10 MA多支路汇流装置上钽的强度实验研究

磁驱动准等熵加载技术通过电流产生的磁压力加载材料,加载路径由负载电流波形和负载结构决定。作为应变率介于静高压加载和冲击加载之间的新型实验技术,熵增小、温升低。10 MA装置是典型的多支路汇流装置,包括24个电流支路,可在较大范围内控制负载电流波形,实现mm厚、cm直径样品在不同应变率下的准等熵加载。基于10 MA装置,通过调节负载电流波形实现样品加载路径控制,在一定压力-应变率范围,开展金属钽的强度实验研究,获取了不同厚度金属钽样品的加-卸载波剖面速度历史,分析获得了钽在系列峰值压力下的强度数据,比较了多个加载平台不同加载路径下的强度数据,实验结果与美国圣地亚国家实验室的磁驱动准等熵结果接近（平均应变率都约为105 s?1）,明显高于冲击加载的流动强度,低于准静态加载获取的流动强度,与应变率增高强度会有所下降的理论预测一致。基于多支路汇流装置,未来将可开展更为丰富的材料动力学特性实验研究。     

不同轨道结构下电枢电流分布特性

解决轨道和电枢的烧蚀问题是六极轨道电磁发射器走向实际应用的关键环节,引起轨道和电枢烧蚀的原因之一就是轨道和电枢中电流分布不均匀。利用有限元仿真软件Ansoft Maxwell对三种不同轨道进行仿真,得到了电枢表面电流密度分布情况以及电枢受力。结果表明:矩形轨道对应电枢表面电流密度最大值在三种轨道中最小,凸出半圆形轨道枢轨接触面电流分布最均匀,在发射过程中可以有效减少轨道和电枢的烧蚀,凹陷半圆形轨道对应的电枢受力最大,可用于大质量物体的发射。     

15 MA Z箍缩装置真空磁绝缘传输线损失电流的电路模拟

采用TL-code电路编码方法,建立了15 MA Z箍缩装置多层圆盘锥磁绝缘传输线的全电路模型,分析了外磁绝缘传输线、汇流柱和内磁绝缘传输线三个区域电流损失特性.外磁绝缘传输线磁绝缘形成过程的空间电荷损失持续时间约30 ns,对负载电流影响小.进入磁绝缘稳态时,外磁绝缘传输线末端鞘层电子流损失约300 k A.汇流柱区域电流损失与电极等离子体运动速率密切相关,当等离子体运动速率为21 cm/μs时,负载峰值电流时刻损失电流约4 MA.内磁绝缘传输线电流损失取决于阳极离子流种类,电流损失在负载峰值电流时刻之后,损失电流约2.1 MA.当15 MA装置驱动长度2 cm、半径2 cm、质量3 mg丝阵负载时,绝缘堆峰值电流约18 MA,负载峰值电流约13.5 MA、峰值时间(0—100%)约为100 ns.     

Z箍缩初级实验平台模块样机

 正在研制的Z箍缩实验装置（Z-pinch Primary Test Stand,PTS装置）,由24个基于Marx发生器和水线的性能、结构相同的模块组成,各模块产生的大电流脉冲在绝缘堆上汇集后经磁绝缘传输线汇流到负载区,要求在不到0.2 Ω的低阻抗负载上得到8 MA以上电流,电流上升时间小于90 ns。研制的样机模块由Marx发生器、中间储能器、激光触发开关、脉冲形成线、水介质自击穿脉冲形成开关、三板型脉冲传输线组成,样机模块输出电流450 kA、输出电压2.2 MV、输出脉冲功率0.95 TW,从触发激光器信号输出到负载电压上升的系统延迟时间抖动小于6 ns。     

