红外折射-衍射混合光学系统的热差分析

分析了衍射光学元件在红外折射－衍射混合光学系统中的消热差特性,指出衍射光学本身对热差的贡献是微小的,但它的特殊色散特性却在红外折射－衍射混合光学系统设计中间接地以了消热差的作用。设计了适用于３～５μｍ波段的红外折射－衍射混合光学系统并进行了分析。     

中波红外光学系统无热化设计

分析了光学被动式无热化设计的原理,介绍了衍射元件的温度特性和色散特性,讨论了折射系统和折/衍混合系统的无热化设计的方法,并根据该方法设计了3.7～4.8 μm波段的折射系统和折/衍混合系统.设计结果表明,这些系统在-30～70℃温度范围内成像质量接近衍射极限,满足高精度红外系统的技术要求.     

折/衍混合红外光学系统的消热差设计

研究了衍射光学元件的温度特性以及混合红外光学系统的消热差设计方法.设计了工作在3.7～4.8μm,视场4.5°,具有100%冷光阑效率的折射/衍射混合红外光学系统.该系统在-30～70℃温度范围内成像质量接近衍射极限,可用于像元尺寸为30 μm的制冷型凝视焦平面阵列探测器上.     

折射/衍射红外光学系统的消热差设计

研究了衍射光学元件的温度效应以及混合光学系统的消热差设计方法 ,给出了视场4 .2°、冷光栏效率 10 0 %、温度范围在 - 30～ 70℃的红外折射 /衍射混合消热差系统的设计结果     

新型光学元件

介绍了近几年来在光电仪器中开始使用的新型光学元件,它们是衍射元件与衍射折射混合元件,溶胶－ 凝胶法高纯度特殊元件和微光学元件,轴向梯度元件以及玻璃－ 液体组合元件等。介绍了它们的应用和制造方法。这些元件给光学系统设计提供了新的自由度,并大大地简化了系统的结构和减小了系统的尺寸。     

多级衍射元件消色差系统的面型分析

多级衍射元件在衍射望远系统消色差领域的应用逐渐成为热点。基于赛德尔三级像差理论，对由多级衍射光学元件、折射光学元件和菲涅耳衍射元件三元件组合的光学系统展开分析。在400～700 nm工作波段，通过数学推导校正表面系统的球差，同时实现消色差及复消色差。对系统在平面、球面和非球面不同面型下的成像质量进行比对。当系统为非球面设计时，调制传递函数在截止频率50 lp/mm处高于0.6683，优于平面和球面设计，衍射圈入能量更高，成像质量更好。该研究为将多级衍射元件组合系统运用到消色差领域提供了参考。     

红外3.7～4.8 μm波段折射/衍射光学系统的消热差设计

研究了衍射光学元件在红外折射/衍射混合光学系统中的消热差特性并给出了具体设计实例,该系统工作波段为3.7～4.8 μm,全视场角为7.12°,满足100%冷光阑效率.系统仅采用硅和锗两种材料,设计结果表明,该系统在-50～100℃温度范围内不仅成像质量接近衍射极限,而且结构简单、体积小、质量轻,适用于像元尺寸为30 μm、像元数320×240的凝视焦平面阵列探测器.     

可见光折/衍射混合光学系统消热差设计

由于一些可见光折衍射混合光学系统结构复杂,光学材料种类繁多且光热性能差异大,不能像红外系统那样通过解消色差、消热差方程组得到初始结构。通过分析衍射光学元件的温度特性,采取使用衍射光学元件先消色差再消热差的方法,完成了可见光波段遥感物镜的消热差设计。系统在20℃～100℃范围内成像质量均保持良好,调制传递函数下降范围在6％之内。设计结果表明利用衍射光学元件的混合光学设计使系统结构简单化,并在要求的温度范围内性能稳定。     

负折射率材料透镜的消色差

以工作在近红外波段0.848 μm～1.114μm,焦距100 mm,入瞳直径20 mm,具有负阿贝数的负折射率平凹透镜为例,介绍了两种对该类负折射率透镜的消色差设计方法,即利用正折射率材料透镜与负折射率材料透镜组合消色差和负折射率透镜中引入衍射光学元件实现折衍射混合透镜消色差方法.结果表明,正负折射率材料透镜组合消色差方法中正折射率材料透镜承担几乎全部光焦度,进而引入大量额外单色像差,但利用衍射光学元件可以在不引入额外像差的同时实现负折射率透镜的消色差.根据负折射率材料在介质与空气分界面的特殊折射特性,推导了以负折射率为基底的衍射光学元件的衍射效率公式,得到衍射微结构高度公式,求出不同波长处的衍射效率值.负折射率二元衍射光学元件在设计波长0.912 μm处衍射效率为40.53％,在波长0.848 μm处的衍射效率为35.06％,在波长1.114 μm处的衍射效率值为39.83％.     

