用时域自易法测量超声换能器灵敏度

超声换能器的灵敏度是实际应用中很重要的物理参量，传统测试方法是在消声水槽中用连续正弦波进行逐点频率测量，过程较繁复，测量频率范围也受到限制，并且不能获得重要的相位信息．本文所采用的时域自易法是一种新颖的换能器核准方法．通过对超声换能器的激励电流和回波电压脉冲进行傅氏变换，可得到灵敏度的幅频相频特性，且具有测量速度快、频带宽和易于操作等优点．把时域自易法所测得结果与频域法测量所得结果进行比较，证实相符．     

用来激励高频超声换能器的电激励源

讨论了超声换能器的几种激励方法，分析了三种常用激励方法在激励高频超声换能器时的特点及其同局限性，我们雪崩ＭＡＲＸ电路制作的单极窄脉冲能地激励率高达１００ＭＨｚ的换能器并取得了较好的结果。     

一种直接测量压电换能器串联谐振频率和并联谐振频率的新方法

本文提出了一种利用补偿原理直接测量压电换能器串联谐振频率fs和并联谐振频率fP的新方法一补偿法。在这种方法测量原理的基础上，进行了实际测量，并设计了一种实用的测量电路。采用此方法测量的测量结果与电桥法的结果相符得很好。     

175kHz高频空气超声换能器研制及其特性测量

本文报道了一种用于复杂空气旋涡场参量测量的高频空气超声换能器．在用超声-激光方法研究流场时，它是关键的换能元件。该换能器工作频率为175kHz。由于采用了管状压电元件及特制的伞状反射器，该换能器具有优越的指向性（士2．5°）     

一种近似测量换能器效率及其等效电参数的简易方法

本文提出了一种近似测量换能器效率的简易方法.在换能器负载对其共振频率影响不大的情况,利用换能器的等效电路,根据换能器效率的定义,推出了只依赖于频率及谐振时换能器两端电压与电流之间相位角的效率表达式,把测量阻抗的要求变成了测量相位角的要求,与导纳圆法比较,所用仪器简单,测量迅速,克服了导纳圆法中逐点测量及逼近的麻烦,为迅速分析换能器的性能提供了一条简单的测量途径.     

用高频瓦特表测量夹心压电换能器在大功率状态下的电声效率

本文介绍实用状态下夹心换能器电声效率的测量实践。主要使用高频电功率计,通过测量同一振动速度下的空载时和有负载时电功率,及两种状态下的介电损耗功率,就可计算出电声效率。此方法具有速度快、设备简单等优点。     

对2-2型压电复合材料横波换能器产生的纵波特性的研究

在固体测量中，横波换能器所产生的波列中常伴随有纵波，认识纵波产生的原因可以解释横波测试中出现的现象，以及抑制纵波提供有效的方法，本文利用实验研究的方法，用一对纵波偶极子换能器的对比实验，分析了２－２型压电复合材料厚度切变换能器产生纵波的机理，发现这是一种伴随着晶片厚度切变振动而产生的“偶极子”纵波，并由此解释了这种纵波的伴随性，频率特性及其首波与横波首波位相相反等问题。     

超声换能器的高功率性能测试

大功率超声换能器的性能测试是比较困难的．本文提出了一种测量大功率伏态下夹心式压电换能器性能参数的新方法．利用该方法不仅能够得到换能器的各种转换效率，而且可以测量换能器等效电路中的等效电参数．实验表明，用该方法得到的结果与用高频电功率计法所得的结果基本上符合．这一方法为换能器的大功率状态性能评价提供了途径．     

高频空气声换能器研究现状与展望

本首先阐述高频空气声换能器的设计要点，然后介绍空气声换能器在测距、成象、材料特性无损评价等方面的初步应用，最后讨论空气声换能器进一步研究的发展方向及应用前景。     

水声测量用声脉冲瞬态抑制方法的研究

脉冲声技术是一种很常用的水声测量技术，但由于脉冲声存在着瞬态过程，严重影响了它在低频下的使用，本文中研究的水声测量用声脉冲瞬态抑制方法，通过瞬态抑制等效消除换能器的瞬态过程，从而为在有限尺寸水域内扩展水声测量低频限创造了条件。     

