百年诺贝尔物理学奖探析

分析了100年诺贝尔物理学奖的获奖项目和记录,由此阐述了物理学思想的内涵和可借鉴的研究方法,同时指出了评审诺贝尔物理学奖获奖项目的失误以及由此带来的遗憾.     

诺贝尔物理学奖百年回顾

简要介绍诺贝尔奖的设立,回顾100年来诺贝尔物理学奖的获奖项目和学科分布,阐明开展诺贝尔物理学奖得主研究的意义。     

辉煌与瑕疵并存——反思110年来诺贝尔物理学奖的两面性

 自从伦琴于1901年12月10日因发现X射线首次被授予诺贝尔物理学奖以来, 截至2011年达到了105届(因战争关系), 全世界共有126个获奖项目, 191人次获此殊荣。颁奖的成果主要包括科学发现、技术发明和理论创新三大类型。我们在由衷地赞叹这一系列具有最高原创性的科学成就, 对现代社会产生了巨大而深远的影响的同时, 也不难发现在诺贝尔物理学奖的历史簿上, 还存在着某些瑕疵。     

诺贝尔物理学奖获奖原因的分类统计及其启发

诺贝尔物理学奖是物理学界的最高奖项,其获奖记录是近现代物理学史的缩影.笔者尝试基于对科学技术发展的作用对诺贝尔物理学奖获奖原因进行分类统计,并对分类结果进行解读,尝试借此获得对以物理学为代表的科学教学与研究的启发.     

复杂气候系统和全球变暖

两位气候学家和一位理论物理学家共同荣获2021年诺贝尔物理学奖.诺贝尔物理学奖委员会在背景介绍材料中指出,他们在"理解复杂物理系统领域做出了开创性贡献".相信很多人会对两位气候学家获奖而感到惊讶,物理学奖委员会进一步具体指出,人类活动导致全球变暖这一论断建立在坚实的科学基础之上,两位气候学家获奖是因为他们基于物理原理模...     

宇宙幼年的照片——2006年度诺贝尔物理学奖

讨论了诺贝尔物理学奖与天体物理的关系，指出2006年度诺贝尔物理学奖已经是第8个年度、第11个天体物理项目、第14、15个天体物理学家获得诺贝尔物理学奖（见正文表1）．这个奖授予宇宙微波背景辐射的黑体谱形和各向异性的发现，强有力地支持了大爆炸宇宙学．文章也讨论了这个领域近年来的重大成就．     

科学家之路：从博士研究生到诺贝尔物理学奖得主

分析了诺贝尔物理学奖获奖者的年龄结构与学位制度,获奖工作与博士学位论文的关系以及导师对获奖者的作用.认为获奖者博士阶段的学习和研究工作是其成为一流科学家的关键阶段.     

成功源于勤奋、毅力与协作——纪念约翰·巴丁逝世20 周年

 约翰·巴丁（John Bardeen, 1908～1991）是迄今为止唯一的一位在同一领域中两次获得诺贝尔物理学奖的科学家。1956 年, 巴丁与W. 布拉顿（Brattain）以及W. 肖克利（Shockley）由于在半导体研究方面的突出贡献, 并且发现了晶体管效应而获得诺贝尔物理学奖。第二次获奖是由于超导微观理论（BCS 理论）的建立, 巴丁与L. N. 库珀（Cooper）和J. R. 施里弗（Schrieffer）一起分享了1972 年的诺贝尔物理学奖。     

封面说明

封面人物为2004年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者，从左到右依次为：David J．Gross，H．David Politzer，Frank Wilczek．关于获奖理论的详细介绍请看本期正文第185页．封面所有素材均来自瑞典皇家科学院(The Royal Swedish Academyof Sciences)．     

