基于多角度偏振载荷数据的中国典型地物偏振特性研究

相对于传统的光学遥感, 多角度偏振遥感不仅可以获取辐射强度信息, 而且可以获取偏振强度信息. 基于多角度偏振卫星载荷观测的中国典型地物的偏振反射率数据, 获取了地表偏振双向反射模型——Nadal模型的中国区域模型参数值. 在此基础上, 基于修正的Nadal模型研究了中国区域森林、草地、沙漠三种典型地物的多角度偏振特性. 研究表明: 1)各地物的偏振反射率均随着散射角的增大而减小, 随着太阳天顶角和卫星观测天顶角的增大而增大; 2)森林、草地和沙漠三种典型地表偏振反射率存在明显差别, 森林的偏振反射率最低, 草地的偏振反射率次之, 沙漠的偏振反射率大约为森林的两倍; 3)不同地物之间的偏振反射率差值均随着卫星观测天顶角和太阳天顶角的增大而增大. 研究结果可为基于多角度偏振遥感数据探测地表偏振特性和反演气溶胶参数提供先验知识.     

基于地面与低空无人机联合观测场地BRDF建模方法

双向反射分布函数（BRDF）是星载遥感器进行场地替代定标中的重要参量,随着技术的进步,低空自旋翼无人机已经成为了获取场地BRDF的便捷高效手段,通过现场测量准不变定标场的无人机多角度观测光谱数据,建立更加准确的BRDF模型还能进一步挖掘潜力。提出一种基于地-空双光谱仪联合观测加漫射板观测并消除漫射光影响的BRDF建模方法。使用无人机搭载光谱仪进行场地光谱的低空测量,获取半球空间内多角度下的场地光谱数据,同时开展地基光谱仪联合同步测量漫射参考板,连续记录照明光场的变化以及漫射光照明下的场地光谱数据。联合空地双光谱仪对目标和参考板实测的辐亮度数据,结合太阳及观察角度之间的几何观测,计算场地的多角度反射率。基于Ross-Li核驱动半经验模型对多角度反射率数据进行拟合,采用最小二乘法对模型系数进行拟合,以得到最优的场地BRDF模型,并对模型进行漫射光校正。实验证明,经漫射光校正后的BRDF模型各波段的相对偏差均值都在5%以内,相对偏差标准差在3%以内,有效消除了场地BRDF建模在漫射光照射下的干扰,提高了BRDF建模的准确性。     

目标表面可见光谱BRDF的实验测量及优化建模

介绍了一种用双向反射分布函数测定仪进行目标双向反射分布函数测量的方法。运用该测量系统在可见光谱区域对样片进行了实验测量,然后对BRDF实验数据进行谱积分预处理,结合BRDF五参数半经验统计模型,利用遗传模拟退火算法,获取样片的BRDF模型参数,并获得了三维空间的BRDF分布。结果表明,获得的可见光谱BRDF模型能准确反映材料的光散射特性,符合工程要求。     

基于深度神经网络的空间目标常用材质BRDF模型

由于双向反射分布函数(BRDF)经验模型与半经验模型对材质散射特性描述时存在局限性,导致其拟合结果与实测数据的误差较大。针对此问题,基于深度神经网络(DNN)构建了一种适用于具有不同散射特性空间目标材质的BRDF模型。建立的深度神经网络模型基于TensorFlow实现,包含4个隐含层,并采用AdaDelta梯度下降法进行优化,结合Dropout方法进行正则。随机抽取材质测量数据的一部分作为训练样本,最终得到BRDF与入射天顶角、反射天顶角以及观测方位角的映射关系模型。大量的实验结果表明,建立的深度神经网络模型具有良好的材质特性描述能力,且对于相同材质,模型的拟合误差小于经验模型。     

空间目标表面材料光谱双向反射分布函数测量与建模

介绍了双向反射分布函数（BRDF）的绝对测量原理和方法,选用光谱分辨率为3 nm的光谱辐射度计及精度为001°的三维转角系统,搭建了BRDF自动测量平台,对空间目标表面包覆材料在400—2500 nm的光谱BRDF进行了测量.结果表明,BRDF曲线极大值所对应的散射角度一般在镜反射方向左右,其余BRDF值随散射角变化很平缓,从中间向两边逐渐变小,近似成余弦分布.测量误差为495%.应用模拟退火算法,结合BRDF五参量统计模型,获得了测量光谱范围内各波长对应的共2101组五参量值,通过对比参量计算结果和 关键词： 双向反射分布函数 绝对测量 误差分析 参量模型     