溶胶-凝胶技术在光学制造中的应用

溶胶－凝胶技术是一种超结构材料处理技术，与浇铸工艺相结合形成了一种全新的光学制造技术。本文简要回顾和比较了基于溶胶－凝胶处理技术制造ＳｉＯ２单片光学元件和玻璃的多种处理方法，重点描述在常压下用水解硅醇盐方法制造ＳｉＯ２单片凝胶七个处理步骤的化学、物理过程。概述了这种方法的特点和制得光学元件的特性，列举和讨论其在制造折射、衍射、微型光学元件和复合系统中的应用及前景。     

温度变化对谐衍射透镜性能的影响

分析了温度变化对谐衍射透镜的焦距、谐振波长、衍射效率等性能的影响,建立了相应的数学表达式,并对其进行了数值模拟.提出了漂移函数的概念,以表征焦距和谐振波长随温度的变化程度.另外,还给出了各谐振级次的衍射效率随温度变化的相关规律.最后比较了在相位匹配数不同、但设计波长相同时,温度变化对衍射效率的影响,发现相位匹配数越大,衍射效率对温度变化越敏感.     

Electromagnetic effects for the resonance-domain IR diffractive optics

Binary optics technology enables the manufacture of arrays of diffractive micro-optical elements which are used in many optoelectronic devices, e.g. the focal plane collection optics. The first-order diffraction grating efficiency decreases in the best part of the resonance-domain region of diffraction, i.e. when the grating period is close to the optical wavelength in the substrate material. A large fraction of the fast binary lens surface relief is built of staircase annular structures whose width is of wavelength scale. Therefore, the rigorous electromagnetic theory of gratings has been applied in this paper to calculate and analyze the diffraction effects for the resonance-domain longwave (8–12 μm) infrared (LWIR) binary optics. It is shown that electromagnetic effects limit the speed of the LWIR first-order diffractive lenses and the optical gain achievable with the diffractive lenses used as the focal plane collection optics in the IR detection systems.     

Effects of fabrication errors on diffraction efficiency for a diffractive membrane

The demand for space-borne telescopes with an aperture of 20 m is forcing the development of large diameter diffractive Fresnel zone lenses(FZLs) on membranes. However, due to the fabrication errors of multi-level microstructures, the real diffraction efficiency is always significantly smaller than the theoretical value. In this Letter,the effects of a set of fabrication errors on the diffraction efficiency for a diffractive membrane are studied. In order to verify the proposed models, a 4-level membrane FZL with a diameter of 320 mm is fabricated. The fabrication errors of the membrane FZL are measured, and its diffraction efficiency in the +1 order is also tested.The results show that the tested diffraction efficiency is very close to the calculated value based on the proposed models. It is expected that the present work could play a theoretical guiding role in the future development of space-borne diffractive telescopes.     

Diffractive Focusing of a Gaussian Beam

The problem of diffraction of a spherical wave with Gaussian amplitude distribution on two infinitesimally thin and ideally reflecting screens with apertures on an optical axis is solved within the framework of the quasi-optical approximation. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that when a Gaussian beam illuminates such a type of bicomponent diffraction system with small Fresnel numbers in a near zone of the second screen, the effect of diffractive multifocal focusing of radiation is observed. In this case, the diffraction picture from the second screen in the focal planes represents the circular nonlocal bands of the Fresnel zones with a bright narrow peak at the center, whose intensity can exceed by six times the value of the incident wave intensity. The energy efficiency of diffractive focusing of Gaussian beams by the bicomponent diffraction system can be as high as 70%. The diffractive method proposed allows the focusing of wide-aperture beams without using classical refraction elements such as lenses and prisms, and it is applicable to both low-intensity and high-power radiation.     