复频聚焦超声换能器水中焦区商场特性的研究

本文对新研制的一种复频聚焦超声换能器的辐射声场进行了实验研究,测定了辐射压在轴向上的分布曲线,进而确定了焦区位置,这与理论所得结果符合较好,测定了辐射声压在焦平面上的分布曲线,并对焦区声场进行了定位,最后对换能器在水中焦区辐射声的频谱进行了研究,不仅观测到了两个源波,而且还观测到了和频波,差频波以及倍频波,证实了声散射声效应的存在。     

压电瞬态响应在换能器声功率测量中的应用

探索一种简便的聚焦超声功率测量方法,利用压电陶瓷片直接接收超声信号,通过机电类比得到压电瞬态响应由压电片在声波作用力下引起受迫振动产生的电压响应与固有振动产生的高频衰减响应叠加而成,分析输出压电信号与换能器声功率之间的换算关系。对输出压电信号进行二次包络提取,获得表征声功率变化的电压幅度曲线,分别找出不同换能器驱动电压下包络曲线的最大峰值电压,将其平方值与声功率计所测声功率进行线性拟合,并对理论关系式中的比例系数进行标定。实验结果所得线性拟合度较高,且标定后所得声功率与声功率计所测值相对误差低于8.7%,证明了通过压电瞬态响应测量换能器声功率具有可行性。      

球壳换能器电声效率测量方法及声场特性分析

在高强度聚焦超声治疗系统中,换能器的电声效率是治疗剂量控制中的重要参数,其在焦域附近的声场分布同样重要。该研究以球壳聚焦换能器为研究对象,基于辐射力天平法与平面扫描法进行输出声功率的测量,同时测量其激励电功率后计算得到电声效率,并就其声场特性分布以及存在的非线性传播现象进行了简单阐述。两种测量方法测得的电声效率在声学计量的误差允许范围内,实验结果表明两种方法在测量球壳聚焦换能器输出声功率时具备较好的一致性。     

Characterization of a fiber-optic displacement sensor for measurements in high-intensity focused ultrasound fields

A fiber-optic sensor is presented that is capable of measuring the particle displacement in high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) fields. For this probe, a secondary calibration was performed, and the resulting complex frequency response is discussed. As a first practical application, the setup was used to measure the pressure in the field of a weakly focusing ultrasound transducer. The result is compared with that of a membrane hydrophone measurement. The feasibility of measurements in HIFU fields is demonstrated by means of measurements of the spatial distribution of the peak particle velocity within the focus of a HIFU transducer and of the dependence of the peak values on the acoustical power level.     

Acoustic power measurement using an optical heterodyne method

An optical heterodyne method is presented for measuring the Raman-Nath parameter of ultrasound. A light beam passes through a phase grating induced by ultrasound and then is recombined with another beam of light at a shifted frequency. The interference distribution of the two light beams is measured by a photodetector placed in the Fresnel region. The Raman-Nath parameter is determined from the amplitudes of frequency components in the beat signal and is independent of observation position. A theoretical analysis is given which includes pulsed ultrasound. Acoustic power determined using the technique is shown to agree fairly well with the radiation force method. Acoustic fields from a linear array transducer are also investigated. A problem involved in focused ultrasound is discussed.     

