Rubrene薄层的位置对器件发光性能的影响及器件内激子复合区域的分析

通过在主体材料上蒸镀一层荧光染料超薄层的方法,研究了有机小分子5,6,11,12-tetraphenyl-naphthacene(rubrene)薄层在器件中不同位置时,有机电致发光器件(OLED)的电致发光光谱及发光性能.实验发现当rubrene薄层位于NPB/AlQ界面处时,器件的发光几乎都来自rubrene的发光...     

有机层厚度变化的有机电致发光器件与微腔器件光谱分析

设计中心波长为520nm,改变有机层厚度,即空穴传输层NPB和发光层Alq3的厚度,分别由10nm逐渐增加至100nm,器件的总体厚度也随着改变,分别计算模拟出有机电致发光器件(OLED)和微腔有机电致发光器件(MOLED)的电致发光谱(EL),并对光谱的积分强度、峰值强度、半峰全宽、峰值位置的三维分布图进行比较分析。综合考虑光谱的峰值位置(中心波长)、最大的峰值强度和积分强度(与亮度、效率相关)、最小半峰全宽(色纯度高)进行合理的设计,可以找到最佳厚度。发现:NPB和Alq3的厚度分别为70和62nm时,器件性能最佳,并且微腔器件的结果尤为明显。结果表明,通过模拟计算,可以深入探索MOLED和OLED发光特性,设计出合理的器件结构。     

BCP在多层有机电致发光器件中的作用

作为空穴阻挡材料,BCP通常被用在蓝光以及白光有机电致发光器件中,其空穴阻挡能力随着其厚度的增加而增强;另一方面,在电场作用下,空穴也能隧穿厚度较薄的BCP层。为了深入了解BCP在多层有机电致发光器件中的作用,文章研究了不同电压下BCP层厚度对器件ITO/NPB/BCP/Alq₃∶DCJTB/Alq₃/Al电致发光光谱的影响。实验发现,较薄的BCP层可以部分地阻挡空穴并能调节能量在不同发光层之间的传递,从而容易获得白光器件;但该种结构器件的电致发光光谱随着电压的变化变动较大。当BCP层足够厚时,器件的电致发光光谱也变得相对较稳定; 当BCP的厚度为15 nm以上时,空穴就很难再隧穿过去。文章还讨论了不同电压下多层器件的电致发光光谱发生变化的原因。     

掺杂DCJTB聚合物电化学池（LEC）的发光性质

通过在聚合物电化学池(LEC)发光器件的发光材料MEH-PPV中掺杂红光染料DCJTB,对LEC器件的发光性质进行研究。基于器件结构为ITO/MEH-PPV PEO LiCF3SO3/Al的薄膜LEC器件,其电致发光峰在570nm左右,通过在MEH-PPV与PEO的混合膜中掺杂不同比例的红光染料DCJTB,随着掺杂比例的增加,器件的发光峰由570nm向红光波段移动,通过控制DCJTB的掺杂比例制备了发光峰在570~650nm连续变化的LEC电致发光器件。对其分析认为从LEC主体发光聚合物MEH-PPV到染料DCJTB间发生了良好的能量传递。     

Influence of the thickness of N,N′-Bis(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl) benzidine layer on the performance of organic light-emitting diodes

We investigated the influence of the thickness of hole-transport layer, N,N′-biphenyl-N,N′-bis(1-naphthyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPB), on the performance of the typical bi-layer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). It was found that both the current efficiency and the power efficiency of bi-layer OLEDs were improved when the thickness of the hole-transport layer varied from 30 to 120 nm. By investigating the hole-injection efficiency of ITO/NPB contact with various thicknesses of NPB film, we found that the hole-injection efficiency was reduced with the thickness of NPB layer increasing from 60 to 180 nm, which improved the injected carriers balance in devices and increased the efficiency of the bi-layer OLEDs.     