莫特森（Mottelson，Ben Roy，1926-）美国-丹麦物理学家（Physicist，America-Denmark）

莫特森在哈佛大学获得博士学位，又得到一笔资助去了丹麦，在哥本哈根玻尔研究所工作。在该所，他结识了小玻尔瞵，两人建立了密切的工作关系，这使莫特森最后加入了丹麦籍。他和小玻尔一起研究了原子核的形状，并由于这一工作共同获得了1975年诺贝尔物理学奖。同时获奖的还有雷恩沃特。     

约束对Birkhoff系统Noether对称性和守恒量的影响

研究约束对Birkhoff系统的Noether对称性和守恒量的影响．首先，建立了Birkhoff系统的运动微分方程．其次，给出了系统Noether对称性的判据．然后，讨论了受约束作用后，Birkhoff系统的Noether对称性发生的变化，并给出了系统的Noether对称性以及守恒量保持不变的条件．最后，举例说明结果的应用． 关键词： 分析力学 Birkhoff系统 约束 Noether对称性 守恒量     

过渡金属原子掺杂的锯齿型磷烯纳米带的磁电子学特性

利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,研究了掺杂铁、钴和镍原子的锯齿型磷烯纳米带(ZPNR)的磁电子学特性.研究表明,掺杂和未掺杂ZPNR的结构都是稳定的.当处于非磁态时,未掺杂和掺杂钴原子的ZPNR为半导体,而掺杂铁或者镍原子的ZPNR为金属.自旋极化计算表明,未掺杂和掺杂钴原子的ZPNR无磁性,而掺杂铁或者镍原子的ZPNR有磁性,但只能表现出铁磁性.处于铁磁态时,掺杂铁原子的ZPNR为磁性半导体,而掺杂镍原子的ZPNR为磁性半金属.掺杂铁或者镍原子的ZPNR的磁性主要由杂质原子贡献,产生磁性的原因则是在ZPNR中存在未配对电子.掺杂位置对ZPNR的磁电子学特性有一定的影响.该研究对于发展基于磷烯纳米带的纳米电子器件具有重要意义.     

便携式近红外光谱仪器现状及展望

近红外光谱分析技术具有速度快、操作简单等优点,在农业、制药等行业得到了大量应用,其中一些应用需要将仪器携带到分散的分析现场使用,为满足这一需求,很多体积小、便于移动的便携式近红外光谱仪被研制出来。这些仪器的种类较为繁多,采用了很多不同的基本原理,使用了不同的光路结构。文章综述了国内外便携式近红外光谱仪的技术现状,根据光路结构的不同将仪器分成滤光片型、光栅型、傅里叶变换型、声光可调滤波器型以及使用微机电系统(MEMS)的新型光谱仪等类型,重点介绍各类仪器的原理和主要部分的结构,同时简要介绍不同类型仪器的特点,并列举典型产品。也对测量附件、操作、显示等外围部分的设计作简要介绍,这些附件针对便携应用采取了特殊的设计。通过介绍,为新型便携式近红外光谱仪的研制提供借鉴。最后,对便携式近红外光谱仪器的现状作总结,并对未来国内外技术的发展进行展望。     

Parametric excitation of subharmonic oscillations

Subharmonic oscillations of order one-half for a single-degree-of-freedom system with quadratic, cubic, and quartic nonlinearities under parametric excitation are investigated. Two approximate methods (multiple scales and generalized synchronization) are used for comparison. The modulation equations (reduced equations) of the amplitudes and the phases are obtained. Steady-state solutions (periodic solutions) and their stability are determined. Numerical solutions are carried out, and graphical representations of the results are presented and discussed. The results obtained by the two methods are in excellent agreement.     

Aerial Video Trackers Review

Target tracking technology that is based on aerial videos is widely used in many fields; however, this technology has challenges, such as image jitter, target blur, high data dimensionality, and large changes in the target scale. In this paper, the research status of aerial video tracking and the characteristics, background complexity and tracking diversity of aerial video targets are summarized. Based on the findings, the key technologies that are related to tracking are elaborated according to the target type, number of targets and applicable scene system. The tracking algorithms are classified according to the type of target, and the target tracking algorithms that are based on deep learning are classified according to the network structure. Commonly used aerial photography datasets are described, and the accuracies of commonly used target tracking methods are evaluated in an aerial photography dataset, namely, UAV123, and a long-video dataset, namely, UAV20L. Potential problems are discussed, and possible future research directions and corresponding development trends in this field are analyzed and summarized.     