Diffractive Multifocal Focusing of Gaussian Beams

The problem of diffraction of a spherical wave with Gaussian amplitude distribution on two infinitesimally thin and ideally reflecting screens with apertures on an optical axis is solved within the quasi-optical approximation. It is shown that when a Gaussian beam illuminates a bicomponent diffraction system with small Fresnel numbers in a near zone of the second screen, the effect of diffractive multifocal focusing of radiation is observed. In this case, the diffraction picture from the second screen in the focal planes represents the circular nonlocal bands of the Fresnel zones with a bright narrow peak at the center, whose intensity can exceed by six times the value of the incident wave intensity. The energy efficiency of diffractive focusing of Gaussian beams by the bicomponent diffraction system can be as high as 70%. The proposed diffractive method allows the focusing of the wide-aperture beams without using classical refraction elements such as lenses and prisms, and it is applicable to both low-intensive and high-power radiation.     

Diffractive Multifocal Focusing of Gaussian Beams

The problem of diffraction of a spherical wave with Gaussian amplitude distribution on two infinitesimally thin and ideally reflecting screens with apertures on an optical axis is solved within the quasi-optical approximation. It is shown that when a Gaussian beam illuminates a bicomponent diffraction system with small Fresnel numbers in a near zone of the second screen, the effect of diffractive multifocal focusing of radiation is observed. In this case, the diffraction picture from the second screen in the focal planes represents the circular nonlocal bands of the Fresnel zones with a bright narrow peak at the center, whose intensity can exceed by six times the value of the incident wave intensity. The energy efficiency of diffractive focusing of Gaussian beams by the bicomponent diffraction system can be as high as 70%. The proposed diffractive method allows the focusing of the wide-aperture beams without using classical refraction elements such as lenses and prisms, and it is applicable to both low-intensive and high-power radiation.     

Nanostructured gradient-index antireflection diffractive optics

We describe the fabrication and characterization of a nanostructured diffractive element with near-zero reflection losses. In this element, subwavelength nanostructures emulating adiabatic index matching are integrated on the surface of a diffractive microstructure to suppress reflected diffraction orders. The fabricated silicon grating exhibits reflected efficiencies that are suppressed by 2 orders of magnitude over broad wavelength bands and wide incident angles. Theoretical models of the fabricated structure based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis and effective medium theory are in agreement with the experimental data. The proposed principles can be applied to improve the performance of any diffractive structures, potentially leading to more efficient Fresnel lenses, holographic elements, and integrated optical systems.     

Specific features of measuring the optical power of artificial refractive and diffractive–refractive eye lenses

Methods for monitoring the optical power of artificial refractive eye lenses (intraocular lenses) based on measuring focal lengths in air and in medium are analyzed. The methods for determining the refraction of diffractive–refractive lenses (in particular, of MIOL-Akkord type), with allowance for the specific features of the diffractive structure, are considered. A computer simulation of the measurement of the focal length of MIOL-Akkord lenses is performed. The effective optical power of the diffractive component of these lenses is shown to depend on the diaphragm diameter. The optimal diaphragm diameter, at which spherical aberrations do not affect the position of foci, is found to be 3 mm. Possible errors in measuring the focal lengths are analyzed, and the necessary corrections that must be introduced into measurement results and calculations of refractions are determined.     

Design of an Athermalized Hybrid Single Lens in the 3-5μm Wavelength Band

With recent advances in technology, diffractive lenses can be used for a variety of applications. In this paper, the diffractive lenses are treated on an athermal chart which is developed for refractive lenses. An athermalized hybrid single lens designed with the chart, operating in the 3-5 μm wavelength band is presented.     

Shack-Hartmann multiple spots with diffractive lenses

In this Letter we aim to bring an understanding to the apparition of multiple spots when using a Shack-Hartmann (SH) wavefront sensor behind diffractive lenses. In contrast to previous work, this phenomenon is described in terms of diffractive orders. It is illustrated with Zemax simulations, where three kinds of diffractive lenses (monofocal, bifocal, and trifocal) are set behind a microlens array. The presence of multiple spots is related to the phase jump of the diffractive profile and also to the number of steps seen through the microlens pupil. The possibility of assessing the optical quality of such lenses using SH measurements is discussed, in particular within the field of ophthalmology, where the need for precautions is underlined.