Study on electroluminescence processes in dye-doped organic light-emitting diodes

Electroluminescence (EL) mechanism of dye-doped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) was investigated by using three familiar fluorescent dyes, i.e., 5,12-Dihydro-5,12-dimethylquino [2,3-b]acridine-7,14-dione (DMQA), 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB), and 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (Rubrene). EL spectra of the doped devices with structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/N,N′-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′- diamine (NPB) (40 nm)/tris-(8-hydroxyquinolate)-aluminum (Alq₃) (x nm, x=0–40 nm)/dye: Alq₃ (weight ratio≈1%, 2 nm)/Alq₃ (48−x nm)/MgAg indicated that direct carrier trapping (DCT) process dominated light emission of devices. As a result, investigation of carrier-recombination site via doping, which is conventionally applied in OLEDs, is questionable since the doping site and the dopant itself may significantly influence the carrier-recombination process in the doped devices.     

Color tunable high efficiency microcavity organic light-emitting diodes

Color tunable microcavity organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with structure of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR)/indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/N,N′-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N′-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB)/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq₃)/LiF/Al were fabricated. Orange red and green light emissions with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of less than 20 nm were obtained through simply changing the thickness of NPB layer. Furthermore, due to the effective modification of the spontaneous emission within microcavity, the brightness and electroluminescent (EL) efficiency of the microcavity OLEDs were significantly enhanced. The maximum brightness and current efficiency, respectively, reached 31000 cd/m² at a current density of 480.0 mA/cm² and 8.3 cd/A at a current density of 110.0 mA/cm² for green devices, and 9700 cd/m² at a current density of 180.0 mA/cm² and 6.6 cd/A at a current density of 36.4 mA/cm² for red devices, which are over 1.5 times higher than those of noncavity OLEDs.      

High-Efficiency Blue Electroluminescence Based on Coumarin Derivative 3-(4-(anthracen-10-yl)phenyl)-benzo[5,6]coumarin

The electroluminescent (EL) properties of a new coumarin derivative, 3-(4-(anthracen-10-yl)phenyl)-benzo[5,6]coumarin (APBC), were investigated. The results show that the EL devices comprised of vacuum vapor-deposited films using the derivative as dopant exhibited blue emission that is identical to the photoluminescence of the thin film. The electroluminescence device of ITO/2-TNATA (5?nm)/NPB (40?nm)/CBP : APBC (1.0?wt%, 30?nm)/PBD (30?nm)/LiF (1?nm)/Al (100?nm) gives a maximum luminous efficiency of 2.3?cd/A at the current density of 20?mA/cm², and maximum luminance of 5169?cd/m² at 16?V. The external quantum efficiency of the device is 1.85?%.     

High efficiency small molecule white organic light-emitting devices with a multilayer structure

In this paper, a new white organic light-emitting device (WOLED) with multilayer structure has been fabricated. The structure of devices is ITO/N, N-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N, N^′-diphenyl-1, 1′-biphenyl-4, 4′-diamine (NPB) (40 nm)/NPB: QAD (1%): DCJTB (1%) (10 nm) /DPVBi (10 nm) /2, 9-dimethyl, 4, 7-diphenyl, 1, 10-phenanthroline (BCP) (d nm)/tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq₃)(50-d nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (200 nm). In our devices, a red dye 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6 (1, 1, 7, 7-tetramethyl julolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) and a green dye quinacridone (QAD) were co-doped into NPB. The device with 8 nm BCP shows maximum luminance of 12 852 cd/m² at 20 V. The current efficiency and power efficiency reach 9.37 cd/A at 9 V and 3.60 lm/W at 8 V, respectively. The thickness of the blocking layer permit the tuning of the device spectrum to achieve a balanced white emission with Commission International de’Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of (0.33,0.33). The CIE coordinates of device change from (0.3278, 0.3043) at 5 V to (0.3251, 0.2967) at 20 V that are well in the white region, which is largely insensitive to the applied bias.     