C,N, O原子在金属V中扩散行为的第一性原理计算

基于密度泛函理论, 采用第一性原理计算方法研究了C, N, O原子在金属V中的扩散行为. 首先, 讨论了C, N, O原子在V体心立方晶格中的间隙占位情况, 分析了其在间隙位置与V晶格的相互作用, 并探究了这种相互作用对金属V电子结构的影响. 研究结果表明: C, N, O原子在V的八面体间隙位置更为稳定, 并且C, N, O原子的2p电子与V的3d电子之间有比较强的成键作用; C, N, O原子的扩散势垒分别为0.89, 1.26, 0.98 eV, 并得出了其扩散系数表达式; 最后, 通过阿仑尼乌斯关系图对比了三者在V中扩散系数的大小, 并计算出体系温度在500–1100 K之间时其在V中的扩散系数, 计算结果与实验值基本符合.     

VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF NON-CIRCULAR CURVED PANELS BY THE DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE METHOD

Free-vibration characteristics of cantilever non-circular curved panels are analyzed by using the differential quadrature method (DQM) in this paper. The equations of motion of a curved panel are based on the Love's hypothesis and are expressed in an orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinate system. By applying the differential quadrature formulation and the proposed modified relationships for specified boundary conditions, the free-vibration equations of motion of the curved panel are transformed to a set of algebraic equations. Natural frequencies of a cantilever flat plate and a circular curved panel are obtained for verifying the applicability of the present approach. Good convergent trend and accuracy are observed. Effects of shallowness, thickness and aspect ratios on the natural frequencies of a cantilever curved panel are also investigated. Furthermore, natural frequencies of parabolic curved panels are obtained. In all cases studied, the efficiency and convenience of the DQM are illustrated.     

Semiclassical elementary particle models

Some simple models of elementary particles are discussed; they may be described as semiclassical, quark, shell models. Particles are assumed to be composed of spherical concentric charged shells. Three basic types of shell are allowed, quantum numbers are associated with each type such as to establish a quantum number correspondence between the shell types and the (p, n, ) quarks. Particles are identified through the quantum numbers of their constituent shells (quarks).The basic assumptions underlying the models considered are relationships between the electromagnetic energy associated with elementary particles (quark systems) and particle masses. The electromagnetic energy is represented classically; the models are semiclassical in that the shell radii are related to particle Compton wavelengths.Particle mass and magnetic moment formulas are derived, possible values for quark masses are suggested, and possible connections of the models considered with particle symmetry schemes are discussed.     

Parameter design of a liquid-filled sloshing system

<正>The nonlinear governing equations of the liquid sloshing modals in a cylindrical storage tank are established. Through analytical analysis,the analytical expressions of the solutions of this kind of system are obtained.With different parameters,the dynamical behaviors of the solutions are different from the trivial ones.To prevent system instability,two selection principles that the stiffness equations are positive-definite and the nonlinear terms of the system are not regenerative elements are given.Meanwhile,numerical simulations are also given,which confirm the analytical results.     

Nonplanar double layers in plasmas with opposite polarity dust

Nonplanar (cylindrical and spherical) double layers (DLs) in a four-component dusty plasma (composed of inertial positively and negatively charged dust, Boltzmann electrons and ions) are studied by employing the reductive perturbation method. The modified Gardner equation describing the nonlinear propagation of the dust-acoustic (DA) waves is derived, and its nonplanar double layer solutions are numerically analyzed. The parametric regimes for the existence of the DLs, which are found to be associated with positive potential only, are obtained. The basic features of nonplanar DA DLs, which are found to be different from planar ones, are also identified. The implications of our results to different space and laboratory dusty plasma situations, where opposite polarity dust are observed, are discussed.