论小接触角下实现滴状冷凝的可能性

通过分析液滴在临界态及后续冷凝过程中化学势的变化，解释了冷凝器混合冷凝的形成机理 ，并证明了如果降低壁面过冷度以及采用适当措施降低壁面液滴的脱落半径的话，实现稳定 的小接触角的滴状冷凝是可能的. 关键词： 混合冷凝 接触角 化学势     

冷凝器滴状冷凝的超临界系数和BrOWn凝并

在文献[１］的基础上引入了超临界系数以描述液滴冷凝过程；证明了当液滴凝聚相同数量的气相分子时，接触角大于９０°的冷凝器壁面球冠形液滴的化学势减少量将大于冷凝器内部球形液滴的化学势减少量，并且这种化学势减少量均与液滴的曲率半经的４次方成反比，从而将导致冷凝器内部发生Ｂｒｏｗｎ 凝并过程； 探讨了提高冷凝速率的有效途径．     

冷凝器壁面滴状冷凝的热力学机理及最佳接触角

应用自由能判据证明了冷凝器壁面液滴的力学平衡条件与接触角有关,进而证明了当壁面液滴与壁面的接触大于90°时,冷凝器壁面液滴的化学势将小于同曲率的球形液滴的化学势;另外,在相同饱和比下,壁面液滴的临界半径也小于球形液滴的临界半径.而在接触角小于90°时,情况则恰好相反.正是由于这双重原因,使得滴状冷凝的传热性能大大优于膜状冷凝的传热性能,并由此求出了冷凝器壁面液滴的最佳接触角. 关键词：     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝过程中液滴生长特性

研究了低压条件对滴状冷凝过程液滴生长特性的影响。首先,研究了超疏水表面上空气环境和蒸汽环境中附着液滴的接触角,发现蒸汽环境中的接触角比空气环境中的小,而蒸汽压力对接触角没有显著影响。第二,实验研究了冷凝过程中的液滴的生长周期和脱落尺寸,液滴的脱落半径随压力的降低而增大,生长周期也随之延长。第三,实验研究了液滴合并生长速率,并结合理论分析直接冷凝长大的生长速率,直接冷凝生长速率随压力的减小而减小,并随过冷度的减小而下降,而实验范围内合并生长速率不受压力影响。第四,根据滴状冷凝液滴分布的时间序列模型,分析了不同压力下液滴生长的临界尺寸,随着压力的降低,液滴生长方式的临界尺寸增大。     

接触角滞后对组合表面液滴运动的影响

本文通过控制NaOH和(NH_4)_2S_2O_8溶液的刻蚀时间,制备了具有不同接触角滞后超疏水区的0.5 mm-0.5mm超疏水疏水组合表面,可视化研究了常压纯蒸汽下液滴脱落半径,冲刷周期,尺寸分布.电镜表征结果表明,刻蚀时间越长,所制备超疏水表面的微纳结构越细,导致液滴接触角滞后增加。在0.5 mm-0.5 mm超疏水-疏水组合表面冷凝过程中,存在两种排液行为:液滴横向抽吸和液滴跨区脱落。随着超疏水区接触角滞后的增加,对液滴的抽吸作用越强。液滴跨区脱落直径随着超疏水区接触角滞后的增加有减小趋势,表面冲刷周期随超疏水区接触角滞后的增加而减小;与完全疏水表面相比,组合表面疏水区域液滴尺寸较小,主要集中在50μm以内。     

滴状冷凝中液滴的内外压差及临界半径

用热力学方法证明了壁面上球冠形液滴的内外压差同样遵循经典的Laplace方程,并用力学方法给予了验证.液滴的内外压差与固液接触角无关,只取决于液体的表面张力和液滴半径;液滴的临界半径也与接触角无关,其值可用经典的Kalvin公式计算 关键词： 滴状冷凝 液滴 压差 临界半径     

差异化疏水铜表面的冷凝传热实验研究

为研究差异化疏水结构表面蒸汽滴状冷凝传热特性,首先在铜表面通过化学刻蚀法制备了不同的CuO与Cu(OH)_2微纳米复合微结构,通过十八硫醇自组装进一步修饰后,获得了具有不同静态接触角和表面能的差异化疏水表面。实验研究了不同微结构及其接触角对滴状冷凝传热性能的影响,并对冷凝传热过程中液滴在微结构表面的合并、脱落过程进行了可视化研究。结果表明,接触角相近、微结构不同的CuO-Ⅰ与Cu(OH)_2表面冷凝传热性能相近,约为光滑表面的1.5倍。接触角为125°的CuO-Ⅱ表面的冷凝传热性能明显高于CuO-Ⅰ表面,约为光滑表面的3倍。同时,相同过冷度下,CuO-Ⅰ表面冷凝液滴的合并与脱落频率明显低于CuO-Ⅱ表面。     

