二维阵列狭缝阿达玛光谱仪波长准确度研究

二维阵列狭缝模板是阿达玛编码模板的一种新的设计思想,分析了模板上同列狭缝的加工误差对仪器波长准确度的不利影响,在此基础上,给出了减少同列狭缝高度、垂直光谱维方向上位置不一致性误差对仪器波长准确度影响的方法,以及同列狭缝在光谱维方向上位置不一致导致解码所得谱线产生的光谱偏移量的粗略估计方法,并建立模型进行仿真,计算了当模板上某列狭缝存在宽度、光谱维方向上位置不一致性误差时,解码所得其他各列狭缝谱线分布上测量误差的大小,根据仿真结果可以初步确定模板的加工精度。通过该研究有助于合理设计MEMS(微机电系统)二维阵列狭缝模板,获得对系统误差的有效补偿,提高仪器的波长准确度。     

推扫误差对计算光谱成像数据重构的影响分析

计算光谱成像技术利用计算方法改变传统成像方式,在光路中引入编码模板实现正变换,最后通过逆变换获得目标光谱数据立方体。介绍了一种推扫式编码孔径计算光谱成像仪的成像原理,在实际应用中,其推扫速度与帧频的匹配误差会影响光谱数据重构的准确性。在建立了推扫模型的基础上,得到了重构数据的误差项,分析了匹配误差对光谱数据重构的影响,并引入光谱二次导数误差和strehl比分别作为复原光谱和空间图像的评价参数,进行了数据仿真分析,结果表明,当一组完整数据的累积误差超过一个像元时,明暗变化剧烈的区域恢复结果比较差,而对比较均匀的区域影响不大;累计误差不超过0.5个像元时,各通道的strehl比均在0.9以上,并且光谱能量越低的通道strehl比越小,因此编码模板的行列数越多平台的稳定性要求越高。     

编码孔径光谱成像仪光学简化彗差对图谱反演误差分析

编码孔径光谱成像技术是近年来发展起来的一种新型光谱成像技术, 该技术在一次像面采用特定的编码模板对目标进行编码, 结合特殊的采样成像方式, 获得满足景物重构的采样数据量, 实现了空间信息和光谱信息的高精度重构, 具有高光通量、高信噪比等优势.但该技术实际的光学系统设计, 以及相应加工和装调过程中各种误差的存在, 将逐一传递反映到探测器精度与编码后图谱采样精度的不匹配, 这会引发最终重构图谱质量降低.本文侧重分析研究光学系统设计和研制装调中光学彗差相对设计值间存在的偏差, 通过几何光线追迹与波前像差联合计算的方法, 在成像面仿真出不同数值程度的彗差矩阵, 并以此来分析不同彗差下对重构图像质量的影响结果.并用其分析结论作为依据, 改进了编码孔径光谱成像仪的设计和研制, 提供了相应图像成像反演结果, 由此确保了编码孔径光谱成像仪的成像优势.     

基于二进制小波变换和改进SPIHT算法的图像编码方法

提出了一种基于二进制小波变换和改进SPIHT算法的图像编码方法.二进制小波变换将图像从实数域变换到实数域,消除像素之间的空间冗余性,得到了具有整数准确度的紧致描述.针对传统SPIHT算法解码图像视觉效果差的缺点,提出了改进方法.根据图像分析结果,将二进制小波变换变换系数按视觉重要性重新排序,通过对视觉重要系数优先编码,把量化误差集中在视觉不敏感区域,从而在不影响编码率失真性能的同时,有效地提高了解码图像的视觉效果.实验结果表明,和其它流行的编码算法相比,本文算法对不同性质的图像具有最优的编码性能和视觉效果.     

压缩感知光谱成像技术的编码孔径与探测器匹配优化

编码孔径光谱成像仪在实际应用中存在着编码模板与探测器分辨率不匹配从而降低系统分辨率的问题。针对该问题进行了两种情况分析,并通过数学理论建模给出了相应的解决方案。对于编码模板分辨率高于探测器分辨率这一情况,提出引入邻域嵌入超分辨技术的方法,实现了基于压缩感知的超分辨光谱成像。对于编码模板分辨率低于探测器分辨率这一情况,提出区块阈值划分的编码孔径,将编码微元按照区块阈值重新划分并进行灰度分级,从而实现低分辨率编码模板的高分辨率编码孔径。利用梯度投影稀疏重构(GPSR)算法进行数据立方体重建,实验结果表明:运用基于超分辨理论的编码孔径快照光谱成像系统所测得的光谱图像更精准,内容更丰富;采用基于区块阈值划分的编码孔径的编码孔径快照光谱成像系统具有更高的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率。结果证实优化后的编码孔径快照光谱成像系统,其分辨率和成像质量大幅度提升,并实现了高分辨率元件的100%利用。     

基于编码孔径的一维光谱压缩方法研究

在研究现有光谱压缩概念和方法的基础上,提出一种新型的压缩方法。不同于各种基于软件算法的光谱压缩,提出一种利用编码孔径的硬件实现方法。在光学系统中加入编码孔径对光谱进行光学压缩,可以实现光谱数据的瞬时编码,经编码孔径压缩的光谱可以通过与编码形式对应的解码算法重建。在此基础上研究了编码解码的具体形式。提出基于小波变换和缺陷矩阵理论的两种编码板形式,以及基于小波逆变换和稀疏矩阵梯度投影的迭代算法的解码重建算法。用实物光谱进行模拟,比较不同的编码形式的压缩比和保真度。提出存在采用低采样频率压缩编码还原具体光谱信息的可能性,并总结了压缩编码的一般原则。     