利用级联式能量传递的有机电致发光器件

为了提高掺杂型有机电致发光器件(OLED)中主体发光材料与客体荧光染料间能量传递的效率,2-对联苯-8-羟基喹啉锌(Zn ₂)作为NPB : DCJTB掺杂体系的能量助传递剂,制备了结构如:ITO/NPB/NPB : DCJTB/Zn ₂/BCP/Al的有机电致发光器件。助传递剂Zn ₂的加入,能够两次利用Frster能量转移,实现NPB向DCJTB级联式的能量传递过程,提高低浓度时掺杂染料DCJTB红光发射的纯度;此外,还探讨了三者间能量传递的有效距离,即当助传递剂与掺杂体系的距离在小于10 nm的范围内,其参与能量传递的效率随着距离的增加而逐渐下降。     

电子传输层PBD对Alq3：DCJTB电致发光器件的影响

以PBD为电子传输层制作了一组掺杂型有机电致发光器件,并研究了掺杂器件中PBD对器件的光谱、亮度等的影响。发现PBD与NPB和DCJTB分别掺杂的器件的光谱与其它的器件不同,然后运用了载流子的注入、传输及PBD的传输特性等方法对光谱做出了合理的解释,并运用高斯截谱的方法分析了各个发光峰的产生原因。     

High-performance organic red-light-emitting device based on DCJTB and a new host material

An efficient red-light-emitting device using a new host material (DPF) and a red dopant (DCJTB) with a configuration of ITO/NPB (50 nm)/DCJTB:DPF (2%, 10 nm)/TPBI (30 nm)/LiF (0.5 nm)/Mg:Ag has been fabricated and investigated. The red OLED yields a brightness of 9270 cd/m² at 10 V, a maximum current efficiency of 4.2 cd/A and a maximum power efficiency of 3.9 lm/W. Using DPF as host material, the performance is much better than that of a prototypical Alq₃-based device, which has a maximum efficiency of 1.9 cd/A and 0.6 lm/W. The performance is even comparable with red OLEDs using an assist dopant or a cohost emitter system. Results of this work indicate that DPF is a promising host material for red OLEDs with high efficiency and simple device structure.     

Photoluminescence and electroluminescence of a novel green-yellow emitting material-5,6-Bis-[4-(naphthalene-1-yl-phenyl-amino)-phenyl]-pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile

A new compound with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) property—5,6-Bis-[4-(naphthalene-1-yl-phenyl-amino)-phenyl]-pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitrile(BNPPDC) was synthesized. The new compound was strongly fluorescent in non-polar and moderately polar solvents, as well as in thin solid film. The absorption and emission maxima shifted to longer wavelength with increasing solvent polarity. The fluorescence quantum yield also increased with increasing solvent polarity from non-polar to moderately polar solvents, then decreased with further increase of solvent polarity. This indicates both “positive” and “negative” solvatokinetic effects co-existed. Using this material as hole-transporting emitter and host emitter, we fabricated two electroluminescent (EL) devices with structures of A (ITO/BNPPDC (45 nm)/1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (TPBI) (45 nm)/Mg:Ag (200 nm) and B (ITO/N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis-(3-methylphenyl) (1,1′-diphenyl)4,4′-diamine (TPD) (50 nm)/BNPPDC (20 nm)/1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (TPBI) (45 nm)/Mg:Ag (200 nm). The devices showed green-yellow EL emission with good efficiency and high brightness. For example, the device A exhibited a high brightness of 17400 cd/m² at a driving voltage of 11 V and a very low turn-on voltage (2.9 V), as well as a maximum luminous efficiency 3.61 cd/A. The device B showed a similar performance with a high brightness of 12650 cd/m² at a driving voltage of 13 V and a maximum luminous efficiency 3.62 cd/A. In addition, the EL devices using BNPPDC as a host and 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) as a dopant (configuration: ITO/TPD (60 nm)/BNPPDC:DCJTB (2%) (30 nm)/TPBI (35 nm)/Mg:Ag (200 nm)) showed a good performance with a brightness of 150 cd/m² at 4.5 V, a maximum brightness of 12600 cd/m² at 11.5 V, and a maximum luminous efficiency of 3.30 cd/A.     