大气散射对地表双向反射分布函数反演的影响与修正

准确地获取地表双向反射特性是遥感辐射定标和卫星全链路成像仿真的重要基础。在野外条件下通常使用实测的双向反射因子(BRF)反演得到双向反射分布函数(BRDF)。仿真分析显示,大气能见度分别为23km和15km时,同一地表的BRF方向性系数相差19%。野外条件下实测的BRF因受大气散射的影响而不能准确表征地表方向反射特性。通过同步测量2π空间内的大气散射,提出一种BRDF反演方法。该方法将BRF实测值与测量模型计算值之间的残差作为反演的代价函数,以消除大气散射的影响,可反演地表真实的BRDF模型特征参数。结果证明方向反射特性是地物的固有属性,不随测量环境辐射的变化而变化。     

基于场地高光谱BRDF模型的绝对辐射定标方法

提出了一种基于场地地表高光谱双向反射分布函数模型的绝对辐射定标方法,摆脱了对卫星过境时刻同步观测的依赖,提高了遥感器在轨绝对辐射定标的效率与频次.利用无人机测量系统对敦煌辐射校正场进行了地表方向特性测量,基于半经验核驱动模型反演了敦煌场地的高光谱双向反射分布函数模型参数.用地表双向反射分布函数模型直接计算的卫星观测方向的地表高光谱反射率数据替代卫星过境时刻场地的地表同步测量数据,结合中分辨率成像光谱仪大气产品数据,实现了对Landsat-8卫星的陆地成像仪(OLI)在可见光至近红外波段的高频次绝对辐射定标.Landsat-8/OLI第1～6波段的卫星观测表观辐亮度值与模型计算表观辐亮度值的相对偏差均小于5%,标准差小于2%.基于无人机场地双向反射分布函数模型的绝对辐射定标方法的定标结果与卫星观测结果具有较高的一致性和稳定性.     

基于六参量偏振BRDF模型的地物背景偏振反射特性研究

为研究地物背景的偏振反射特性,综合考虑了镜面反射、体散射和后向散射,建立了一种六参量偏振双向反射分布函数(pBRDF)模型。该模型利用Kubelka-Munk(KM)理论模拟体散射分量,并引入呈高斯分布的后向散射分量,改进了传统的偏振BRDF模型。建立的六参量偏振BRDF模型更加符合地物背景的偏振反射特性。基于多角度偏振测量原理,获得草地和土壤在不同观测几何下的偏振光谱,分析了偏振反射分布特征,并从实测数据中反演了模型参量,将测量值与仿真值进行了对比。结果表明:所建立的六参量偏振BRDF模型的仿真结果与实测数据之间具有很好的吻合性,证实了该模型的准确性与有效性。     

基于深蓝算法的HJ-1CCD数据快速大气校正模型

大气校正是遥感数据定量化应用的关键步骤,国产环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座(简称HJ-1)CCD相机数据在进行大气校正时,面对数据量大、观测角度变化大、气溶胶多变等各种问题。本文针对HJ-1CCD相机的波段特征,利用Hsu等提出的深蓝算法借助地表反射率库反演得到气溶胶光学厚度,结合辅助角度数据计算观测几何,利用核驱动模型完成了BRDF校正,提出了针对HJ-1CCD数据的在植被、裸土等地表类型通用的大气校正算法;在数据处理中,采用查找表和双线性插值的方法分块计算HJ-1CCD图像的大气参数,利用IDL语言的矩阵运算大大加快了大气校正速度,实现了快速大气校正。以2012年7月3日过境中国华北平原的1景CCD数据进行了算法实验,结果表明,该算法较好的校正了大气对地表反射率的影响,能够在8min内快速完成1景数据量约为1G的CCD数据的大气校正,校正后的土壤和植被等典型地物的反射率更接近其光谱特征;同时,将校正结果与同期过境的MODIS地表反射率产品进行了比对,由于分辨率的较高,HJ-1的结果细节表现要优于MODIS,而二者获得的典型地物反射率相关性较好(相关系数大于0.9)。误差分析表明,气溶胶类型的误判会对近红外波段地表反射率带来较大的误差,在0.05左右,而地表反射率库0.02的误差,会对红波段和绿波段的大气校正结果带来0.01左右的误差。     

