三维内肋管内流态的划分及过渡流判据的实验研究

1前言三维内肋管（见图1）已在许多文献中进行了研究[1～7]。其中文献[7]首次提出了三维内肋管的流态划分问题，指出应按人工粗糙管的流态模式合理地划分为层流区、临界区、过渡流区和旺盛湍流区，且其相邻两区的转换雷诺数都应与肋的几何结构有关。文献[7]主要研究了该管达旺盛湍流时的雷诺判据。本文将着重研究该管达过渡流的雷诺判据。2实验装置与实验方法实验装置如图2所示。实验管几何结构见表1。1．鼓风机2．滤网3LWQ－15型气体涡轮流量变送器（或LZJ－15型玻璃转子流量计）4．XSF－40流量指示积算仪5．调压变压器6．直管段7．UJ…     

Flow and Heat Transfer in Rough Micro Steel Tubes

Abstract

This article investigates the flow and heat transfer characteristics in micro steel tubes with inner diameters of 168 μm, 399 μm and relative roughness of 3.5% and 2.7%, respectively, by measuring the friction factors and the Nusselt number from laminar state to transitional state. Experiments show that the experimental Nusselt numbers are less than those predicted by the classical laminar correlation due to the effect of the variation of the thermophysical properties with temperature when Reynolds number is low. As the Reynolds number is higher than 800, the experimental Nusselt number are 25–50% higher than the predictions of the classical laminar and transitional correlations due to the effects of the roughness and the entrance length. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs at the Reynolds number of 1,100–1,500.     

FRICTION AND CONVECTION STUDIES OF R-134a IN MICROCHANNELS WITHIN THE TRANSITION AND TURBULENT FLOW REGIMES

Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of single-phase flows in microchannels for refrigerant R-134a were experimentally investigated. Experiments were conducted using rectangular channels micromilled in aluminum with hydraulic diameters ranging from approximately 112 to 210 w m and aspect ratios that varied from 1.0 to 1.5. Using overall temperature, flow rate, and pressure drop measurements, friction factors and convective heat transfer coefficients were experimentally determined for steady flow conditions. Effects of Reynolds number, relative roughness, and channel aspect ratio are examined in predicting friction factor and Nusselt number for the experiments. Experiment results indicated that transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurred between a Reynolds number of 2,000 and 4,000. Friction factor results were consistently lower than values predicted by macroscale correlations but exhibited the same trends with Reynolds numbers of macroscale correlations. Nusselt number results also exhibited a similar pattern of lower values obtained in the experiments than those predicted by commonly used macroscale correlations. Nusselt number results also indicated that channel size may suppress turbulent convective heat transfer and surface roughness may affect heat transfer characteristics in the turbulent regime.     

Temperature field measurement of an array of laminar premixed slot flame Jets using Mach-Zehnder interferometry

An experimental study was performed to investigate the influence of Reynolds number (Re) and non-dimensional jet-to-jet spacing (S/D_h) on flame shape, structure and temperature field of an array of laminar premixed slot flame jets. Mach-Zehnder interferometry technique is used to obtain an insight to the overall temperature field between single, twin and triple slot flame jets. The slot jets with large aspect ratio (L/W), length of L=60 mm and width of W=6 mm were used to eliminate the three-dimensional effect of temperature field. The effect of jet-to-jet spacing was investigated on flame characteristics under the test conditions of 200≤Re≤400 and equivalence ratio (φ) of unity. The present measurement reveals that the variation of maximum flame temperature with increment of Reynolds number is mainly due to heat transfer effects and is negligible while the flame height is increased. For the cases of twin and triple flame jets by increasing Reynolds number and decreasing non-dimensional jet-to-jet spacing (S/D_h), the interferences between the jets are increased and the jets attracted each other. Strong interference was observed at S/D_h=1.15. For the case of triple jets at this S/D_h, the central jet was suppressed while the side jets deflected towards the inner jet. The interference between jets was found to reduce the heat flux in the jet-to-jet interacting zone due to incomplete combustion. Also the optimum jet-to-jet spacing of triple flame jets is obtained at each Reynolds number to enhance the heat transfer performance of the jets.     

厚翅片管内流体流动和传热的数值分析

本文应用Ｐａｔａｎｋａｒ等人［１］研究薄翅片管的湍流模型，对一种工业化的厚翅片管内的流体流动和传热进行了数值分析。计算范围包括了层流和湍流（Ｒｅ＝１０１～１０６），所得计算结果与较窄范围内实验所测的传热与阻力数据相当符合，本计算结果具有较大的推广价值。     

竖直窄环隙通道内的强迫对流换热

本文在常压下,以水为工质,对三种尺寸的竖直窄环隙流道进行了单相强迫对流换热实验研究。结果表明,窄隙流道内的换热在低雷诺数区表现出与普通流道不同的多变特性,而在高雷诺数区与普通流道相近。温差对换热的影响具有两重性。窄隙流道使紊流换热区域扩大,当流道间隙足够小时,换热没有明显的过渡区和层流区,均表现为紊流换热的特征。本文提供的经验公式可以在较宽的参数范围内关联实验数据。     

