An integration method for scanned multi-view range images (MRIs) based on local weighted least squares (LWLS) surface fitting

We present a novel integration method that can fuse registered partially overlapping multi-view range images (MRIs) into a single-layer, smooth and detailed point set surface. A maximum likelihood criterion is developed to detect overlapping points in MRIs. Subsequently, the detected overlapping points are shifted onto a series of piecewise smooth local weighted least squares (LWLS) surfaces to remove bad influence of scanning noises, outliers and large gaps/registration errors. The LWLS surface is fitted in background neighborhood which contains sufficient information to reconstruct local surface accurately. And the shifting operation is done in a concentric tiny neighborhood which contains corresponding overlapping points. Finally, a simple procedure is designed to identify and merge those corresponding overlapping points. The novel method has the advantages of robust to large gaps/registration errors, possessing least squares means and uniform density distribution. Furthermore, the novel method is efficient since only overlapping points are processed and the non-overlapping points are remained as they are. Several state of the art integration methods were employed for comparison study and the experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the novel method.     

近红外光谱定量分析模型的样本影响研究

作为二次分析方法,近红外光谱分析的重现性和可靠性非常依赖于建模过程。以近红外光谱小麦蛋白质定量分析模型为例,研究了多变量定标建模过程中异常样本问题,旨在讨论复杂样本建模中的样本对模型的影响和作用。以PLSR算法建模中校正方差与验证方差的解释百分比曲线的背离特性作为异常样本存在的判据,当两个百分比曲线显著偏离时,则认为样本集中存在异常样本,并对建模产生了显著影响。异常样本的识别和处理,以及影响分析是本文主要的创新性工作,采用了基于样本删除的子模型遍历统计方法,能够渐次识别并提取出异常样本。在剔除异常样本后的模型预测结果中,以模型的预测残差标准差作为参考距离对异常样本进行了离群程度分级,可分为显著离群样本,相对离群样本以及潜在离群样本,数据集中显著离群样本约占7.8%,相对离群样本约占15.6%。异常样本对模型的影响表现在对正常样本的预测残差上,使预测值偏离理想拟合直线,分散性增加。剔除异常样本或以样本权重建模可有效抑制异常样本的影响,使模型的解释性更偏向于多数样本数据,降低模型的经验风险误差。     

Smoothly Clipped Absolute Deviation (SCAD) regularization for compressed sensing MRI Using an augmented Lagrangian scheme

PurposeCompressed sensing (CS) provides a promising framework for MR image reconstruction from highly undersampled data, thus reducing data acquisition time. In this context, sparsity-promoting regularization techniques exploit the prior knowledge that MR images are sparse or compressible in a given transform domain. In this work, a new regularization technique was introduced by iterative linearization of the non-convex smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) norm with the aim of reducing the sampling rate even lower than it is required by the conventional l₁ norm while approaching an l₀ norm.Materials and MethodsThe CS-MR image reconstruction was formulated as an equality-constrained optimization problem using a variable splitting technique and solved using an augmented Lagrangian (AL) method developed to accelerate the optimization of constrained problems. The performance of the resulting SCAD-based algorithm was evaluated for discrete gradients and wavelet sparsifying transforms and compared with its l₁-based counterpart using phantom and clinical studies. The k-spaces of the datasets were retrospectively undersampled using different sampling trajectories. In the AL framework, the CS-MRI problem was decomposed into two simpler sub-problems, wherein the linearization of the SCAD norm resulted in an adaptively weighted soft thresholding rule with a sparsity enhancing effect.ResultsIt was demonstrated that the proposed regularization technique adaptively assigns lower weights on the thresholding of gradient fields and wavelet coefficients, and as such, is more efficient in reducing aliasing artifacts arising from k-space undersampling, when compared to its l₁-based counterpart.ConclusionThe SCAD regularization improves the performance of l₁-based regularization technique, especially at reduced sampling rates, and thus might be a good candidate for some applications in CS-MRI.     

载人登月转移轨道偏差传播机理分析与稳健性设计

载人登月转移轨道具有飞行时间长, 动力学模型复杂, 非线性强且变系数的特点, 而载人登月工程对转移轨道可靠性要求极高, 研究地月转移轨道偏差传播机理和轨道稳健性设计不仅具有工程意义, 更具有探索地月空间复杂引力场对轨道偏差作用的科学意义. 本文首先分析了日地月中心引力和地球J₂项摄动等主要作用力对转移轨道偏差的作用范围与影响大小, 其次提出了一种基于标称轨道数据的变系数非线性动力学系统偏差传播机理解析分析方法, 最后构建了基于偏差传播矩阵的转移轨道稳健性评价指标, 并基于NSGA-II (Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms)算法求解了载人登月转移轨道稳健性优化设计问题. 仿真结果表明, 本文提出的偏差传播机理分析方法能快速准确地求解出载人登月转移轨道偏差传播矩阵, 利用偏差传播矩阵进行协方差分析和中途修正脉冲计算是简单准确的, 考虑稳健性的转移轨道优化设计可以提高标称轨道品质. 关键词： 载人登月 转移轨道 偏差分析 稳健性设计     

