微液滴在超疏水表面的受迫振动及其接触线的固着-移动转变

利用高速摄影技术对超疏水表面液滴振动的动态行为进行观测,研究液滴在不同频率下的振动特性. 实验发现,液滴的共振频率满足Rayleigh方程,微液滴在超疏水表面具有自由液滴的振动性质. 在80–200 Hz的驱动频率范围内,接触线出现了明显的固着-移动现象,液滴的振动频率是驱动频率的一半,液滴振动时的形变较大. 当驱动频率大于200 Hz时,接触线基本固着,液滴的振动频率近似等于驱动频率,液滴共振时的形态边缘始终有节点存在. 分析表明,液滴对外界驱动的不同响应与接触线的振荡行为和变形程度密切相关 关键词： 超疏水表面 受迫振动 共振 接触线     

疏水表面振动液滴模态演化与流场结构的数值模拟

为了研究疏水表面垂直振动液滴的运动规律,本文建立了振动液滴的三维模型,考虑了振动液滴的动态接触角变化过程,通过流体体积函数和连续表面张力(volume of fluid-continue surface force, VOF-CSF)方法实现了液滴受迫振动的数值模拟,得到了液滴的四种模态(2, 4, 6和8)动态演化过程、内部流场结构以及动态接触角的变化规律.随着振动加速度的改变,液滴可表现出丰富的模态,而具体模态依赖于振动加速度的频率变化.以此为基础,本文对液滴的内部流场结构做了进一步的分析.在模态2和模态4时,液滴内部流动从底部向上产生"Y"型流动,而在模态6和模态8时呈现对称的涡流动.且共振模态阶数越高,液滴内部速度平均值越大.液滴振动时的动态接触角明显偏离静态接触角,表明液滴振动模型有必要考虑动态接触角.模拟结果与文献中的实验结果做了对比,结果符合良好.     

单液滴冲击超疏水壁面的压力特性研究

雨滴撞击索类结构表面可能会激发振动及表面积冰等问题,现有研究多关注于疏水壁面及液滴撞击壁面铺展、回缩特性,鲜见涉及雨滴冲击超疏水壁面压力特性的研究.为此,采用CLSVOF方法对单液滴冲击超疏水固壁面这一过程进行数值计算,分析了液滴速度、初始直径等因素对液滴冲击超疏水壁面的压力特性、液滴动态行为特性及液滴与壁面接触时间的影响.结果 表明:单液滴撞击超疏水壁面的过程中,接触瞬间在接触点附近产生局部高压区,而在液滴铺展过程中,对壁面几乎没有压力冲击;在回缩反弹阶段,壁面受到持续较长时间的压力波动,且压力波动区域不局限于初始接触点附近较小范围.撞击速度或液滴初始直径的增大使壁面受到的冲击更为剧烈,且初始速度对壁面受压的影响更为明显.一定范围内液滴初始直径的增大则会导致接触时间延长.     

接触角滞后对组合表面液滴运动的影响

本文通过控制NaOH和(NH_4)_2S_2O_8溶液的刻蚀时间,制备了具有不同接触角滞后超疏水区的0.5 mm-0.5mm超疏水疏水组合表面,可视化研究了常压纯蒸汽下液滴脱落半径,冲刷周期,尺寸分布.电镜表征结果表明,刻蚀时间越长,所制备超疏水表面的微纳结构越细,导致液滴接触角滞后增加。在0.5 mm-0.5 mm超疏水-疏水组合表面冷凝过程中,存在两种排液行为:液滴横向抽吸和液滴跨区脱落。随着超疏水区接触角滞后的增加,对液滴的抽吸作用越强。液滴跨区脱落直径随着超疏水区接触角滞后的增加有减小趋势,表面冲刷周期随超疏水区接触角滞后的增加而减小;与完全疏水表面相比,组合表面疏水区域液滴尺寸较小,主要集中在50μm以内。     