Nonperturbing measurements of spatially distributed underwater acoustic fields using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer

Localized changes in the density of water induced by the presence of an acoustic field cause perturbations in the localized refractive index. This relationship has given rise to a number of nonperturbing optical metrology techniques for recording measurement parameters from underwater acoustic fields. A method that has been recently developed involves the use of a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) targeted at a fixed, nonvibrating, plate through an underwater acoustic field. Measurements of the rate of change of optical pathlength along a line section enable the identification of the temporal and frequency characteristics of the acoustic wave front. This approach has been extended through the use of a scanning LDV, which facilitates the measurement of a range of spatially distributed parameters. A mathematical model is presented that relates the distribution of pressure amplitude and phase in a planar wave front with the rate of change of optical pathlength measured by the LDV along a specifically orientated laser line section. Measurements of a 1 MHz acoustic tone burst generated by a focused transducer are described and the results presented. Graphical depictions of the acoustic power and phase distribution recorded by the LDV are shown, together with images representing time history during the acoustic wave propagation.     

A wideband combined transducer for measuring system in sound tube

A wideband transducer for sound tube system is presented,which combines longitudinal transducer and ClassⅣflextensional transducer to improve the performance at low frequency and broaden the working band.The equivalent circuit is obtained and used to analyze the coupling mechanism between longitudinal transducer and flextensional transducer.A prototype of the transducer is developed after optimizing the electro-acoustic performances by Finite Element Method.The standing wave in the sound tube stimulated by this transducer has been studied and the sound absorbing coefficients of two acoustic materials samples are measured using this sound tube,which shows that the transducer can meet the requirements of acoustic material measurement with the working band ranging from 1.4 kHz to 23 kHz.     

圆锥面PVDF聚焦换能器的非线性声场理论及实验研究

圆锥面聚焦换能器可在超声成像中获得较好径向分辨率的同时提高探测深度.利用高斯声源函数叠加法来近似表示圆锥面聚焦声源的分布函数，结合近轴近似的KZK方程，得到了圆锥面聚焦换能器在损耗媒质中产生的基波、二次谐波声场的解析解.在实验上制作了PVDF圆锥面聚焦换能器，测量了圆锥面聚焦换能器的基波及二次谐波声场，实验结果和理论计算相符.     

Energetic balance in an ultrasonic reactor using focused or flat high frequency transducers

In order to undertake irradiation of polymer blocks or films by ultrasound, this paper deals with the measurements of ultrasonic power and its distribution within the cell by several methods. The electric power measured at the transducer input is compared to the ultrasonic power input to the cell evaluated by calorimetry and radiation force measurement for different generator settings. Results obtained in the specific case of new transducer types (composites and focused composites i.e., HIFU: high intensity focused ultrasound) provide an opportunity to conduct a discussion about measurement methods. It has thus been confirmed that these measurement techniques can be applied to HIFU transducers. For all cases, results underlined the fact that measurement of radiation pressure for power evaluation is more adapted to low powers (<15 W) and that measurement by calorimetry is a valid technique for global energy measurements. Composites and monocomponent transducers were compared and it appears that the presence of an adaptation glass plate reduces the efficiency of the monocomponent transducers. The distribution of ultrasonic intensity is qualitatively depicted by sono-chemiluminescence of luminol. Finally, the quantity of energy absorbed by samples placed in the sound field is determined and the temperature distribution monitored as a function of wall distance. This energetic balance allows us to understand the global behaviour of all experimental set-ups made up of a generator–transducer–liquid and sample.     

基于纹影法的聚焦超声声场重建算法研究

为了从聚焦超声声场纹影图像直接重建声场声压分布图像,首先根据水中声波与光波的作用规律,利用Zernike相衬技术得到纹影系统中空间声压分布与纹影图像中光强的关系,再通过纹影系统获得聚焦超声声场实时图像,最后根据纹影系统的物理特性经过反投影重建算法重建出凹球壳聚焦超声换能器的空间声压分布。分析可知,理论声焦域横向与声轴大小分别为0.15 mm、1.4 mm,重建声场电功率为12 W时横向最接近为0.25 mm,30 W时声轴最接近为1.35 mm。与球壳换能器的理论声压分布进行对比的结果表明,该方法具有一定可行性,可以用于聚焦超声换能器的声场分布检测。