Equations for domain walls in a coordinate system of the ferroelectric phase

Two methods are suggested for writing equations for domain walls in a coordinate system of the ferroelectric phase in ferroelastics and multiaxial ferroelectrics. The equations for domain walls in ferroelectric barium titanate and ferroelastic lead orthophosphate are derived. It is shown that suborientation states are possible in these crystals. The suggested methods make it possible to find the matrices of the transformation from the coordinate system of the paraelectric phase to a coordinate system of the ferroelectric phase for each orientation state.     

Anomalous losses of lead in crystallization of the perovskite phase in thin PZT films

A study has been performed of the mechanisms underlying evolvement of excess lead oxide from lead zirconate titanate films grown ex-situ in two different regimes by magnetron sputtering. In the first case, crystallization of the dense phase of perovskite passed through an intermediate “porous” phase, and in the second, straight through. It has been found that the anomalously large losses of lead are caused by migration of lead over interphase porous boundaries to the surface of the films and depend strongly on the regime of film preparation. The unusual variation of film composition with increasing annealing temperature has been discussed.     

Phase compensation of laser beam modes: II. Optimization techniques

Phase compensation can lead to a significant improvement in the intensity characteristics of high order laser beam modes. Optimal design procedures for phase compensation structures are described, and the behaviour of the higher order spatial harmonics is considered in detail. The effects of possible phase errors are also derived analytically.     

Specific features of the thermal physical properties of relaxor ceramics based on lead zirconate titanate

The heat capacity and thermal expansion of ferroelectric relaxors based on lead zirconate titanate are studied near the diffuse phase transition. It is shown that no spontaneous phase transitions from the paraelectric phase to the ferroelectric phase and from the relaxor state to the normal ferroelectric state occur in an ensemble of nanometer-sized polar regions. It is noted that the transitions can be caused only by external electric fields or storage for a fairly long time.     

Theoretical Analysis of the Critical Phenomena of a Brillouin Laser

The critical phenomena of a Brillouin laser are analyzed theoretically. The results show that the behavior of a Brillouin laser in the threshold region is a second-order phase transition. The critical point of the phase transition is the gain threshold of the Brillouin laser, and the order parameter is the amplitude of the Stokes component in stimulated Brillouin scattering. The critical slow-down phenomenon and the typical characteristics in phase transition are demonstrated. Further work on the combination of nonlinear optics and phase transition in the Brillouin laser may lead to a new view and findings that could be significant for both fields.     

Pyroelectric and elastic properties of lead magnesium niobate-and barium titanate-based solid solutions near a phase transition

The pyroelectric, elastic, and electrostrictive properties of lead magnesium niobate-and barium titanate-based solid solutions were studied under a dc electric field near a phase transition. The results obtained for a relaxor transition (in a lead magnesium scandium niobate solid solution) are compared with those derived for a conventional ferroelectric transition (in a barium strontium titanate solid solution). The dielectric and electromechanical contributions to the induced pyroelectric effect are discussed.     

Boron and indium substitution in GaAs(0 0 1) surfaces: Density-functional supercell calculations of the surface stability

Using the density-functional method and surface supercells the surface formation energies are calculated for the most stable GaAs(0 0 1) surface reconstructions without and with up to four indium or/and boron substitutions. Optimal conditions for the growth of the alloys are derived from calculated surface stability diagrams. The incorporation of indium into GaAs without phase separation is possible under strong As-rich conditions and medium to In-rich conditions. Less As-rich conditions can lead to the formation of an InAs phase. Ga-rich conditions give an InGa phase. Isovalent boron incorporation into GaAs without phase separation is possible under strong arsenic and reduced boron exposure. A BAs phase can be formed under more B-rich conditions. More Ga-rich conditions lead to the boron substitution in arsenic positions. The formed boron dimers can be a starting point for the formation of a boron phase. A true antisite boron substitution is less probable. Using the suitable growth conditions obtained for the ternary alloys it is energetically more favourable to incorporate both indium and boron (formation of BInGaAs) than to incorporate only one of the two elements (In or B). The antisite boron incorporation is not favoured in combination with isovalent boron or indium.     