滴状凝结全过程液滴尺寸分布数值模拟

研究液滴在冷凝表面的尺寸分布特征,不仅有助于了解冷凝表面换热机理,同时也为疏水表面的设计提供参考依据。本研究中,借助于液滴生长、合并和脱落全过程的数值模拟方法,研究液滴凝结核密度和液滴脱落尺寸对液滴尺寸分布的影响。模拟中采用热阻模型对液滴生长进行描述,利用链表搜索算法加速液滴聚合及新凝结核确定的搜索过程,再现大液滴脱落和表面清扫过程。模拟结果与实验结果及理论模型吻合良好。模拟结果表明,随着凝结核密度增大,小液滴数密度相对增加,液滴平均半径减少;随着液滴脱离半径减小,液滴尺寸范围减小,液滴尺寸分布整体升高。     

超疏水-疏水组合表面蒸汽冷凝的实验研究

液滴的快速脱落和移除对蒸汽滴状冷凝传热具有重要的影响,超疏水表面由丁二具有接触角大,接触角滞后小的优点而用于驱动冷凝液滴的自发运动,但是,常压蒸汽在超疏水表面冷凝时,液滴的润湿形态还没有定论。本文设计了超疏水疏水条纹间隔排列的超疏水一疏水组合表面,研究了常压蒸汽在组合表面上的冷凝过程,观测了液滴的运动特性,测量了超疏水一疏水组合表面上常压蒸汽冷凝传热性能。实验结果显示疏水区液滴在表面张力差的作用下从疏水区向超疏水区自发迁移,说明超疏水区液滴处于Wenzel润湿形态,超疏水一疏水组合表面蒸汽冷凝传热性能比完全超疏水和完全疏水表面传热性能的面积加权平均值大。说明液滴的自发迁移运动强化了疏水区的传热性能。     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝表面温度分布实验研究

本文利用自组装技术制备了铜基十八烷基硫醇疏水表面(SAM),通过红外热像仪分析了低压条件下液滴表面和换热表面的温度分布以及液滴脱落引起的温度分布演变。实验结果表明:低压蒸汽冷凝条件下,冷凝表面局部温度分布不均匀;单个液滴表面温度呈中心高边缘低的凸型分布;随着液滴半径的增加,液滴表面温度升高;相同操作压力下,随着过冷度的增加,液滴表面温度降低。在液滴脱落过程中,液滴表面温度逐渐升高,同时裸露出的换热表面局部过冷度增大,局部表面温度呈现出中心低周围高的凹型温度分布,随之恢复到液滴脱落前的温度。随着蒸汽压力降低,冷凝临界过冷度增加,导致裸露表面上具有更低温度的中心区域核化点密度高,最终加剧了整个换热表面液滴尺寸分布的非均匀程度。     

Design and analysis of the tunnel connecting the beamcorridor and the spectrum hall of the CSNS

There is a tunnel connecting the beamcorridor and the target station in the spectrum hall in the CSNS project.The length of the tunnel is about 20 m.The shielding design of the tunnel is very significant for the persons working in the spectrum hall because the tunnel is not covered ed soil for shielding.In order to reduce the dose rate at the exit of the cable ducts,we use the ISIS construction,which is designed with four turnings,as a reference for the tunnel design.The thickness of the shielding is obtained by a simulationwith the Monte Carlo Code FLUKA.The result is compared with the data obtained with Moyer Mode and the reliability of the simulation is proved.This paper provides the basis for the design of the tunnel.     

Design and analysis of the tunnel connecting the beamcorridor and the spectrum hall of the CSNS

There is a tunnel connecting the beamcorridor and the target station in the spectrum hall in the CSNS project. The length of the tunnel is about 20 m. The shielding design of the tunnel is very significant for the persons working in the spectrum hall because the tunnel is not covered by soil for shielding. In order to reduce the dose rate at the exit of the cable ducts, we use the ISIS construction, which is designed with four turnings, as a reference for the tunnel design. The thickness of the shielding is obtained by a simulation with the Monte Carlo Code FLUKA. The result is compared with the data obtained with Moyer Mode and the reliability of the simulation is proved. This paper provides the basis for the design of the tunnel.     

干涉仪系统传递函数测量及影响因素的分析

波前功率谱密度(PSD)被用于评价惯性约束聚变(ICF)激光驱动器光学元件中频段的波前误差。干涉仪对PSD较高空间频率分量的测量存在失真效应,可通过干涉仪系统传递函数(STF)的检测标定来获得真实的波前PSD分布。采用台阶板位相比较法测得大口径菲索相移干涉仪检测系统在透射和反射检测情形下的传递函数。对传递函数测试算法进行了比较分析,明确了干涉仪系统zoom倍率的改变等因素对传递函数测量的影响,为波前PSD的准确检测奠定了基础。     

On the predictability of the positions of the convergence zones in the ocean

The disagreement between the experimental and calculated positions of the first convergence zone are known from many publications. The most probable cause for such a disagreement, namely, the incorrect specification of the input data for the calculations, is considered. The lack of simultaneity between the hydrological surveys of the region and the acoustic experiments is emphasized. The experimental data obtained by the author in five ocean regions are presented. These data characterize the diurnal variability of the distance from the source to the nearest boundary of the convergence zone. The relations proposed by different researchers for calculating the sound speed from the temperature, salinity, and hydrostatic pressure are analyzed. It is shown that these relations lead to a substantial difference in the estimated depth dependence of the hydrostatic gradient of the sound speed. The position of the first convergence zone is calculated for the propagation conditions determined by vertical temperature and salinity profiles with the subsequent recalculation of these profiles into sound speed profiles by using eight different formulas known from the literature. It is shown that different formulas lead to different values of the distance to the first zone; this difference is substantially greater than that between the calculations and experiment. The necessity of improving the recalculation relations in view of the experimental data on sound propagation in natural oceanic waveguides, including the data on the actual positions of the convergence zones, is emphasized.     