Determination of the chemical parameters and manufacturer of divins from their broadband transmission spectra

Analysis of multiparametric data on transmission spectra of 24 divins (Moldovan cognacs) in the 190–2600 nm range allows identification of outliers and their removal from a sample under study in the following consideration. The principal component analysis and classification tree with a single-rank predictor constructed in the 2D space of principal components allow classification of divin manufacturers. It is shown that the accuracy of syringaldehyde, ethyl acetate, vanillin, and gallic acid concentrations in divins calculated with the regression to latent structures depends on the sample volume and is 3, 6, 16, and 20%, respectively, which is acceptable for the application.     

偏最小二乘法在傅里叶变换红外光谱中的应用及进展

偏最小二乘法(PLS)是一种应用非常广泛的化学计量方法,它综合了多元线性回归法(MLR)和主成分回归法(PCR)的优势,具有预测能力强和模型相对简单等优点。PLS使傅里叶变换红外光谱的应用范围不断扩大,同时算法也得到了改进和完善。文章介绍了偏最小二乘法在傅里叶变换红外光谱中的应用,对改进算法,如移动窗口PLS(MWPLS)、稳健PLS(RPLS)、加权PLS(WPLS)和非线性PLS等进行了介绍。同时,对应用PLS时数据的预处理、变量的选择、噪声的处理和非线性模型的建立进行了综述。     

一种光谱与纹理特征加权的高分辨率遥感纹理分割算法

高分辨率遥感影像呈现极其丰富的光谱和结构信息,传统的基于光谱的遥感影像分割方法往往使得分割区域过于细碎且分割精度不高.尝试将纹理信息引入到特征空间以期解决该问题.本文算法中,特征空间由光谱和纹理两类构成,并采用加权最小距离分类器.光谱信息通过对原始影像的变带宽均值漂移滤波获得,纹理信息由对原始影像逐波段采用多尺度伽博(Gabor)滤波器组滤波获得;依据训练样区中各特征维的方差确定该地物类别分类时特征维的权重,并通过训练样区的特征加权平均获得各地物类别的聚类中心;最后,将像素点归为到加权聚类中心距离最小的类别.实验结果表明,提出的均值漂移带宽确定方法是有效的,加权融合算法较基于光谱的分割方法在分割精度上有一定程度的提高.     

Simulation and experimental verification of the diffusion in an anisotropic fiber phantom

Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging enables the visualization of fibrous tissues such as brain white matter. The validation of this non-invasive technique requires phantoms with a well-known structure and diffusion behavior. This paper presents anisotropic diffusion phantoms consisting of parallel fibers. The diffusion properties of the fiber phantoms are measured using diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging and bulk NMR measurements. To enable quantitative evaluation of the measurements, the diffusion in the interstitial space between fibers is modeled using Monte Carlo simulations of random walkers. The time-dependent apparent diffusion coefficient and kurtosis, quantifying the deviation from a Gaussian diffusion profile, are simulated in 3D geometries of parallel fibers with varying packing geometries and packing densities. The simulated diffusion coefficients are compared to the theory of diffusion in porous media, showing a good agreement. Based on the correspondence between simulations and experimental measurements, the fiber phantoms are shown to be useful for the quantitative validation of diffusion imaging on clinical MRI-scanners.     

基于鲁棒极端学习机的混沌时间序列建模预测

针对混沌时间序列预测模型易受异常点影响,导致模型预测精度低的问题,在贝叶斯框架下提出一种鲁棒极端学习机.所提模型将具有重尾分布特性的高斯混合分布作为模型输出似然函数,得到一种对异常点和噪声更具鲁棒性的预测模型.但由于将高斯混合分布作为模型输出似然函数后,模型输出的边缘似然函数变成难以解析处理的形式,因此引入变分方法进行近似推理,实现模型参数的估计.在加入异常点和噪声的情况下,将所提模型应用于大气环流模拟模型方程Lorenz序列以及Rossler混沌时间序列和太阳黑子混沌时间序列的预测中,预测结果验证了所提模型的有效性.     

