中有66.7%的继后回击之前和11.5%的最后一次回击之后发生了CPT.研究也发现,CPT在继后回击之前有四种分布类型:单独出现一次CPT-c(与继后回击相连的CPT)、单独出现一次CPT-i(与继后回击有一定时间间隔的CPT)、同时出现CPT-c和CPT-i以及同时出现多次CPT-i,其中,单独出现一次CPT-c类型最为多见,39.4%的继后回击之前为此类型,而在第一次和第二次继后回击之前更容易出现多次CPT的现象,分别占到对应次序回击总数的9.4%和7.7%.而随着继后回击次序的增加,其之前发生CPT的概率呈减小的趋势,并且除了第一次和第二次继后回击以外,其他继后回击之前CPT-c的出现频次大于CPT-i.另外,CPT-i和最后一次回击之后的CPT均叠加在K变化上,部分回击间的CPT也能够发生在J过程中.     

Physical processes during development of lightning flashes

The objective of this paper is to review our present understanding of the physical processes in lightning flashes during their development within or outside a cloud, following lightning initiation. This represents the ‘big picture’ of lightning development, in the scale of the cloud dimensions themselves. Since the acceptance of the bi-directional, zero-net-charge leader concept, significant changes have occurred in our understanding of the key physical processes of which a lightning flash is comprised, and in the analytical relationship between the electrical structure of a cloud and lightning parameters. These changes are discussed with an emphasis on the unifying nature of the bi-directional leader concept. To cite this article: V. Mazur, C. R. Physique 3 (2002) 1393–1409.     

Current Problems of Electrodynamics of a Thunderstorm Cloud

Electrodynamics of a thunderstorm cloud is considered with allowance for recirculation and multiflow motion of charged intracloud particles. In this simulation, the large-scale electric-field emerges due to the charge separation at the process of air convection and develops through the oscillation regime in the initial and final stages of the thunderstorm evolution. These oscillations qualitatively explain the observed behavior of the electric field of a thunderstorm. On the other hand, the multiflow convection is unstable and leads to generation of small-scale electrostatic waves (wavelength from 1 to 100 m) with amplitude reaching the conventional breakdown value. Such an instability can initiate microdischarge intracloud activity at the preliminary stage of the lightning discharge and between individual return strokes. We propose a three-dimensional cellular automata model which describes the main features of the preliminary stage of the lightning. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 810–822, September 2005.