基于双向反射分布函数实验测量的目标散射特性的分析

介绍了一种用双向反射分布函数(BRDF)测定仪进行目标双向反射分布函数测量的方法。以聚四氟乙烯(F4)粉压制板作为反射标准板,给出了F4标准板及所测样品在双向反射分布函数测定仪上的测量数据。被测样片的反射光强度经标定过的漫反射标准板传递,最终在较高分辨率的半球空间内分析计算出了样品在红外(1.06μm和0.86μm)波段的双向反射分布函数。实验结果表明,该方法是一种分析目标散射特性的可行性方法。     

高分五号卫星多角度偏振相机最优化估计反演:角度依赖与后验误差分析

多角度偏振相机(directional polarimetric camera, DPC)随高分五号卫星已经成功发射并持续获取全球观测数据.针对DPC在陆地气溶胶反演领域的应用需求,本研究基于多参数最优化估计反演框架,引入信息量和后验误差分析工具,讨论了DPC观测信息量对角度的依赖,给出了地表和气溶胶参数的后验误差,并分析了后验误差的影响因素.研究表明:1)卫星观测信息量随观测角度个数的增加显著提升, DPC多角度观测比单角度观测的总DFS(degree of freedom for signal)平均提高了5.45; 2)气溶胶反演比地表更依赖于卫星观测几何,散射角覆盖范围越大,观测包含的气溶胶信息量越多; 3)反演参数的后验误差随观测角度个数的增加显著降低,而气溶胶模型误差对后验误差的影响并不显著.总体来说,观测误差是影响反演结果不确定性的主要因素.本研究对DPC多角度偏振观测的反演能力以及反演不确定性进行了系统的定量评估,为DPC在轨测试及反演算法开发提供参考.     

Modeling visible and near-infrared snow surface reflectance-simulation and validation

Retrieving snow surface reflectance is difficult in optical remote sensing.Hence,this letter evaluates five surface reflectance models,including the Ross-Li,Roujean,Walthall,modified Rahman and Staylor models,in terms of their capacities to capture snow reflectance signatures using ground measurements in Antarctica.The biases of all the models are less than 0.0003 in both visible and near-infrared regions.Moreover,with the exception of the Staylor model,all models have root-mean-square errors of around 0.02,indicating that they can simulate the reflectance magnitude well.The R2 performances of the Ross-Li and Roujean models are higher than those of the others,indicating that these two models can capture the angle distribution of snow surface reflectance better.     

基于新型开关表的超导储能系统直接功率控制

本文基于直接功率控制技术的原理及其在超导储能系统的应用,通过分析开关矢量在不同扇区中对有功及无功功率的作用,提出一种新的开关表.在此基础上,利用仿真技术分析并比较了传统方法直接功率控制和基于新开关表的直接功率控制的性能.结果表明:基于新的开关表的直接功率控制技术可以改善超导储能直接功率控制系统的性能,非常适用于电压型超...     

Method of measuring one-dimensional photonic crystal period-structure-film thickness based on Bloch surface wave enhanced Goos-Hänchen shift

This paper puts forward a novel method of measuring the thin period-structure-film thickness based on the Bloch surface wave (BSW) enhanced Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift in one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC). The BSW phenomenon appearing in 1DPC enhances the GH shift generated in the attenuated total internal reflection structure. The GH shift is closely related to the thickness of the film which is composed of layer-structure of 1DPC. The GH shifts under multiple different incident light conditions will be obtained by varying the wavelength and angle of the measured light, and the thickness distribution of the entire structure of 1DPC is calculated by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The relationship between the structure of a 1DPC film composed of TiO₂ and SiO₂ layers and the GH shift, is investigated. Under the specific photonic crystal structure and incident conditions, a giant GH shift, 5.1×10³ times the wavelength of incidence, can be obtained theoretically. Simulation and calculation results show that the thickness of termination layer and periodic structure bilayer of 1DPC film with 0.1-nm resolution can be obtained by measuring the GH shifts. The exact structure of a 1DPC film is innovatively measured by the BSW-enhanced GH shift.     