Constraints on electroweak baryogenesis in models involving an extended Higgs sector

Consequences for electroweak baryogenesis within models featuring an extended Higgs sector are analyzed. The phenomenology of extensions of the scalar sector in the Standard Model and its significance for the electroweak phase transition are studied. Conditions for the effective potential of the two-doublet model that lead to a strong first-order phase transition necessary for generating the observed baryon-antibaryon asymmetry are determined.     

Diamond cubic phase of lead

Correlations are made between physical and structural properties of elements with a diamond cubic crystal structure and through extrapolation of these correlations information as to the nature of the hypothetical diamond cubic phase of lead is extracted. The region in pressure-temperature space where this phase is most likely to exist is discussed and possible methods to obtain such a phase are suggested.     

RbH2PO4不同相的铁电性和光学特性

利用第一性原理系统地研究了RbH2PO4晶格优化结构、总的和分的态密度、电荷密度分布。我们发现氧原子和Rb, H原子的杂化形成了两种离子群,在铁电相离子键和PO4四面体的耦合强度比顺电相更强。结果,通过P-O 和 H-O的距离改变电荷密度的再分布和PO4四面体的顺序旋转导致了铁电性的产生。两种类型粒子群的运动和自动成型畴壁导致了可以观测的焦热电流。     

Critical parameters of the temperature evolution of the two-doublet potential in the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model

Finite-temperature properties of the two-doublet extension of the scalar sector of the Standard Model and its special features concerning the electroweak phase transition are considered. Critical conditions for the temperature evolution of the effective potential in the two-doublet model that lead to a strong first-order phase transition, which is necessary for the generation of the observed baryon-antibaryon asymmetry, are determined.     

行波热声发动机容腔管和反馈管的调相作用研究

带环形圈的热声发动机是一种新型的行波型热声发动机,由于能够在环形圈内回热器附近调制出行波相位,因此具有比驻波发动机更高的效率。环形圈的反馈管和180度弯管分别在系统中起着感和容的作用,在相位的调制过程中它们起着至关重要的作用,尤其是对于感的作用比较强的小型系统,它们的作用更加突出。该文通过计算,分析了小型行波热声系统中感和容对于回热器入口处和回热器中心位置处的压力波动和体积流率相位的调制作用,以及这种调制作用对于效率,压力波动的幅值的影响。     

Mechanism of sonochemical excitation in the reactions of lead tetraacetate with some organic substrates

Strikingly contrasting positive and negative sonochemical effects were observed in the reactions of lead tetraacetate with styrene and 2-octanol, respectively. The decomposition of lead tetraacetate itself in the absence of a substrate is not accelerated by ultrasound. These results are consistent with the idea that the radical chain reaction of lead tetraacetate and styrene involves the bimolecular initiation step of the two species; under ultrasonic irradiation, styrene is excited in the gas phase of the cavity. The efficiency of the sonochemical excitation must be decisively different between the gas phase and the liquid shell of the cavity. The importance of the boiling point of a substrate involved in the radical initiation step is proposed as a hypothetical guideline in homogeneous sonochemistry.     

纳米PbTiO_3温致相变的原位高温拉曼光谱研究(英文)

采用钛酸丁脂和醋酸铅和溶胶凝胶法制备了纳米PbTiO3粉体。利用扫描电镜观察了经不同温度烧结后常温下粉体形貌及晶粒尺寸,得到不同尺寸(5 0～1 0 0nm)的纳米粉体。同时观察了升温条件下的温致拉曼光谱,分析了不同温度热处理后粉体的相,高温原位拉曼光谱表明了烧绿石相是升温过程中四方相PbTiO3向立方相结构转变必须经过的过渡相。另外,对高温下挥发的粉体进行研究发现,煅烧PbTiO3粉体可以得到不同尺寸的烧绿石相结构粉体     

利用随机相位实现Duffing系统的混沌控制

基于线性随机系统Khasminskii球面坐标变换, 计算了谐和激励中含有随机相位的Duffing 方程的最大Lyapunov指数. 依据平均最大Lyapunov指数符号的变化, 分析随机相位对非线性系统动力学行为的影响.说明随机相位可以产生混沌亦可抑制混沌, 从而可以作为混沌控制的一种方法. 结合对相图、Poincaré截面、时间历程图的分析, 说明上述方法是有效的. 关键词： 随机相位 混沌控制 最大Lyapunov指数 Poincaré截面     