An adaptive greedy technique for inverse boundary determination problem

In this paper, the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) is employed for determining an unknown portion of the boundary from the Cauchy data specified on parts of the boundary. We propose a new numerical method with adaptive placement of source points in the MFS to solve the inverse boundary determination problem. Since the MFS source points placement here is not trivial due to the unknown boundary, we employ an adaptive technique to choose a sub-optimal arrangement of source points on various fictitious boundaries. Afterwards, the standard Tikhonov regularization method is used to solve ill-conditional matrix equation, while the regularization parameter is chosen by the L-curve criterion. The numerical studies of both open and closed fictitious boundaries are considered. It is shown that the proposed method is effective and stable even for data with relatively high noise levels.     

局部k最近邻加权线性回归的光谱反射率重建

现实中很多场景都需要精确的颜色表示,如纺织、印刷、艺术品扫描存档、在线商品展示等。光谱反射率是决定物体颜色的本质属性,如果知道了光谱反射率,就可以重现物体在任何光照和观测条件下的颜色。采用专业仪器测量光谱反射率有成本高、分辨率低、测量时间慢等问题。随着数码成像设备的普及,基于相机RGB响应值的光谱反射率重建算法具有重要现实意义。光谱反射率重建的目的是建立低维RGB响应值到高维光谱反射率向量的映射关系,回归方法在这一领域已取得广泛应用。由于光谱反射率向量所处的空间是嵌在高维欧氏空间中的一个低维子流形,在训练样本有限的条件下,传统的全局回归方法不能有效地学习该流形结构,往往导致过拟合,使得学习出来的模型泛化能力较差。局部线性回归方法虽然可以改善全局回归过拟合的问题,但是局部学习方法易受例外点的影响,导致拟合不足。针对这一问题,提出一种基于局部加权线性回归的光谱反射率重建方法,这种方法在一个k最近邻范围约束内,给每个局部训练样本赋予不同的权重,从而有所侧重地利用局部训练样本来估计光谱反射率。实验结果表明,基于局部k最近邻加权线性回归的方法能更有效地利用局部信息,缓解过拟合和拟合不足,更准确地重建光谱反射率。     

基于稳健回归M估计的差分吸收光谱反演方法(英文)

基于最小二乘回归,差分吸收光谱技术(DOAS)可以获得痕量气体的大气浓度.鉴于在复杂大气环境下,测量结果可能出现异常值以及误差的非正态分布,导致最小二乘回归估计偏差较大.针对这一情况,本文研究了利用稳健回归M估计来反演DOAS测量光谱数据的方法,讨论了估计过程和效果,并对正常谱和异常谱进行两者回归方法比较.研究结果表明基于稳健回归M估计方法收到了良好的效果,提高了回归可靠性.     

改进加权支持向量机回归方法器件易损性评估

加权支持向量机回归算法,几乎都是以样本输入空间中的一个重要特征量的函数来确定权值,造成了在高维特征空间中作回归可能存在较大误差。针对这一问题,提出利用高维特征空间中的欧基里德距离来确定权值的方法,构造了一种改进的加权支持向量机回归算法,并将其应用到电子器件高功率微波易损性评估中。仿真结果表明:该方法具有比模糊神经网络法、标准支持向量机回归算法和一般的加权支持向量机回归算法更高的预测精度。由于增加了权值的计算过程,相对于标准支持向量机回归和模糊神经网络方法,该方法的效率较低,但与一般的加权支持向量机回归算法相当。     

奇异点快速检测在牛奶成分近红外光谱测量中的应用

近红外光谱作为一种依靠模型对物化性质进行分析的技术,对光谱数据的准确性进行快速准确的判断是得到可靠分析结果的前提。但是光谱数据中奇异点的存在会在很大程度上影响多变量校正模型的准确性,从而影响模型的预测效果。文章综合利用半数重采样法(Resampling by Half-Mean,RHM)和最小半球体积法(Smallest Half-Volume,SHV)成功剔除了被测量的牛奶成分近红外光谱中的奇异点,其效果远优于传统的奇异点剔除方法,并且该方法具有简单快速、计算量小、数值稳定等特点,非常适用于在线分析和其他类型的光谱数据中奇异点的检测。     

Sparse Multicategory Generalized Distance Weighted Discrimination in Ultra-High Dimensions

Distance weighted discrimination (DWD) is an appealing classification method that is capable of overcoming data piling problems in high-dimensional settings. Especially when various sparsity structures are assumed in these settings, variable selection in multicategory classification poses great challenges. In this paper, we propose a multicategory generalized DWD (MgDWD) method that maintains intrinsic variable group structures during selection using a sparse group lasso penalty. Theoretically, we derive minimizer uniqueness for the penalized MgDWD loss function and consistency properties for the proposed classifier. We further develop an efficient algorithm based on the proximal operator to solve the optimization problem. The performance of MgDWD is evaluated using finite sample simulations and miRNA data from an HIV study.     