On the theory of the condensed states of heteropolymers

The collapse (globulization) of an ideal heteropolymer chain under the action of an external attractive field is considered. The problem of the collapse of different types of primary structures, including mobile, periodic, large-block, and statistical structures, is formulated. It is shown that for a random heteropolymer, the mathematical image of the globular state is the chain-length independence of the probability distribution of a random thermal distribution function of the end monomer coordinates. The free energy per monomer of a chain in a globular state and local densities of monomers of all types are shown to be a self-averaging quantities. An exactly solvable model is proposed for a globule formed by a statistical heteropolymer chain. In this model, different types of monomers are attracted to different centers by linear elastic forces with identical elastic constants. The modulus of elasticity is obtained for a heteropolymer globule with respect to the attraction of different types of monomers in different directions. It is shown that this modulus is higher for a short-periodic polymer than for a statistical one.     

Boundary diffraction waves and the effective size of the inhomogeneities of the scattering object

A method for measuring the angular size of the halo from boundary diffraction waves without using two-position schemes is proposed. The relationship between the angular distortions of the beam and the size distribution of inhomogeneities is derived for a random transmitting screen. The effective size of inhomogeneities is expressed in terms of the ratio between the fourth-order and second-order moments of the distribution function. A method for estimating the correspondence between the effective size of the inhomogeneities and the parameters of the real screen is substantiated. The key relation for the estimation is the equality of the angular sizes of the halo for the simulated and real scattering objects.     

Measurements of the QED structure of the photon

The structure of both quasi-real and highly virtual photons is investigated using the reaction , proceeding via the exchange of two photons. The results are based on the complete OPAL dataset taken at centre-of-mass energies close to the mass of the Z boson. The QED structure function and the differential cross-section for quasi-real photons are obtained as functions of the fractional momentum x from the muon momentum which is carried by the struck muon in the quasi-real photon for values of ranging from 1.5 to 400 GeV. The differential cross-section for highly virtual photons is measured for GeV and GeV, where and are the negative values of the four-momentum squared of the two photons such that . Based on azimuthal correlations the QED structure functions and for quasi-real photons are determined for an average of 5.4 GeV. Received: 8 February 1999 / Published online: 28 September 1999     

Calculation of the linear kernel of the collision integral for the hard-sphere potential

The expansion of a distribution function in spherical harmonics transforms the Boltzmann equation into a system of integro-differential equations with kernels depending only of the magnitudes of velocities. The kernels can be expressed in terms of the sums including the matrix elements (MEs) of the collision integral. The kernels are constructed using new results of ME calculations; analysis of errors is carried out with the help of analytic expressions for kernels, which were derived by Hilbert and Hecke for the hard-sphere model. The concept of generalized matrix elements is introduced and their asymptotic representation is constructed for large values of indices. Analytic expressions for the contribution from MEs with large indices to the kernels are constructed. The high accuracy of the construction of a kernel using MEs is demonstrated.     

Analysis of the Topology of the Kerr Metric

The equations of motion of a test particle are integrated for the field of a rotating Kerr black hole (BH) (in accordance with [1]). Due to the lack of analytical transformations for the Carter–Penrose diagrams (CPDs) for the Kerr metric, the topology of the Kerr BH is studied by analytical investigation of the equations of motion. Transformations for the CPDs for the Reisner–Nordström metric are analyzed. The problem of boundary conditions for the Reisner–Nordström topology is analyzed. A solution to this problem of boundary conditions is proposed. It is proved that, in the Reisner–Nordström topology, only one way to go to another universe is possible. For the Kerr topology, the possibility of the existence of an alternative transition to another universe that does not coincide with the universe for the ordinary transition is found. This alternative transition is performed through a surface with a zero radial coordinate (zero radius). Initial conditions for the falling particle are found that correspond to an alternative transition to another universe. The tidal forces acting on a falling body in the Kerr metric are estimated, and the possibility of the transition of the body to other universes without being destroyed by tidal forces is proved.     

基于四叉树的光学小波滤波器轴心定位的研究

精度问题制约了光学小波变换的广泛应用。若要扩展其应用领域,必须提高变换精度。在二维光学小波变换4f系统中,小波滤波器轴心的精确定位至关重要。提出了一种基于四叉树搜索方法的光学小波滤波器轴心定位方法。所用的加载滤波器载体为空间光调制器(SLM),定位精度可达到SLM的一个像素大小。为加快搜索速度,提出了一种基于四灰度级并行处理的改进方法。