液滴撞击不同湿润性固壁面上静止液滴的格子Boltzmann研究

采用单组分多相的伪势格子Boltzmann方法,在大小液滴粒径比为1.5的情况下,对大液滴竖直撞击壁面上静止小液滴的过程进行模拟,研究亲水与超疏水壁面上大液滴竖直碰撞小液滴的过程,得到液滴铺展因子和相对高度随时间的变化。结果表明：增大We数会使液滴的铺展因子增大,铺展直径变大,相对高度减小;并且随着We数的增加,在超疏水表面,液滴在铺展过程中底部会出现空腔,空腔大小随着We数增大而增加;此外,We数增加到107.35时,液滴发生了断裂。     

疏水表面结霜融霜过程中液滴行为研究

研究了自然对流条件下具有微纳结构铝基疏水表面上结霜、融霜过程中液滴的动态行为,分析了表面方位及接触角对冻结前冷凝和融霜后排液的影响。结果表明:水平疏水表面上冷凝液滴的直径和基底直径随时间而增加,液滴的接触角随时间的变化有一定波动,但呈减小趋势;放置一液滴在疏水表面上冷凝时,周围形成的小液滴以该液滴为中心,离它越远,小液滴尺寸越大;融霜后疏水表面上呈现规则的球缺状液滴,而裸铝表面上是不规则的液滴。     

声场作用下两空化泡相互作用的研究

建立了声场作用下两空化泡泡壁的运动方程,得出了双空化泡的共振频率,振动半径及空化噪声声压．由频率方程,振动半径和声压方程可以看出两气泡的运动情况与单气泡的运动情况有着明显的不同．共振频率,共振振幅及声压与两气泡之间的间距有关．在一定的简化条件下,运用MATLAB语言对共振频率,共振振幅及空化噪声声压进行了数值求解,发现共振频率和共振振幅随空泡间距的增大而增大,空化噪声声压随距离增大先增大后减小． 关键词： 超声 空化 频率 声压     

竖直表面液滴运动的数值模拟

为研究具有不同润湿特性的表面上液滴运动的规律,本文依据液滴接触角与基底方位角的关系以及运动液滴的动态接触角模型,运用Fluent软件,实现了对竖直表面上静止和运动液滴的数值模拟,得到了液滴的形貌以及内部的速度分布。模拟所得竖直表面上静止液滴和运动液滴的接触角和形貌均与实验结果吻合较好。液滴内部速度分布表明,裸铝表面(亲水)上液滴的运动方式为滑动;114°疏水表面上的液滴内部出现不完整的环流,但仍然以滑动运动为主;而145°疏水表面上液滴以滚动方式向下运动,液滴运动较快。     

超疏水表面上多液滴合并触发液滴弹跳现象的理论分析

超疏水表面上由冷凝液滴的合并触发的液滴弹跳现象在自清洁、强化传热、防结霜等工程领域均有广阔的应用前景。本文建立了一个能量模型以分析多液滴合并触发的液滴弹跳现象。依据本文模型,在液滴弹跳过程中,涉及到表面能、黏性耗散、重力势能、阻滞功、振动动能和平动动能等能量形式的变化及转换,当有更多的表面能转化为平动动能时,液滴弹跳速度会更快。结果表明,多液滴合并能够释放更多的表面能,分布更集中的液滴之间的合并有利于获得更多的平动动能,使液滴弹跳速度更大。此外,存在最小的临界液滴半径和半径比,小于该半径或半径比时,不会发生液滴弹跳。随合并液滴数量的增加,该最小的临界液滴半径和半径比均减小。     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝过程中液滴生长特性

研究了低压条件对滴状冷凝过程液滴生长特性的影响。首先,研究了超疏水表面上空气环境和蒸汽环境中附着液滴的接触角,发现蒸汽环境中的接触角比空气环境中的小,而蒸汽压力对接触角没有显著影响。第二,实验研究了冷凝过程中的液滴的生长周期和脱落尺寸,液滴的脱落半径随压力的降低而增大,生长周期也随之延长。第三,实验研究了液滴合并生长速率,并结合理论分析直接冷凝长大的生长速率,直接冷凝生长速率随压力的减小而减小,并随过冷度的减小而下降,而实验范围内合并生长速率不受压力影响。第四,根据滴状冷凝液滴分布的时间序列模型,分析了不同压力下液滴生长的临界尺寸,随着压力的降低,液滴生长方式的临界尺寸增大。     

