汽轮机次、末两级弯扭静叶的工程设计与实验研究

本文的主要目的是讨论弯扭叶片在大功率汽轮机低压缸末级和次东级的工程应用问题。具有弯扭叶片的通流设计方法采用基于求解欧拉方程的Ｓ２流面正问题计算，静叶栅的实验是在环形叶栅实验风洞上进行的，通过对计算结果和实验结果的分析，本文讨论了弯扭叶片在次、末两级中对改善流场的作用。     

燃气透平弯扭静叶的设计方法

本文通过研制弯扭叶片成型程序,阐述了燃气透平弯扭静叶的设计方法,分析了叶片各种弯曲方法对燃气透平性能的影响;证实了采用弯扭叶片能改善透平叶栅流动状况、减少损失的理论;最后用Auto CAD微机绘图软件绘出了造型后叶片的平面及空间轴侧图形。     

不同冲角下叶片弯曲对端部二次流动的影响

国内外学者对小展弦比透平静叶栅已提出了成熟的端壁流模型,但是对采取子午加速、附加栅栏、变弯度叶片和弯扭叶片诸减少二次流损失措施的叶栅倘缺少研究。本文通过弯叶片叶栅在不同冲角下的实验,探讨了叶片弯曲引起流向涡结构的变化及相应端部损失的降低,并在认识弯叶片端壁流模型的同时评价了它的变工况性能。     

鼓包前缘叶片在环形叶栅中应用的探索

鼓包前缘叶片具有特殊型式的前缘。本文对所选的初始叶型进行鼓包前缘造型,采用三维CFD数值模拟方法,探究鼓包前缘叶片对环形叶栅气动性能的影响,并初步探寻鼓包前缘叶片对流场的影响机理及规律。计算结果表明:在大攻角的情况下,鼓包前缘叶片可以明显改善环形叶栅的流场结构,减小叶栅分离区范围,可使总压损失系数减小约15%。环形叶栅势流区近S1流面的叶栅损失减小约35%。说明鼓包前缘叶片可以显著提高环形叶栅的气动性能。     

扩压叶栅中弯叶片作用气动机理的探讨

回顾和总结了关于弯叶片在压气机中气动机理的不同理解.深入探讨了压气机中弯叶片叶栅的气动力学变化,给出了弯叶片气动机理的另一种解释,即弯叶片在亚音速叶栅中通过改变密流的径向分布控制分离流动的发展,在超跨音速叶栅中通过改变激波前后的压力分布控制激波强度的大小.     

有间隙弯叶片近壁面静压分布对叶栅气动性能的影响

对具有叶顶间隙的直叶栅、正弯叶栅和反弯叶棚的近壁画静压和出口流场进行了测量，实验结果发现：叶片正弯减小了叶顶中后部的横向压力梯度，削弱了泄漏流与端壁横流及其相互作用，使下游流动损失明显降低；叶片反弯也削弱了泄漏流动，但下游流动损失比其它两套叶栅大．     

在大径高比环形透平叶栅中叶片弯曲对二次流影响的实验研究

1实验装置与模型叶片倾斜和弯曲的概念是针对小径高比环形叶栅提出来的。在短叶片环形叶栅中采用弯曲叶片的效果如何，本文作者对此进行了研究。同时也讨论了边界条件对静叶出口流场的影响。本实验是在哈尔滨工业大学的环形叶栅风洞上进行的。实验用的三套叶栅为：（1）常规径向叶片；（2）两端倾斜角为15”的弯曲叶片；（3）两端倾斜角为22“的弯曲叶片。其特性参数为：径高比为10．553，弦长b—31．Zmm，叶型安装角风一45．3“，进气角。0—90”，几何平均出气角。1—15”。出口马赫数M＝0．26左右。（1）（）（3）均为等截面叶栅，（2）…     

进口附面层厚度对弯叶片扩压叶栅损失的影响

本文通过人工加厚叶栅进口附面层厚度，考察了叶搬进口附面层厚度对弯叶片扩压叶栅损失的影响．实验结果表明，进口附面层厚度增加时，叶栅两端区二次流增强，叶栅损失增大．采用正弯曲叶片在参考进口附面层状态和人工加厚附面层时均未得到叶栅损失的降低，而反弯曲叶栅损失的降低出现在参考进口附面层状态下．     

高负荷压气机叶栅分离与流场结构研究

通过流动显示及静压测量,对不同冲角下、三种叶型弯角的环形压气机直、弯叶栅近壁面区域的流动分离及旋涡结构进行了实验研究.结果表明,近吸力面的气泡分离与转捩取决于叶栅型面静压分布;随叶栅负荷增大,流动分离形式由闭式分离逐渐向开式分离发展,流动分离的对称性逐渐减弱;减少涡系与涡系、涡系与附面层之间的相互作用及掺混可以有效拓宽正弯叶片的应用范围.     