波纹内翅片管换热与阻力特性的实验研究

本文研究了三组内翅片管的湍流流动与换热特性,拟合出所测参数范围内阻力和换热的实验关联式,并运用相同质量流量、相同泵功率、相同压降三种准则比较了不同组翅片管之间的强化传热效果。     

非牛顿流体在周期性渐扩渐缩通道内层流流动与换热的实验研究

本文用实验方法研究了浓度为１５００ｗｐｐｍ的聚丙烯酰胺（ＰＡＭ）溶液在周期性渐扩渐缩通道内层流流动与换热问题。研究表明,大约经过８个周期后流动进入充分发展阶段,而换热则要经过大约２０个周期后才能进入充分发展阶段。在充分发展阶段,阻力系数和换热Ｎｕｓｓｅｌｔ数随广义 Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数的变化关系式分别为： ｆ＝ １３５ × Ｒｅ＊－０．６３２和 Ｎｕ＝ １０．５ × Ｒｅ＊０．５９８。     

Numerical heat transfer analysis in turbulent channel flow over a side-by-side triangular prism pair

Heat transfer and flow behavior in a channel fitted with a transverse triangular prism pair is numerically investigated in the turbulent flow regime for the Reynolds number ranging from 10000 to 50000. The aspect ratio of channel height to the prism base is fixed at 4.0 throughout the study. The Navier-Stokes equation, along with the energy equation, is solved using a finite volume method with the SIMPLE technique and the QUICK numerical scheme for coupling the discretized equations while the standard k-ɛ turbulence model is used for closure of the problem. The numerical result reveals that heat transfer augmentation in the channel with the built-in prism pair can be obtained. It is observed that as compared to a channel, the heat transfer is enhanced by about 17% for a single triangular prism and by some 85% for a triangular prism pair mounted on the channel wall. Effects of the clearance between the prisms on the heat transfer augmentation are presented. The heat transfer enhancement is due to the vortex formation or recirculation zone downstream of the prism elements. However, the presence of the prisms also leads to higher values of friction loss over the channel.     

Friction factor and wall heat transfer for laminar and turbulentflow in a cylindrical duct with a wall-stabilized arc

Friction factor and wall heat-transfer data for axially symmetric flow in a wall-stabilized arc analysis are given. Heat transfer results revealed three significant modes: laminar flow with an unstable arc, laminar flow with a wall-stabilized arc, and turbulent flow with a wall-stabilized arc. It was shown that the critical Reynolds number increases, in comparison with the case of the flow without Joule heating. A friction factor from Reynolds-number dependence peculiarities was not discovered for laminar to turbulent flow transition     

Heat transfer and friction factor characteristic of spherical and inclined teardrop dimple channel subjected to forced convection

An experimental and numerical investigation is performed in order to determine the outcome of dimple geometries on the heat transfer and friction factor in a dimple cooling channel subjected to turbulent flow. Two geometries taken into consideration are spherical and inclined teardrop. In order to have a better comparison between the two different dimple channel, the dimple depth, total wetted area of dimple, and dimple pitch have been kept constant. In case of spherical and inclined teardrop dimple channels, heat transfer augmentation, friction losses, and flow pattern have been obtained for a Reynolds Number range from 14,000 to 65,000. The investigation shows that the dimple geometry has a significant contribution to increasing the heat transfer augmentation and determining the flow pattern. The inclined teardrop dimple arrangement shows the maximum heat transfer that is 17% higher than the spherical dimple channel, whereas inclined teardrop dimple results in the rise of friction factor of about 5.93–16.14% times as compared to the spherical dimple within the specified Reynolds number. The inclined teardrop and spherical dimple channel show the heat transfer enhancement of 2.74 to 3.20 times and 2.38 to 2.68 times than that of smooth channels provided thermal boundary conditions and flow conditions are kept same. The numerical study has been performed, which provided a detailed insight into the flow structures and vortex formations in spherical and inclined teardrop dimple channel.     

纳米流体对流换热的实验研究

建立了测量纳米流体对流换热系数的实验系统,测量了不同粒子体积份额的水-Cu纳米流体在层流与湍流状态下的管内对流换热系数,实验结果表明,在液体中添加纳米粒子增大了液体的管内对流换热系数,粒子的体积份额是影响纳米流体对流换热系数的因素之一。综合考虑影响纳米流体对流换热的多种因素,提出了计算纳米流体对流换热系数的关联式。     

交叉缩放椭圆管换热与流阻实验研究及分析

对交叉缩放椭圆管进行了实验和数值研究,给出了换热和沿程阻力系数实验拟合关联式。交叉缩放椭圆管管内 截面交叉变化诱导产生强烈的二次流和纵向涡流,改善了速度场与温度场之间的协同关系。实验和数值模拟结果表明,交 叉缩放椭圆管管内的流动在Re≥500即表现为湍流,换热强化效果显著。     

内肋套管管内流动与换热特性研究

利用实验和数值模拟方法考察了含水原油在内肋套管内的流动与传热性能,指出了在 Re=200～1200 时管子结构尺寸(肋片高度、肋片宽度和肋片长度)对传热性能的影响,并进行了实验验证.     