SANS response of VVER440-type weld material after neutron irradiation,post-irradiation annealing and reirradiation

It is well accepted that the reirradiation behaviour of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel after annealing can be different from the original irradiation behaviour. We present the first small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) study of neutron irradiated, annealed and reirradiated VVER440-type RPV weld material. The SANS results are analyzed both in terms of the size distribution of irradiation-induced defect/solute atom clusters and in terms of the ratio of total and nuclear scattering intensity in a saturation magnetic field (A ratio). The measured A ratio is compared with calculations performed on the basis of the cluster composition reported for a similar weld material investigated by means of three-dimensional atom probe field ion microscopy. The observed deviation between both estimates and possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the differences between the materials response to the original irradiation and to reirradiation after annealing. The results indicate that reirradiation-induced clusters are slightly different in their average composition and their formation saturates at a lower volume fraction than in the case of the original irradiation.     

Dynamics of atomic decay in a special one dimensional photonic crystal

Recently, Liu et al. [Phys. Rev. B 74, 075314 (2006)] pointed out that the atomic instant decay rate in one dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) showed a series of pulse-like peaks with time. In this paper, we continue their work, and adopt a special 1DPC, in which the refractive indexes of both constitution layers in a period are the same, to perform the analysis in detail. Our results show that the pulse-like peak of instant decay rate originates from the interaction between the atom and the sub-reservoir, the latter of which corresponds to the group of reflected fields having the same optical distance. The atom interacts with such a sub-reservoir mainly after the time needed for propagation. However, near the arrival time of the reflected field, the atomic level is broadened and couples to all frequency components of the sub-reservoir, and the pulse-like peak of instant decay rate appears. Although our conclusion is deduced with the special 1DPC, it is also valid for more general cases and might be useful to measure the quantum Zeno and anti-Zeno effect, since the interval of repeated measurements may be expanded to several optical cycles in 1DPC, which will facilitate the observation of the quantum Zeno or anti-Zeno effect.     

Nanoindentation of ion-irradiated reactor pressure vessel steels – model-based interpretation and comparison with neutron irradiation

Ion-irradiation-induced hardening is investigated on six selected reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels. The steels were irradiated with 5 MeV Fe²⁺ ions at fluences ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 displacements per atom (dpa) and the induced hardening of the surface layer was probed with nanoindentation. To separate the indentation size effect and the substrate effect from the irradiation-induced hardness profile, we developed an analytic model with the plastic zone of the indentation approximated as a half sphere. This model allows the actual hardness profile to be retrieved and the measured hardness increase to be assigned to the respective fluence. The obtained values of hardness increase vs. fluence are compared for selected pairs of samples in order to extract effects of the RPV steel composition. We identify hardening effects due to increased levels of copper, manganese-nickel and phosphorous. Further comparison with available neutron-irradiated conditions of the same heats of RPV steels indicates pronounced differences of the considered effects of composition for irradiation with neutrons vs. ions.     

Ruthenium(III) catalysed and uncatalysed oxidative mechanisms of methylxanthine drug theophylline by copper(III) periodate complex in alkali media: a comparative approach

The kinetics of oxidation of methylxanthine drug, theophylline (TP), by diperiodatocuprate(III) (DPC) has been investigated in the absence and presence of ruthenium(III) (Ru(III)) as homogeneous catalyst in alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength of 0.21 mol dm^?3 spectrophotometrically. The reaction exhibits 1:4 stoichiometry ([TP] : [DPC]) in both the cases. The order of the reaction with respect to [DPC] was unity, while the order with respect to [TP] was less than unity over the concentration range studied in both the cases. The rate was increased with an increase in [OH^?] and decreased with an increase in [IO₄^?]. The order with respect to [Ru(III)] was unity. The ionic strength and dielectic constant of the medium did not affect the rate significantly. The main product 1‐methyl‐(3‐N‐formyl)‐2,4‐purinodione was identified by spot tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry spectral studies. Based on the experimental results, the possible mechanisms were proposed. The reaction constants involved in the different steps of the mechanisms were evaluated. The catalytic constant (K_c) was also calculated for Ru(III) catalysis at different temperatures. The activation parameters with respect to the catalyst and slow step of the mechanisms were computed, and thermodynamic quantities were determined. Kinetic studies suggest that the active species of DPC and Ru(III) are found to be [Cu(H₂IO₆)(H₂O)₂] and [Ru(H₂O)₅OH]²⁺, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.