Jumping of a droplet on a superhydrophobic surface in AC electrowetting

Abstract  

Consistent droplet bouncing driven by AC electrowetting was achieved by introducing a superhydrophobic surface instead of conventional hydrophobic surfaces. A superhydrophobic surface is very effective to reduce interfacial energy barrier or adhesion, allowing complete detachment of a droplet from the substrate. While a fixed electric potential (100 V_rms) was applied, the shape deformation and the droplet bouncing were significantly influenced by the frequency of the AC electrowetting. Consistent droplet bouncing only occurred at very narrow frequency ranges (e.g., 30–31 Hz for 8 μL droplets), indicating that resonance dominates the droplet bouncing. Interestingly, the resonance was 1/2 sub-harmonics, where every other actuation was skipped, when the droplet was in the air. Theoretical evaluation of the resonant frequency based on the linear theory implies that the fundamental resonance between the AC electrowetting and the vertical vibration of the shape oscillation could be important to produce consistent droplet bouncing.     

Tunable wettability of carbon nanotube/poly (?-caprolactone) hybrid films

We have realized a stable superhydrophobic surface, a thermally tunable superhydrophobic surface, and a thermally tunable hydrophobic surface by combining the crystalline/amorphous phase transition of the poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL) with the optimized surface roughness of the carbon nanotube/PCL hybrid films. The water droplet mobilities and wettabilities were reversibly thermally switched on the tunable superhydrophobic and the hydrophobic surfaces, respectively. These responsive surfaces have potential applications in microfluidic devices and microreactors and for liquid transportation.     

A comparative study of the self-propelled jumping capabilities of coalesced droplets on RTV surfaces and superhydrophobic surfaces

Understanding the mechanism of coalescence-induced self-propelled jumping behavior provides distinct insights in designing and optimizing functional coatings with self-cleaning and anti-icing properties.However,to date self-propelled jumping phenomenon has only been observed and studied on superhydrophobic surfaces,other than those hydrophobic surfaces with weaker but fairish water-repellency,for instance,vulcanized silicon rubber(RTV) coatings.In this work,from the perspective of thermodynamic-based energy balance aspect,the reason that self-propelled jumping phenomenon does not happen on RTV coatings is studied.The apparent contact angles of droplets on RTV coatings can be less than the theoretical critical values therefore cannot promise energy surplus for the coalesced droplets onside.Besides,on RTV and superhydrophobic surfaces,the droplet-size dependent variation characteristics of the energy leftover from the coalescence process are opposite.For the droplets coalescing on RTV coatings,the magnitudes of energy dissipations are more sensitive to the increase in droplet size,compared to that of released surface energy.While for superhydrophobic coatings,the energy generated during the coalescence process can be more sensitive than the dissipations to the change in droplet size.     

Numerical modeling of condensate droplet on superhydrophobic nanoarrays using the lattice Boltzmann method

In the present study,the process of droplet condensation on superhydrophobic nanoarrays is simulated using a multicomponent multi-phase lattice Boltzmann model.The results indicate that three typical nucleation modes of condensate droplets are produced by changing the geometrical parameters of nanoarrays.Droplets nucleated at the top(top-nucleation mode),or in the upside interpillar space of nanoarrays(side-nucleation mode),generate the non-wetting Cassie state,whereas the ones nucleated at the bottom corners between the nanoarrays(bottom-nucleation mode) present the wetting Wenzel state.Time evolutions of droplet pressures at the upside and downside of the liquid phase are analyzed to understand the wetting behaviors of the droplets condensed from different nucleation modes.The phenomena of droplet condensation on nanoarrays patterned with different hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions are simulated,indicating that the nucleation mode of condensate droplets can also be manipulated by modifying the local intrinsic wettability of nanoarray surface.The simulation results are compared well with the experimental observations reported in the literature.     