Fast resistive reconnection regime in the nonlinear evolution of double tearing modes

Phases of nonlinear double tearing modes are studied numerically. The first two phases lead to the formation and growth of magnetic islands and are followed by a fast reconnection phase to complete the process, driven by a process of neighboring magnetic separatrices merging and magnetic islands coupling. The fast growth can be understood as a result of the island interaction equivalent to a steadily inward flux boundary driven. Resistivity dependences for various phases are studied and shown by scaling analysis for the first time. It is found that after an early Sweet-Parker phase with a eta(1/2)-scale, a slow nonlinear phase in a Rutherford regime with a eta(1)-scale is followed by the fast reconnection phase with a eta(1/5)-scale.     

Antiferroelectric and ferroelectric phase transitions of the displacive and order-disorder type in PbZrO3 and PbZr1-xTi x O3 single crystals

For PbZrO₃ and PbZr_0.99Ti_0.01O₃ single crystals the first order Raman light scattering spectra in the paraelectric phase have been analysed. In lead zirconate two kinds of crystals, with and without a transient phase, were investigated. It was found that temperature dependence of the defect-induced soft mode frequency in the paraelectric phase has a negligible contribution to the low-frequency dielectric response. From the point of view of strong dielectric relaxation in the range of 10⁶–10⁹ Hz, which originates in a disorder of the lead sites, crossover of the order-disorder and displacive type of antiferroelectric phase transition in lead zirconate is considered: the phase transition mechanism is neither purely displacive nor order-disorder. Contribution of physical phenomena responsible for the ε(ω,T) dielectric response at low frequencies of an external electric field are described.     

Thermo-field dynamics and quark–hadron phase transition in QCD

Based on the topological structure of gauge theory, an effective dual version of QCD has been reviewed and analyzed for the phase structure and color confining properties of QCD by invoking the dynamical magnetic symmetry breaking. The multi-flux-tube configuration of condensed QCD vacuum has been explored and associated glueball masses and inter-quark potential have been derived. Thermal response of QCD vacuum has been analyzed using path-integral formalism alongwith the mean-field approach and associated thermodynamical potential is used to derive thermal form of glueball masses, monopole condensate, inter-quark potential and monopole density which then lead to an estimate of the critical temperature of QCD phase transition. During its thermal evolution, a smooth transition of hadronic system via a weakly bound QGP phase to the fully deconfined phase is established and the thermal evolution profiles of various parameters are shown to indicate a second-order deconfinement phase transition and the restoration of magnetic symmetry. Monopole density calculations have been shown to lead to gradual evaporation of magnetic condensate into thermal monopoles during QCD phase transition.     

Acoustic properties of biaxial crystal of double lead molybdate Pb2MoO5

The acoustic properties of crystalline double lead molybdate, which are promising for acoustooptics, have been investigated. All elasticity coefficients of Pb₂MoO₅ crystal, the phase velocities of acoustic waves, and the angles between the vectors of phase and group velocities of this material have been determined. The acoustic parameters of the crystal have been calculated based on experimental data from the Schaefer-Bergmann diagrams. The phase velocity of acoustic waves along some directions has also been determined by the standard (in acoustics) echo-pulse method.     

Compression and shear on lead in a rotational diamond anvil cell

By application of large plastic shear on a lead sample in a rotational diamond anvil cell, we studied the pressure self-multiplication and the stress deviation phenomena, along with the consequential effects on a phase transformation of lead. It is indicated that pressure can be promoted by the gradual addition of shear. The stress deviation in the sample along different Chi angles is minimal and within the systematic error range. It is thus specified that a quasi-hydrostatic condition is generated in the sample chamber. Moreover surprisingly, under such shear-controlled pressure elevation, the lead fcc-to-hcp phase transformation pressure is found to initiate and complete, respectively, at 12.8 and 18.5?GPa, which is identical to those observed in hydrostatic compressions. The phenomena of the so-launched quasi-hydrostatic pressure, the self-multiplication, along with the consequential effects on the phase transformation properties by shear at pressures are expected to lead to further understanding of materials as well as to potential new technologies at extremes.