叶片正弯对间隙流动的影响

详细测量了常规直叶片与正弯叶片栅间隙内与上、下游流场，比较两套叶栅的实验结果发现：叶片正弯减小了叶顶后3／5轴向弦长范围内的横向压力梯度，并消除了上通道涡，因而大大削弱了泄漏流与瑞壁横流之间的相互干扰，相对漏气量与叶栅流动损失都显著降低．     

Damping of flexural vibrations in turbofan blades using the acoustic black hole effect

The results of the experimental study into the damping of flexural vibrations in turbofan blades with trailing edges tapered according to a power-law profile are reported. Trailing edges of power-law profile (wedges), with small pieces of attached absorbing layers, materialise one-dimensional acoustic black holes for flexural waves that can absorb a large proportion of the incident flexural wave energy. The experiments were carried out on four model blades made of aluminium. Two of them were twisted, so that a more realistic fan blade could be considered. All model blades, the ones with tapered trailing edges and the ones of traditional form, were excited by an electromagnetic shaker, and the corresponding frequency response functions have been measured. The results show that the resonant peaks are reduced substantially once a power-law tapering is introduced to the blade. An initial study into the aerodynamic implications of this method has been carried out as well, using measurements in a closed circuit wind tunnel. In particular, the effects of the trailing edge of power-law profile on the airflow-excited vibrations of the fan blades have been investigated. It has been demonstrated that trailing edges of power-law profile with appropriate damping layers are efficient in reduction of the airflow-excited vibrations of the fan blades. The obtained results demonstrate that power-law tapering of trailing edges of turbofan blades can be a viable method of reduction of blade vibrations.     

不同冲角下弯曲扩压叶栅出口流场的实验研究

本文在不同冲角下对直叶片、正倾斜叶片、正弯曲叶片和Ｓ型叶片组成的四种平面扩压时栅的出口流场进行了详细的实验研究。通过与常规直叶栅的对比，分析了正倾斜叶栅降低根区二次流损失的原因，阐述了正弯曲叶栅在正冲角下改善叶栅两端区流动状况，降低能量损失的机理和Ｓ型叶栅降低根区损失、总损失系数对冲角变化不敏感的原因。结果表明，扩压叶栅中采用正弯曲叶片在一定条件下是可行的。     

A finite element analysis for the vibration modes of a bladed disc

The coupled vibration modes of a rotating blade-disc system are calculated by a finite element method. It is assumed that a large number of identical blades are present, such that the resulting blade loadings on the disc can be considered continuously distributed around the rim of the disc. The disc may have arbitrary profile, and the blades may be tapered and twisted, thus closely representing practical axial flow turbomachine configurations. The effects of rotation, thermal stress, and transverse shear and rotatory inertia in discs of moderately thick profile are readily incorporated into the finite element model. Calculated values of frequencies are compared with experimental data obtained on non-rotating models, and the convergence of the solution is examined by comparison with exact solutions, which can be obtained for configurations of simple geometry. Excellent agreement with experimental data is obtained when using remarkably few elements in the mathematical model, and convergence of the solution is extremely rapid.     

叶片弦向倾斜对损失发展的影响及叶片反弯降低损失机理的研究

早在六十年代初期,Ｓｍｉｔｈ提出了弦向倾斜叶片￣［１］。叶片的这种倾斜集叶片的后掠（叶片展向与气流不垂直）和上反（叶片表面与端壁斜交）于一身。根据理论分析可知,弦向倾斜叶片与周向倾斜叶片比较,在相同倾斜角下,它更能有效地抑制通道涡的形成和发展￣［２］。但是,到现在为止还没有实验数据证实这一计算结果。本文继文献￣［３］详细测量了弦向倾斜叶片叶栅由栅前至栅后诸截面上的气动参数。实验结果表明,弦向倾斜对损失的发展起到了与周向倾斜相类似的作用,但是前者比后者减小了叶栅进口段的流向逆压梯度,从而降低了二次旋涡损失。本文还测量了大转角常规直叶栅与反弯叶片叶栅端壁与叶片表面上的静压分布,探讨了反弯叶片降低损失的原因,认为：减小叶栅进口段流向逆压梯度,在叶片吸力面前部形成垂直于端壁的平行静压等值线、在中部形成反“Ｃ”型静压等值线,以及在流道内建立沿叶高的反“Ｃ”型静压分布,是反弯叶片降低损失的三要素。     