分布储能式电磁轨道炮效率分析

分布储能式电磁轨道炮在长导轨发射中具备高发射效率优势,为实现分布储能式电磁轨道炮的恒流特点,建立可供发射器参数、结构设计参考的仿真模型尤为重要。针对口径为60 mm×80 mm的矩形轨道炮,根据电流波形的平稳性要求,沿导轨方向设置电流馈入点,诊断电枢位置并分时序触发各馈入点电源,以测试分布储能式电磁轨道炮的工作性能。在COMSOL三维磁场中建立矩形导轨-电枢模型,基于电流和磁场的多物理场耦合有限元分析得到磁场和电流的分布,并利用电磁场仿真结果实现电流趋肤效应下轨道电阻梯度计算。基于MATLAB SIMULINK平台对电容储能型脉冲功率电源模块建立电气电路;分析分布储能式电磁轨道炮非线性时变的动态特性并建立轨道及电枢阻抗模型,计算正向电磁力、滑动摩擦力构造电枢的运动方程,并使用信号电路建立电枢-导轨模块,通过Simulink测量模块连接两个隔离的网络,仿真计算得到导轨电流及电枢的出膛速度。设计了总储能为4.16 MJ的分布式储能轨道炮,结果显示,电容预充电压为10.8 kV时,导轨长为3 m的分布式电磁轨道炮可将1 kg的弹丸加速至1.4 km/s,与炮尾集中式电磁轨道炮相比,系统发射效率可提升约3%。     

冲功率装置汇流区由电子发射导致的电流损失机制

面向大型脉冲功率装置聚龙一号(PTS装置),以电磁粒子模拟方法(PIC)为依托,围绕真空汇流区双层柱-孔盘旋(DPHC)结构区域,研究电子发射对DPHC结构在电流传输、汇聚过程中的影响。使用全三维大规模并行粒子模拟软件NEPTUNE3D,简化并建立DPHC结构的物理和几何模型,利用全电路数值模拟的方法获得PTS装置真空轴向绝缘堆处开路和短路电压波形曲线作为输入条件,计算得到DPHC结构中磁场强度分布。分别考虑是否存在电子发射过程,获得输出端电流损失随时间变化曲线,经过对比得到峰值时刻由阴极表面电子发射所导致的电流损失率为0.46%~0.48%。     

脉冲功率装置汇流区由电子发射导致的电流损失机制

面向大型脉冲功率装置聚龙一号(PTS装置),以电磁粒子模拟方法(PIC)为依托,围绕真空汇流区双层柱-孔盘旋(DPHC)结构区域,研究电子发射对DPHC结构在电流传输、汇聚过程中的影响。使用全三维大规模并行粒子模拟软件NEPTUNE3D,简化并建立DPHC结构的物理和几何模型,利用全电路数值模拟的方法获得PTS装置真空轴向绝缘堆处开路和短路电压波形曲线作为输入条件,计算得到DPHC结构中磁场强度分布。分别考虑是否存在电子发射过程,获得输出端电流损失随时间变化曲线,经过对比得到峰值时刻由阴极表面电子发射所导致的电流损失率为0.46%~0.48%。     

电磁轨道炮高速滑动接触电阻的定量表征

从描述电磁轨道炮炮口电压波形的场路模型出发,构建了电枢/轨道高速滑动接触电阻与轨道电流波形、炮口电压波形、电枢膛内速度曲线和轨道结构参数之间的关系,依据此关系可定量表征电磁轨道炮高速滑动接触电阻。实例计算表明,电枢/轨道高速滑动接触电阻的变化依赖于轨道电流变化,对应电流上升段、平顶段和电流下降段。在平顶段接触电阻最小约0.2mΩ,在电流上升段和电流下降段,接触电阻达3mΩ。     

不同区间下电流猝灭特性在等离子体破裂期间的对比研究

托卡马克装置上电磁负载大小值与破裂期间电流猝灭特征有密切的关系.电流猝灭特征包括电流猝灭波形以及电流猝灭率等，它将在一定程度上决定装置的寿命.本文选取100%-40%, 90%-10%, 80%-20%三个区间分析了HL-2A装置上等离子体破裂现象，得到三个不同区间下电流猝灭参数范围.对比分析结果表明：在相同定义下，利用100%-40%和80%-20%区间得到的平均电流猝灭时间以及电流猝灭率分布差异最小.除了80%-20%区间外，100%-40%区间也可作为提供最大线性平均等离子体电流猝灭速率近似的适合区间.     