Chromaticity-stable organic white light-emitting devices based on mixed pyridine–phenol boron complex

We demonstrate molecular organic white light-emitting devices (LEDs), using vacuum-deposited thin films of N,N-diphenyl-N,N-bis(1-naphthyl)-(1,1-biphenyl)-4,4-diamine (NPB) as the hole-transporting layer, 1,6-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)pyridine boron complex ((dppy)BF) as the emitting layer, tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq) doped with 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) as the red-emitting layer. The white light comes from three components: exciplex emission at the interface between NPB and (dppy)BF, which covers the wide range from 500 to 700 nm, blue emission from bulk NPB and (dppy)BF and red emission from DCJTB. The chromaticity of the devices can be tuned by varying the thickness of (dppy)BF and doped Alq layers. The Commission Internationale De L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of emitted light vary from (0.31, 0.335) to (0.32, 0.345) when forward voltages change from 10 to 20 V, which are just adjacent to the white-light equi-energy point (0.33, 0.33). The brightness and luminous efficiency are 150 cd/m² and 0.3l m/W at 12 V, respectively.     

High-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a mixed layer structure

Improved performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) as obtained by a mixed layer was investigated. The OLEDs with a mixed layer which were composed of N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(1-napthyl-phenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (NPB), tris-(8-hydroxyquinolato) aluminum (Alq₃) and 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) showed the highest brightness and efficiency, which reached 19048 cd/m² at 17 V and 4.3 cd/A at 10 mA/cm², respectively. The turn-on voltage of the device is 2.6 V. Its Commission Internationale del’Eclairage (CIE) coordinate is (0.497, 0.456) at 17 V, and the CIE coordinates of the device are largely insensitive to the driving voltages, which depicts stabilized yellow color.     

Improvement of performance of tetraphenylporphyrin-based red organic light emitting diodes using WO3 and C60 buffer layers

One of the porphyrin derivatives, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), has been synthesized and examined as an emitter material (EM) for efficient fluorescent red organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). By inserting a tungsten oxide (WO₃) layer into the interface of anode (ITO) and hole transport layer N,N′-Di-[(1-napthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl]-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPB) and by using fullerene (C₆₀) in contact with a LiF/Al cathode, the performance of devices was markedly improved. The current density–voltage–luminance (J–V–L) characterizations of the samples show that red OLEDs with both WO₃ and C₆₀ as buffer layers have a lower driving voltage and higher luminance compared with the devices without buffer layers. The red OLED with the configuration ITO/WO₃ (3 nm)/NPB (50 nm)/TPP (60 nm)/BPhen (30 nm)/C₆₀ (5 nm)/LiF (0.8 nm)/Al (100 nm) achieved the high luminance of 6359 cd/m² at the low driving voltage of 8 V. At a current density of 20 mA/cm², a pure red emission with CIE coordinates of (0.65; 0.35) is observed for this device. Moreover, a power efficiency of 2.07 lm/W and a current efficiency of 5.17 cd/A at 20 mA/cm² were obtained for the fabricated devices. The study of the energy level diagram of the devices revealed that the improvement in performance of the devices with buffer layers could be attributed to lowering of carrier-injecting barrier and more balanced charge injection and transport properties.     