基于透视变换的直升机桨根扭转角测量方法

现有方法常将相机从下至上拍摄标记物图像，当桨叶扭转幅度较大时，相机主光轴与标记物平面法向量存在明显夹角，导致拍摄图像存在透视畸变现象，从而引发较大测量误差。为解决上述问题，提出一种基于透视变换的直升机桨根扭转角测量方法。首先，将靶标垂直固定在桨叶下方，相机正对桨毂拍摄图像。其次，计算桨叶在低速拉平状态下待测方位与正方位靶标图像中的四个顶点坐标，并求解待测方位的透视变换矩阵，然后利用透视变换矩阵对桨叶高速运动状态下待测方位拍摄的畸变图像进行校正。最后，求得基准图像与校正后图像中的圆心坐标，进而计算出待测方位扭转角。实验结果表明，各方位测量误差均小于0.2°。该方法不但测量精度高，而且具有多方位动态测量的优点，在直升机旋翼桨叶运动参数测量领域具有良好的应用前景。     

Variation in the stability of a rotating blade disk with a local crack defect

The effect of a near root local blade crack on the stability of a grouped blade disk is investigated in this paper. A bladed disk comprised of periodically shrouded blades is used to simulate the coupled periodic structure. The blade crack is modeled using the local flexibility with coupling terms. The mode localization phenomenon introduced by the blade crack on the longitudinal and bending vibrations in the rotating blades has also been considered. Using the Galerkin's method, the imperturbation equations of a bladed disk in which one of the blades is cracked, subject to fluctuations in the rotation speed, can be derived. Employing the multiple scales method, the boundaries of the instability zones in the mistuned turbo blade system are approximated. Numerical results indicate that an additional unstable zone is introduced near the localization frequency and the regions of unstable zones are varied with the crack size and fluctuations in disk speed.     

弯曲时片压气机时栅内二次流的数值研究

本文应用Ｂｅａｍ－Ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ近似隐式因子分解格式以及ＭＭＬ代数湍流模型,采用拟压缩性方法求解雷诺平均拟压缩Ｎ－Ｓ方程组,对弯曲叶片压气机叶栅内的三维粘性流场进行了数值研究．结果表明,正弯曲叶栅内通道涡较直叶栅强,其诱导产生的壁面涡较弱且位于吸力面与壁端的角区内,与壁角涡接近．在正弯曲叶栅出口处,通道涡开始处于破裂前期,叶栅总损失增加。反弯曲叶栅通道涡较弱,其诱导的壁面涡很强,位于通道涡左上方,壁面涡和通道涡的有利作用,使通道涡更稳定,叶栅总损失比直叶栅和正弯曲叶栅要小．     

Scale effects in the bending vibrations of helicopter rotor blades

Scale effects and dynamic similarity in the bending vibrations of helicopter rotor blades are examined by expressing the first three modes of bending vibration of a uniform, conventional rotor blade by a series of Legendre polynomials as suggested by Wilde and others. The natural frequency ratios for these three modes are then determined as functions of a dynamic similarity parameter over the entire range of designs and operating conditions from very flexible, rapidly rotating blades to highly rigid, slowly turning conditions.     

诱导轮泵的汽蚀特性和内部流场的研究

对二个叶片的平板螺旋形诱导轮泵的汽蚀性能，叶轮内的空泡发展和内部流动进行了测试。发现随着吸入压力的降低，二个叶片上原来同样发展的空泡之间有时会失去平衡，出现一个叶片的空泡激剧缩小，而另一个叶片的空泡随之增大这种交错叶片空泡的现象。这种现象有时会使诱导轮的理论扬程和实际扬程急速下降。利用上述测试结果对该现象引起杨程下降的机理作了探讨。     

旋翼叶片回波建模与闪烁现象机理分析

对旋翼叶片回波建模与闪烁现象进行了综合研究.基于散射点散射系数和分布情况,构建了旋翼叶片回波的散射点模型,并分析了散射点分布对回波的影响;在此基础上研究了回波时域闪烁现象的物理散射机理,并结合时频分析和横向分辨率分析了微多普勒特征及时频域闪烁现象;对两类不同分布间隔的散射点模型进行了仿真,并与积分模型进行对比性实验,结果验证了闪烁现象物理分析的合理性.该研究成果在旋翼目标的探测识别领域具有一定的理论与应用价值.