科里奥利加速度的定量测量

本文介绍的实验，能定量地测量科里奥利加速度．所用的实验装置简单，易于操作．用一个普通的实验装置和一个火花计时器就可记录运动物体相对于旋转参照系的随时间连续变化的位置．直接根据平均速度和平均加速度的矢量定义，用简单的图解法，对实验数据作出分析就可直接得到轨道上每点处的科里奥利加速度矢量，并可明显地验证科里奥利加速度的关系式．     

电磁发射装置轨道热管理冷却管道的力学设计

为了解决电磁轨道发射器在实际应用中遇到的高热量积累问题,需要对轨道进行冷却。基于多物理场耦合仿真平台Comsol Multiphysics,从轨道结构特性和电气特性两个方面进行分析,提出了在轨道内部设置冷却管道的基本规律。建立发射器的电磁场和结构场耦合模型,利用有限元法对预紧力和电动力作用下的轨道响应进行数值计算。仿真结果表明,设置冷却管道会对轨道造成材料损失,进而影响轨道性能,冷却管道应当尽可能远离肩部与枢-轨接触面连接处,并提出了冷却管道位于轨道不同位置时,轨道的形变规律和电感梯度变化规律,为轨道热管理冷却管道的设置方案提供了理论依据。     

Interpretation of intensities in electron-momentum and photoelectron spectroscopiesag

Relative intensities for the photoelectron reaction on atoms and molecules are not related to structure calculations in the same way as those for the noncoplanar symmetric (e, 2e) reaction. The photoelectron dipole matrix element is dependent on recoil momentum only through the unique relationship of recoil momentum to the photon energy and is much harder to calculate for chemically-interesting momenta. Relative intensities for binary (e, 2e) reactions are independent of total energy at high enough energies and strongly dependent on symmetry and recoil momentum, for which an intensity profile can be measured for values starting at zero. In comparing with structure calculations, binary (e, 2e) intensities for low recoil momentum may be compared directly with pole strengths in calculations of the one-electron Green's function. In the case of states within a single symmetry manifold the relative intensities will be independent of recoil momentum up to some maximum, usually at least a few atomic units.     

Modulated optical lattice as an atomic fabry-perot interferometer

We propose to engineer the atomic band structure in optical lattices in order to design a Fabry-Perot interferometer with large mode spacing and strong nonlinear coupling to be employed in atom optics. The use of an optical lattice allows for a significant reduction of the atomic effective mass, while the slow modulation of its parameters spatially confines the matter waves on a length scale of a few dozen optical wavelengths. As a consequence, the mode spacing in such a cavity would be as high as one-tenth of the recoil energy, allowing for a very efficient filter action, while the nonlinear coupling due to interatomic interactions could lead to bistability and limiting effects in the transmission of the atomic beam.     

In-beam spectroscopy of low energy conversion electrons with a recoil shadow method — A new possibility for subnanosecond lifetime measurements

An electron spectrometer consisting of an electron transport system with normal conducting solenoidal coils and a Si(Li)-detector as the energy dispersive element is described. It can be used for in beam spectroscopy of electrons in three different modes. The first one is the usual broad range mode with a low energy cut off of the transmission performed by a tantalum disk between target and detector. The second one is the lens spectrometer mode. An envelope baffle system permits electron detection in a momentum bandΔp/p=0.12. To cover a large energy range the magnet current is sweeped. In the third mode—the recoil shadow method — a longitudinal semicylindrical baffle between target and Si(Li)-detector allows spectroscopy of delayed electrons emitted from recoil nuclei in flight. Special features of this method are high transmission, and strong suppression of the promptδ-electron background. Lifetime measurements based on the detection of conversion electrons are possible by variation of the target position. This was tested with the¹⁵²Sm(¹⁶O,xn)^168?xYb compound nuclear reaction at a recoil velocityν _r=0.01 c, where half lives between 0.1 ns and 1 ns were determined.     

Model of β-CO on Mo(100): Dissociative adsorption

Secondary ion production during ion bombardment is analyzed experimentally. Secondary ions consist of bulk ions and surface ions. The former originates in the bulk material and the latter in the adsorbed layer. The most probable kinetic energy of bulk ions is higher by several tens of eV than that of surface ions, In order to perform quantitative bulk analysis the surface ions should be removed from the mass spectrum by making use of the difference between these kinetic energies. Secondary ion measurements indicate that the recoil implantation of an adsorbed element occurs to a significant extent under low ion current density bombardment.     

