基于自适应条纹投影的彩色物体三维形貌测量

针对三维形貌测量技术中彩色物体表面反射率的非均匀性影响测量结果的问题,提出一种基于自适应条纹投影的三维形貌测量技术,该方法可避免彩色物体表面反射率非均匀的影响,提高系统的测量精度。彩色相机采集RGB光强图像,并根据物体表面颜色的反射特性计算每个像素点的最优投射光强和颜色;采集水平和垂直的正弦条纹序列,利用计算所得绝对相位值将相机图像坐标系中每一个像素点的最优投射光强和颜色映射到投影仪像素坐标系;投射自适应条纹序列进而测量彩色物体的三维形貌。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效测量彩色物体三维形貌,具有很高的测量精度。     

基于并行四颜色通道条纹投影的三维测量术

提出一种基于红、绿、蓝和红外并行4颜色通道的条纹投影三维测量技术,实现单次测量获得物体的表面三维形貌。该技术克服了传统方法投影多帧条纹图像而造成测量速度慢的缺点,在保证精度的同时提高了测量速度。结合两步相移、傅里叶变换法和最佳三条纹选择法的相位求解方法,独立计算各个像素点的绝对相位,从单次同时采集的复合彩色图像和红外图像中获得非连续物体等复杂面形的三维形貌数据。利用半透半反镜实现了可见光和红外两个投影仪的光轴同路,并建立它们之间的投影变换,实现了两个投影仪像素间的精确对应。利用所研制的系统,测量了非连续的静态物体和动态物体,获取了它们的表面三维形貌数据。结果显示,所研制的方法适用于三维形貌的快速测量。     

利用CCD图像的灰度梯度实现物体三维测量

图1是利用CCD图像的灰度梯度实现物体三维测量的空间几何关系示意图。测量过程为：由CCD获得的二维灰度图像，通过解灰度约束方程，获得其三维立体距焦像，后再通过几何光学投影的约束，变换到实际三维尺寸。为了从单目图像中求出感观像的深度信息，物体表面的反射模型应是漫反射的朗伯(Lambert)表面，且应选择适当的角度以克服照射盲区。     

台阶状面形的投影栅线法测量技术

采用光栅投影式三维轮廓术测量物体三维形貌时，当物体是台阶状物体时，物体表面的光栅条纹有阴影，导致后面的叠相还原过程无法进行。为了解决这一问题，将被测物体放在精密的旋转平台上。通过2次成像后，对2幅图像进行图像拼接，得到清晰的被光栅调制的物体图像。在图像拼接时，引入区域黑白对比度概念，区域的黑白对比度最大位置就是黑白区域的分界线。从而精确确定中间块2个边界的位置,然后进行图像拼接。最后采用双频光栅的傅里叶变换轮廓术来实现物体的三维形貌重建。结果表明：本方法简单、精度高，可以成功解决投影时具有阴影物体的三维形貌重建问题。     

高动态范围表面自适应条纹投影测量方法

相位测量轮廓术是获取物体表面三维形貌信息的最有效方法之一,但是对于表面反射率变化较大的物体,传统的条纹投影技术难以使高反射率和低反射率的区域都能实现高精度的形貌测量.针对这一问题,提出一种基于递归的自适应条纹投影方法.该算法能够分析采集图像中亮度饱和及亮度不足的像素点,并根据坐标映射关系自适应地调整投影图案的亮度,使各像素投影亮度经二分递归后趋近于最佳投影亮度,达到避免饱和及提高信噪比的目的 .实验结果表明,所提方法能够准确实现投影亮度的调整,仅需少量的递归过程,就能纠正99.3％投影亮度不合理的像素点,在改善高动态范围表面的三维显示效果的同时提高了其三维形貌的测量精度.     