竖直圆管中超临界压力CO2对流换热实验研究

本文对超临界压力CO2在竖直加热圆管内的对流换热进行了实验研究,比较了不同流向、不同热流密度等对流动和换热的影响。实验结果表明,管内径为2mm时,在低进口Re条件下,由于浮升力影响导致层流向湍流提前转变, 对流换热增强;与向上流动相比,向下流动更易由层流转变为湍流;向下流动的换热要强于向上流动,表明浮升力对换热有很大影响。对于管内径为0．27 mm的微细圆管,当进口Re高于104时,浮升力的影响可以忽略,对流换热系数的变化完全由物性的变化尤其是cp的变化导致。     

FRICTIONAL FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER FLOWING THROUGH RECTANGULAR MICROCHANNELS

Experiments were conducted to investigate the flow characteristics of water flowing through rectangular microchannels having hydraulic diameters of 0.133-0.367 mm and H/W ratios of 0.333-1. Experimental results indicated that the laminar flow transition occurred at Reynolds numbers of 200-700. This critical Re for the laminar transition was strongly affected by the hydraulic diameter, decreasing with corresponding decreases in the microchannel. In addition, the size of the transition range was diminished and fully developed turbulent flow also occurred at much lower Re. The friction behavior of both the laminar and turbulent flow was found to depart from the classical thermqfluid correlations. lite friction factor, f, was found to be proportional to Re^?1.98 rather than Re for the laminar condition, and proportional to Re^?1.72i for turbulent flow. The geometric parameters, hydraulic diameter, and H/W were found to be the most important parameters and had a critical effect on the flow. Generally, increasing the ratio H/W increases the friction factor. The reduction of the microchannel hydraulic radius decreases the friction factor significantly for a given H/W. There exists a special range of ratio H/W (approximately 0.5 mm) at which the experimental data are lower than the predictions obtained from classical correlations. Continued reduction of channel size increases the difference between f_I,expf_1,theo at RE_cri, and the quantity of f_I,exp becomes smaller within the region adjacent to H/W = 0.5, and larger when H /Wis out of this region.     

Experimental Investigation of Laminar Heat Transfer Inside Trapezoidal Duct Having Different Corner Angles

In this study, steady-state laminar forced flow and heat transfer in a horizontal smooth trapezoidal duct having different corner angles were experimentally investigated in the Reynolds number range from 10² to 10³. Flow is hydrodynamically fully developed and thermally developing under a uniform surface temperature condition. Based on the present experimental data of laminar flow in the thermal entrance region, new engineering correlations were presented for the heat transfer and friction coefficients for each corner angle. The results have shown that as the Reynolds number increases heat transfer coefficient increases but Darcy friction factor decreases. Also, it is observed that average Nusselt number increases while average Darcy friction factor decreases with increasing corner angle of the duct.     

Classical and quantum regimes of superfluid turbulence

We argue that turbulence in superfluids is governed by two dimensionless parameters. One of them is the intrinsic parameter q which characterizes the friction forces acting on a vortex moving with respect to the heat bath, with q^?1 playing the same role as the Reynolds number Re=UR/ν in classical hydrodynamics. It marks the transition between the “laminar” and turbulent regimes of vortex dynamics. The developed turbulence described by Kolmogorov cascade occurs when Re?1 in classical hydrodynamics, and q?1 in superfluid hydrodynamics. Another parameter of superfluid turbulence is the superfluid Reynolds number Re_s=UR/κ, which contains the circulation quantum κ characterizing quantized vorticity in superfluids. This parameter may regulate the crossover or transition between two classes of superfluid turbulence: (i) the classical regime of Kolmogorov cascade where vortices are locally polarized and the quantization of vorticity is not important; (ii) the quantum Vinen turbulence whose properties are determined by the quantization of vorticity. A phase diagram of the dynamical vortex states is suggested.     

空气横掠波纹管束流动与传热性能的数值模拟

本文应用层流模型和湍流模型的数值模拟方法,对空气外掠8排波纹管束时的流动与传热性能进行了研究,并将数值结果与实验结果进行了对比,结果表明:层流模型数值模拟结果较湍流更接近于实验值。同时,对两种模型的数值模拟结果拟合出了Nu-Re的关联式。     

Experiments to Explore the Mechanisms of Heat Transfer in Nanocrystalline Alumina/Water Nanofluid under Laminar and Turbulent Flow Conditions

Abstract

Heat transfer characteristics of water-based nanocrystalline alumina (Al₂O₃) nanofluids flowing through a uniformly heated tube under a fully developed laminar and turbulent flow regime is investigated experimentally in the present work to explore the heat transfer mechanism in nanofluids. In a laminar flow, the increase in Nusselt number was attributed to the thermophysical properties of the nanofluid. The movement of nanoparticles, along with the turbulent eddies in the turbulent core region and diffusion mechanism, such as thermophoresis, in the laminar sublayer are believed to be the reasons for enhanced heat transfer in turbulent region. The compatibility of Al₂O₃/water nanofluids was also examined by monitoring its color.