激光直接驱动内爆DT燃料面密度诊断

在神光Ⅱ基频光直接驱动内爆实验中,利用CR39径迹探测器测量了DT靶丸释放出的14MeV中子弹性散射后逃逸出燃料的反冲D核和反冲T核的数量,实现了激光聚变实验中燃料面密度〈ρR〉的诊断.测量结果表明,靶面激光照射均匀度对压缩状态具有一定程度的影响,爆推靶〈ρR〉低于烧蚀靶〈ρR〉一个量级左右,表明烧蚀靶压缩情况比爆推靶好,超热电子预热严重影响压缩 关键词： 惯性约束聚变 等离子体诊断 燃料面密度 CR39     

Development of elastic force model for wheel/rail contact problems

In this investigation, a new formulation for the wheel/rail contact problem based on the elastic force approach is presented. Crucial to the success of any elastic force formulation for the wheel/rail contact problem is the accurate prediction of the location of the contact points. To this end, features of multibody formulations that allow introducing additional differential equations are exploited in this investigation in order to obtain a good estimate of the rail arc length travelled by the wheel set. In the formulation presented in this paper, four parameters are used to describe the wheel and the rail surfaces. In order to determine the location of the points of contact between the wheel and the rail, a first order differential equation for the rail arc length is introduced and is integrated simultaneously with the multibody equations of motion of the wheel/rail system. The method presented in this paper allows for multiple points of contact between the wheel and the rail by using an optimized search for all possible contact points. The normal contact forces are calculated and used with non-linear expressions for the creepages to determine the creep forces. The paper also discusses two different procedures for the analysis of the two-point contact in the wheel/rail interaction. Numerical results obtained using the elastic force model are presented and compared with the results obtained using the constraint approach.     

A muti-channel distributed DAQ for n-TPC

A new fast neutron spectrometer named n-TPC has been designed by LPRI (Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, Ministry of Education) at Tsinghua University. The neutron energy spectrum can be calculated from the recoil angle and energy of the recoil proton detected by a 704-pad GEM-TPC. In beam tests at IHIP (Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University) in 2014, n-TPC performed better than 6%@6 MeV energy resolution and 5‰ detection efficiency. To find the best working parameters (the component and proportion of the gas, the high voltage between each GEM layer, etc.) of the n-TPC and support its application in various conditions, a multichannel distributed DAQ has been {designed} to read out the signals from the 704 channels. With over 25 Ms/s sampling rate and 12 bit resolution for each channel, it can record the time and amplitude information as well as traditional DAQs in the TPC application domain. The main design objective of this distributed DAQ, however, is more flexible parameter modulation and operation. It can support the n-TPC without the limitation of the chassis and categorize signals arriving from the 704 channels at the same time by different events without event triggers.     

Design and study of a high-current 5-cell superconducting rf cavity

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory is considering the development of a superconducting linac-based fourth-generation hard X-ray source to meet future scientific needs of the hard X-ray user community. This work specifically focuses on the design of an optimized 5-cell superconducting radio-frequency structure well suited for a high-energy, high-beam-current energy recovery linac. The cavity design parameters are based on the APS storage ring nominal 7 GeV and 100 mA beam operation. A high-current 5-cell cw superconducting cavity operating at 1.4 GHz has been designed. In order to achieve a high current, the accelerating cavity shape has been optimized and large end-cell beam pipes have been adopted. The beam break-up threshold of the cavity has been estimated using the code TDBBU, which predicts a high threshold beam current for a 7 GeV energy recovery linac model. A copper prototype cavity has been fabricated that uses half-cell modules, initially assembled by clamping the cells together.     

半无限晶体中慢速运动的表面极化子

本文研究电子与体纵光学声子耦合弱、与表面光学声子耦合强的半无限晶体中的表面极化子的性质.采用改进了的线性组合算符法和微扰法导出了半无限晶体中的慢速运动极化子的有效哈密顿量.在计及电子在反冲效应中发射和吸收的不同波矢的声子之间的相互作用时,讨论了对有效哈密顿量,诱生势和有效质量的影响.对AgBr晶体进行了数值计算,结果表明反冲效应中发射和吸收的不同波矢的声子之间的相互作用对有效质量和诱生势的影响随耦合常数αt的增加而增加,对有效质量的影响随坐标z的增加而减小的更多,对诱生势的影响随z的增加而增加的更多.