空间编码与灰度投影相结合实现高效3-D形貌测量的研究

介绍了一种结合空间编码与灰度投影来实现高效三维形貌测量的方法。用空间编码完成对被测空间的粗略编码,用灰度投影完成精确编码,将它们结合起来得到被测物体表面丰富的编码信息,作为一种基于三角法的三维形貌测量方法,能够在物体表面非常不连续和外部光照造成的背景光强分布不确定的情况下工作良好。同时,与传统的空间编码方法相比,它大大提高了空间编码的效率。实验表明,该方法用５ 幅图像取得了与灰度码１０幅图像相当的测量结果。     

水中物体的光学三维形貌测量的研究

提出了一种对水中物体进行光学投影式表面三维形貌测量的新方法。通常的测量方法都是假设摄像机和被测物体都处于空气中,测量水中物体时,由于光在空气、水分界面上发生折射,投射到被测表面的光条纹图像发生扭曲,从而给三角测量法带来误差。新方法可以精确测量出水中被测物表面的三维坐标并计算出物体的几何尺寸,实验验证了该方法的有效性。考虑折射后,该测量类似于在空气环境中的测量。采用的极线约束及亚像素技术,提高了测量精度和速度。     

次条纹积分法解调位相的三维面形测量

提出一种新的条闰相分析技术用于三维面形自动测量。将光栅图案投影于物体表面上，投影像随物体三维面形变形，形变的投影像用次条纹积分算法分析，求出位相变化和相应的三维面形。     

单幅彩色条纹投影的不连续物体表面三维形貌测量

提出了基于单幅彩色条纹投影的不连续物体及动态三维形貌的测量方法。该方法利用计算机产生一幅正弦条纹图和两幅单一强度图分别通过红蓝绿三个通道合成为一幅彩色条纹图,由液晶投影仪投影到被测物体表面,彩色CCD采集变形条纹图并保存在计算机中。通过三色分离,同时获得正弦条纹图和反映表面反射率分布及背景信息图,通过图像除法运算及亚像素精度归一化处理实现物体三维形貌的恢复。对于表面形貌不连续的物体,利用蓝色分量的灰度图像进行二值化处理定位阴影或暗背景,从而引导正确的相位求解。实验验证了该方法对不连续物体动态测量方面的可行性。     

一种三维变形光学测量系统及微结构力学性能测试应用

描述了一种使用显微栅线投影技术和数字图像相关技术同时测量微结构三维形貌和变形的光学测量系统.在此系统中,正弦栅线通过相移投影器投影到被测物体表面,变形的条纹图由高分辨率的CCD相机和显微镜头采集并保存.相移技术处理条纹图得到形貌和离面变形,同时从相移图像中提取出被测物表面纹理,数字图像相关技术处理变形前后表面纹理得到面...     

A novel Fourier transform profilometry based on dual-frequency grating

The projecting grating method is used to measure the profile of the object. When the object has the steps shape or there are shadows in the grating stripes, the disconnected phase cannot be correctly unwrapped. In order to resolve these problems, the dual-frequency grating is programmed by the computer. And it is projected to the measurement object. The measurement object is placed on the exact rotary platform. After getting two images, the two images are mosaiced, the clear object image modulated by the grating is got. Then a novel Fourier transform profilometry is used to process the image, and the filter is designed to filter the high frequency and the low frequency. The phase difference of high frequency is worked out based on that of the low frequency. At last, the three dimension profile measurement is realized. Comparing with the traditional Fourier transform profile, the method cuts down three times frequency shifting reduces the calculation time and improves filter precision. The result indicates that the method is simple, with high precision. Three dimension profile measurement of the object that has the steps shape or there are shadows in its grating stripes can be successfully resolved.     

相位锁定循环投影技术及其应用

由一组规则栅线投影到物体表面的变形光栅,采用相位锁定循环解调算法解调出含有物体表面高度信息的相位.该技术的最大优势是不需传统的相位去包裹.利用该算法对二维栅线图扫描确定的相位.本文给出了一个典型试件的实验结果和分析.     

基于莫尔拓扑与图像处理的三维形貌术

本文叙述了一种新型三维物体表面测量方法,该方法利用单光栅投射待测物体表面而获取变形光栅像,然后应用图像处理方法,通过微机计算出物体表面各点高度。该方法测试精度高,速度快。文中对其原理进行了详细的叙述。并讨论了该法的测量范围、灵敏度。     

基于优化电子散斑光谱的三维物体测量研究

用激光光束直接照射到测试表面,再用CCD采其变形前后表面散斑颗粒干涉形成的条纹,条纹图解析为测量点的位移量和变形量,进而得到其离面位移,在优化算法的时候采用π位相技术获取另一个π相移的变形条纹图像,将面内位移与离面位移分离,为了消除零级分量,让投影光栅移动1/2个周期.通过Matlab和四步位相算法给出了三维空间模型,得出变形后物体的离面位移数据.实验仿真数据表明其能够稳定地测量物体变形场三维分量,误差较低.     