Water droplet impact on superhydrophobic surfaces with microstructures and hierarchical roughness

Quantitative correlation between the critical impact velocity of droplet and geometry of superhydrophobic surfaces with microstructures is systematically studied.Experimental data shows that the critical impact velocity induced wetting transition of droplet on the superhydrophobic surfaces is strongly determined by the perimeter of single micropillar,the space between the repeat pillars and the advancing contact angle of the sidewall of the micropillars.The proposed model agrees well with the experimental results,and clarifies that the underlying mechanism which is responsible for the superhydrophobic surface with hierarchical roughness could sustain a higher liquid pressure than the surfaces with microstructures.     

超疏水聚合物表面的水滴蒸发模拟

基于质量守恒和Fick第一定律，模拟了水滴在超疏水聚合物表面的蒸发全过程．研究从以往的接触角<90±扩展到>150±，液滴形貌扩展为椭球球帽模型进行疏水表面蒸发模拟．水滴在超疏水PC和FPU/PMMA表面蒸发的实验结果显示，计算的椭球球帽模型可以更好的反映出液滴接触角和高度的变化情况，并且不同聚合物表面接触角的相同变化趋势也揭示出微-纳二级结构表面结构不仅影响液滴接触角，也影响液滴蒸发模式．     

纳米结构超疏水表面冷凝现象的三维格子玻尔兹曼方法模拟

采用三维多相流格子玻尔兹曼方法 (lattice Boltzmann method, LBM),对纳米结构超疏水表面液滴的冷凝行为进行模拟研究.通过Laplace定律和光滑表面的本征接触角理论对三维LBM模型进行定量验证.模拟分析了超疏水表面纳米阵列的几何尺寸和润湿性的局部不均匀性对冷凝液滴形核位置和最终润湿状态的影响规律.结果表明,较高的纳米阵列使液滴在纳米结构间隙的上部侧面和底部优先形核长大,通过采用上下不均匀的间隙可避免液滴在底部形核长大,而在上部侧面形核的冷凝液滴在生长过程中向上运动,其润湿状态由Wenzel态转变为Cassie态;较低的纳米阵列使液滴在纳米结构底部优先形核长大,液滴的最终润湿状态为Wenzel态;润湿性不均匀的纳米结构表面使液滴在阵列顶端亲水位置处优先形核长大,成为Cassie态.冷凝液滴在不同几何尺寸的纳米结构表面上的最终润湿状态的模拟结果与文献报道的实验结果符合良好.通过模拟还发现,冷凝液滴在生长过程中的运动行为与液滴统计平均作用力的变化有关.本文的LBM模拟再现了三维空间中液滴的形核、长大和润湿状态转变等物理现象.     

微纳跨尺度结构ZnO表面的壁面减阻特性

通过化学气相沉积方法获得了具有良好超疏水特性的微纳跨尺度结构ZnO表面, 其表面接触角为150.7°.扫描电镜(SEM)的测试结果表明, 样品结构为ZnO微米柱阵列和在上面交织生长的高密度ZnO针状纳米线的复合结构.通过流变仪, 采用分步流动模式对样品表面在不同的剪切速率和不同间距的情况下进行测量, 得到了扭矩与剪切速率之间的关系.进一步选择覆盖硅烷的光滑Si表面作为对比样品, 选用40％的甘油作为试验液体, 当剪切速率接近20 s^-1时, 测试的表面滑移长度为46.8 μm.这表明微纳跨尺度结构的ZnO表面可有效增加流体减阻特性, 有利于制备具有减阻效应的微器件.     

Easy fabrication of large-size superhydrophobic surfaces by atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization with non-polar aromatic hydrocarbon in an in-line process

We report on the formation of superhydrophobic surfaces on glass by plasma polymerization with non-polar aromatic hydrocarbon, at atmospheric pressure, in an in-line process. The glass was simply treated by radio frequency (RF) plasma with a mixture of toluene and hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO). The hydrophobicity of the sample surfaces increase with increasing plasma treatments; contact angles of 150° for water droplets are achieved. It is attributed mainly to its high content of non-polar hydrophobic phenyl groups and its rough surface.