一种凹凸边界上特征点的提取方法

提出了一种新方法用于提取用于匹配计算的可靠特征点——凹凸(ridges/troughs)边界上的特征点：沿凹凸边界上的高曲率点，凹凸边界线的交叉点以及图像表面上的最小值点.实验表明，与传统的沿阶跃边界提取特征点的方法相比，该算法提取出的特征点可靠性更高，大大减少了误匹配率.在凹凸边界点检测阶段，只需要对图像扫描一遍即可,而凹凸边界交叉点和高曲率点的提取要消耗更多的时间.因此本方法可用于对特征点可靠性要求很高但数量需求不大的情况.     

最小角回归结合竞争性自适应重加权采样的近红外光谱波长选择

近红外光谱分析技术对检测样品无损伤且检测速度快、精度高,因此被广泛应用在了药品检测、石油化工等领域,尤其近年来机器学习和深度学习建模方法的深入应用使其具备了更准确的检测性能。然而,样品的近红外光谱数据具有比较高的维度且存在谱间重合、共线性和噪声等问题,对近红外光谱模型的性能产生消极影响,此时样品有效特征波长的筛选极为重要。为了提高近红外光谱定量和定性分析模型的准确性和可靠性,提出了一种近红外光谱变量选择方法,其结合了最小角回归（LAR）和竞争性自适应重加权采样（CARS）的优点,具有更优的性能。该方法利用LAR初步筛选样品全谱区的特征波长,接着利用CARS对筛选出来的特征波长进一步选择,从而有效去除无关特征波长。为验证该方法的有效性,从定量和定性分析两个方面评价该方法。在定量分析实验中,以FULL,LAR,CARS,SPA和UVE作为对比方法,以药品样品数据集为实例建立PLS回归分析模型,经LAR-CARS筛选出的变量建立的PLS模型在药品数据集表现出较高的预测决定系数和较低的预测标准偏差。在定性分析实验中,以SVM,ELM,SWELM和BP作为对比方法、不同比例训练集的药品数据集为实例建立分类模型,经LAR-CARS筛选出的变量建立的SVM分类模型精度最高达100%。从实验结果可见,LAR-CARS可有效的筛选出表征样品特征的波长,利用其筛选出的波长建立的定量、定性分析模型具有更好的鲁棒性,可用于样品光谱的特征波长筛选。     

On the equivalence between implicit regularization and constrained differential renormalization

Constrained differential renormalization (CDR) and the constrained version of implicit regularization are two regularization independent techniques that do not rely on dimensional continuation of the space-time. These two methods, which have rather distinct bases, have been successfully applied to several calculations, which show that they can be trusted as practical, symmetry invariant frameworks (gauge and supersymmetry included) in perturbative computations even beyond one-loop order. In this paper, we show the equivalence between these two methods at one-loop order. We show that the configuration space rules of CDR can be mapped into the momentum-space procedures of implicit regularization, the major principle behind this equivalence being the extension of the properties of regular distributions to regularized ones. PACS 11.10.Gh; 11.15.Bt; 11.15.-q     

Search for a reliable methodology for PSD determination based on a combined molecular simulation-regularization-experimental approach: The case of PHTS materials

We present here a methodology for searching a robust pore size distribution (PSD) for adsorbent materials. The method is based on a combination of individual adsorption isotherms, obtained from Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations, a regularization procedure to invert the adsorption integral equation (Tikhonov regularization solved by singular value decomposition), and the needed experimental adsorption isotherm. The selection of several parameters from the available choices to start the procedure are discussed here: the size of the kernel (number of individual pores and number of experimental adsorption points to be included), the fulfillment of the Discrete Picard condition, and the L-curve criteria, all leading to find a reliable and robust PSD. The procedure is applied to plugged hexagonal templated silicas (PHTS), synthesized, and characterized in our laboratory.     

基于广义M估计的鲁棒容积卡尔曼滤波目标跟踪算法

为减小测量异常误差对非线性目标跟踪系统的影响, 提出了一种基于广义M估计的鲁棒容积卡尔曼滤波算法. 首先将非线性测量方程等价变换, 利用约束总体最小二乘准则构建广义M估计极值函数, 在不进行线性化近似的前提下将其引入到容积卡尔曼滤波求解框架中. 然后根据Mahalanobis距离构建异常误差判别量, 利用卡方分布的置信水平确定判决门限, 并建立改进的三段Huber权函数, 使其能够降低小异常误差权值, 剔除大异常误差. 理论分析表明, 该方法具有无需求导、跟踪精度高、实时性好等优点, 且无需已知异常误差的统计特性; 实验结果表明, 所提算法能够有效减小异常误差的影响, 在实际非线性物理系统中具有广阔的应用空间.