有机电致发光器件中新型芴类小分子材料的光谱特性

针对新型芴类小分子材料6,6′-(9H-fluoren-9,9-diyl)bis(2,3-bis (9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl) quinoxaline) (BFLBBFLYQ)和空穴传输材料N,N′-biphenyl-N,N′-bis-(3-methylphenyl)-1, 1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine(TPD)及二者混合体系的荧光光谱和吸收光谱进行了测试表征,制备了结构为indium-tin oxide (ITO)/BFLBBFLYQ∶TPD/Alq/Mg∶Ag的双层有机电致发光器件。研究发现,BFLBBFLYQ∶TPD混合薄膜存在一个不同于单独分子薄膜的低能量发射光谱,发光峰在530 nm处,与tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum(Alq)薄膜的荧光光谱相同,亦与结构为BFLBBFLYQ∶TPD/Alq双层器件的电致发光光谱相同。鉴于荧光染料4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-tert-butyl-6(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl) -4H-pyran(DCJTB)的吸收光谱与Alq的荧光光谱有很好的重叠,利用Forster能量传递理论,将DCJTB红色染料引入双层器件,通过调节掺杂位置,考察器件的发光光谱情况,进而对BFLBBFLYQ∶TPD/Alq双层器件的载流子复合区域进行了研究。结果表明,双层器件的载流子复合区域位于BFLBBFLYQ∶TPD/Alq界面附近的Alq层内。     

沉积亚单层荧光染料提高有机发光器件的发光效率

结合掺杂薄层作为发光探针层的方法和亚单层（sub-monolayer）有机发光技术，利用沉积在有机发光器件发光层中的亚单层奎丫啶酮（Quinacridone，QAD）分子作为探针，同时改变QAD层的位置，对有机发光器件中激子的形成与扩散进行了研究，器件结构为ITO/NPB(60 nm)/ Alq3(x nm)/QAD(0.05 nm)/Alq3［(60－x) nm］/LiF/Al（其中x=0，2.5，5，7.5 nm）.通过对各器件不同条件下的电致发光谱、发光强度和发光效率的对比研究，得到在x＝5 nm处引入亚单层QAD可以使QAD分子通过能量转移而获得的激子数量最多，进而可以实现高效率的发光.     

The roles of zinc selenide sandwiched between organic layers and its applications in white light-emitting diodes

In this paper, the roles of zinc selenide (ZnSe) sandwiched between organic layers, i.e. organic/ZnSe/aluminum quinoline (Alq₃), have been studied by varying device structure. A broad band emission was observed from ITO/poly(N-vinylcarbazole)(PVK)(80 nm)/ZnSe(120 nm)/ Alq₃(15 nm)/Al under electric fields and it combined the emissions from the bulk of PVK, ZnSe and Alq₃, however, emission from only Alq₃ was observed from trilayer device ITO/N,N^′-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N^′-diphenyl-1, 1^′-biphenyl-4, 4^′-diamine (NPB) (40 nm)/ZnSe(120 nm)/ Alq₃(15 nm)/Al. Consequently the luminescence mechanism in the ZnSe layer is suggested to be charge carrier injection and recombination. By thermal co-evaporating Alq₃ and 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB), we get white light emission with a Commission Internationale de l’E clairage (C.I.E) co-ordinates of (0.32, 0.38) from device ITO/PVK(80 nm)/ZnSe(120 nm)/ Alq₃:DCJTB(0.5 wt% DCJTB)(15 nm)/Al at 15 V and the device performs stably with increasing applied voltages.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of tris(4-tridecyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum

We have designed and successfully synthesized an alkylated aluminum quinoline derivative, tris(4-tridecyl-8-quinolinolato)aluminum (TDALQ), which could be used as an emitting material for solution-processible OLEDs. The synthesized material was identified by ¹H NMR, IR and FAB-mass spectroscopy. To evaluate electroluminescent properties, TDALQ was spin-cast to fabricate thin film as an emitting layer on ITO/PEDOT substrate and LiF/Al double layer was used as electron injection electrode. The EL device showed a green light emission at 509 nm with CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.31, 0.52). TDALQ made by a spin-coating method showed good film properties in AFM.