Surface profile inspection of a moving object by using dual-frequency Fourier transform profilometry

The 2π phase ambiguity caused by surface isolations and large height step can be solved by dual-frequency projection grating profilometry. However, in the Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) of a moving object, only one single deformed fringe pattern can be obtained. In order to introduce the dual-frequency technique into the FTP of moving object, a novel experimental system is designed to capture two fringe patterns with different frequency at the same time. A grating structure comprising two regions with different frequencies is projected upon the surface of the detected object. Two line-scan CCD cameras are used to capture the surface images encoded by the two kinds of patterns, respectively. By getting the corresponding image intensity at the same point of the object surface in the two acquired images, the dual-frequency technique is applied to extract the real phase without phase ambiguity. The surface profile of a specimen with a large height step is measured to prove the feasibility of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the proposed method can solve the 2π phase ambiguity problem successfully in the surface profile inspection of a moving object.     

全视差双向立体一步彩虹全息术

本文提出用二维光栅代替狭缝拍摄一步彩虹全息图的新方法，彩虹全息图再现像真实感强，观察方向不受限制。     

Measurement of a discontinuous object based on a dual-frequency grating

The dual-frequency grating measurement theory is proposed in order to carry out the measurement of a discontinuous object. Firstly, the reason why frequency spectra are produced by low frequency gratings and high frequency gratings in the field of frequency is analysed, and the relationship between the wrapped-phase and the unwrapping-phase is discussed. Secondly, a method to combine the advantages of the two kinds of gratings is proposed: one stripe is produced in the mutation part of the object measured by a suitable low frequency grating designed by MATLAB, then the phase produced by the low frequency grating need not be unfolded. The integer series of stripes is produced by a high frequency grating designed by MATLAB based on the frequency ratio of the two kinds of gratings and the high frequency wrapped-phase, and the high frequency unwrapping-phase is then obtained. In order to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis, a steep discontinuous object of 600×600 pixels and 10.00~mm in height is simulated and a discontinuous object of ladder shape which is 32.00~mm in height is used in experiment. Both the simulation and the experiment can restore the discontinuous object height accurately by using the dual-frequency grating measurement theory.     

点阵绝对相位彩色多频光栅傅里叶变换轮廓术

提出一种将三角法测距与多频光栅相结合的方法,充分利用数字投影的RGB通道,将多频光栅与点阵同时投影在物体表面,综合控制受高度调制的相位信息的提取,最终获取物体的三维形貌。仿真结果显示,在高度跳变使高频光栅位移达102量级个周期时,可以准确还原原始形貌。通过实验验证,本方法能够同时复原169mm的陡峭高度跳变以及3mm的微小细节,提高了传统双频光栅的性能,具有处理较大截断面和保证细节部分的测量能力,较好地改善了傅里叶变换轮廓术(FTP)的应用性能。     

Interferometric testing of the spacing error of a plane diffraction grating

Two measuring methods of the plane diffraction grating spacing error are presented in this work. The first one resembles real- time holographic interferometry. The hologram is exposed when an object beam is the nth diffraction order, and is then illuminated by the -nth diffraction order wave. The second method makes use of double-exposure holographic interferometry. The first exposure is performed when the nth diffraction order is an object beam. During the second exposure the -nth diffraction order is an object beam. Both methods allow to measure the spacing error separately, not only from the grating surface error but also from the aberrations introduced by the other optical elements of the set-up.     

Surface profiling using fringe projection technique based on Lau effect

In this paper, the surface profile of objects is determined by using a grating projection system. The method is based on the concept of self-imaging, namely, the Lau effect. Periodic fringe patterns are generated from the projection of a grating illuminated by multiple mutually incoherent quasi-plane wavefront. The fringe patterns are then projected on to the object surface and the deformed grating image is captured by a CCD camera for subsequent analysis. Phase shifting techniques have been employed to determine the phase value. With suitable calibration of the system and the phase value obtained, the surface profile of the objects can be determined. The phase variation is achieved by using a linear translation stage incorporated to the grating. In this study, two specimens are tested to demonstrate the validity of the method. One is a spherical cap with a height of 4 mm, and the other is a coin. The experimental results are compared with results obtained by mechanical stylus method. In the case of the spherical cap the results are also compared with fringe projection method based on Talbot effect.