单色散压缩编码光谱成像系统研究

随着光谱成像技术向高空间分辨率、高光谱分辨率、高信噪比方向发展, 传统的光谱成像系统面临着数据采集量过大的问题,同时,系统分辨率受探测器帧频与像元尺寸影响较大、大口径长焦距系统难于精密装调、系统能量受限引起信噪比提高困难。为了解决上述问题,研究了一种单色散压缩编码光谱成像系统, 并针对国内压缩编码光谱成像系统工程实现与试验验证不足的问题,重点研究了该新系统的设计与实现,模板平移下的系统数学模型及多帧重构算法,并给出实际样机试验及数据处理结果。最后,根据试验情况,总结提出该新技术后续发展需重点关注的研究内容,包括编码模板误差分析,多维稀疏重构模型与算法,压缩编码光谱成像系统标定技术,重构算法/重构图谱评价技术。单色散压缩编码光谱成像系统通过编码、色散、甚至下采样,由探测器接收得到成像观测图像,然后,利用该成像数据,通过重构算法,得到目标光谱图像数据,其优点是低数据量采样、工程实现硬件要求减低、多通道高通量探测。相关研究结果表明,该系统获取的数据有效,样机设计合理,重构算法与标定方法较为准确,其得到的字母HSI目标光谱图像的空间信息清晰,光谱信息较为准确,符合钨灯光谱,其系统设计与实现具有工程可行性。     

基于DMD的哈达玛变换成像光谱仪中交错编码像素点的研究

近年来在哈达玛变换成像光谱仪研究领域中最重要的技术革新在于数字微镜器件在这种光谱仪中的应用,但同时也带来了一些相应的技术问题需要克服。详细的描述和分析了由于数字微镜器件在哈达玛变换光谱仪中的应用导致的编码图像上的部分像素点出现的一种交错编码现象;这种特殊的像素点,编码过程不符合哈达玛变换,在光谱复原过程中需要特殊处理。针对这种交错编码像素点,提出了一种标识方法和解码方法。实验中,向光谱仪中导入一束激光并充满整个视场,在编码的激光图像中确定交错编码像素点的位置。然后变换编码模板上哈达玛编码码道的空间位置,采集两组针对目标的编码图像,通过观察编码图像上一个像素点的灰度值组成的列向量中非零常量与零元素的个数,可以分辨它是否是一个交错编码像素点。其中一组编码图像上交错编码像素点光谱曲线可以通过对另一组编码图像上相应位置的像素点进行哈达玛反变换得到。实线结果证明了这一方法的可行性。     

空间调制干涉型阿达玛变换光谱成像仪

简要叙述了色散型阿达玛变换光谱成像仪的原理及仪器构成,指出其存在空间信息与光谱信息的错位和光谱分辨率受阿达玛编码模板码元宽度制约的缺陷.提出空间调制干涉型阿达玛变换光谱成像技术原理及仪器,利用横向剪切干涉仪获得所有阿达玛编码光信息在不同光程差处的干涉信号,对干涉谱进行傅哩叶变换和阿达玛变换得到目标的光谱.理论分析表明,干涉图的调制度不受阿达玛模板形状、大小等因素的影响,光谱分辨率与阿达玛模板的尺寸无关,不但避免了色散型阿达玛变换光谱成像仪中空间信息和光谱信息的错位,而且高能量通过率、高空间分辨率和高光谱分辨率成像容易同时实现.     

频谱编码深度成像实验研究

频谱编码显微镜是用衍射光栅和光谱分析装置来获得显微图像.样品上不同的位置被不同的波长照明,通过对反射光光谱进行解码来得到空间信息.搭建了一个基于超连续光源和自制光谱仪的频谱编码显微成像系统,其横向分辨率为1.72±0.13μm(编码线方向)和1.26±0.08μm(垂直于编码线方向),测得不同横向位置处的轴向分辨率有差异.对离体猪肝组织不同部位进行了成像(可见血管、肝窦内皮细胞和肝细胞);对鸡心组织以10μm深度间隔进行成像,测得不同深度处结构信息不一样.结果表明,采用该频谱编码成像的方法能够进行高分辨的深度成像.     

Analysis and study of the interlaced encoding pixels in Hadamard transform spectral imager based on DMD

The key innovation in Hadamard transform spectral imager (HTSI) introduced recently is the use of digital micro-mirror device (DMD) to encode spectral information. However, because the size of individual micro-mirrors does not match the detector pixel size or for other unavoidable errors in the optical design and the system assembling, an interlaced encoding phenomenon appears on some pixels of the encoded images obtained from the detector. These interlaced encoding pixels are not encoded based on Hadamard transform, so they should be processed specially in spectrum recovery. This paper analyzes the interlaced encoding phenomenon and proposes a positioning method and a decoding method for the interlaced encoding pixels on the encoded images. In our experiment, we direct a beam of laser into our HTSI and fill the entire field of view; by observing the column vector, which is made up of the gray values of a pixel on the encoded images from the detector in sequence, the interlaced encoding pixels can be distinguished easily and a coefficient is obtained simultaneously, which denotes the ratio of the area between the left part and the right part of the interlaced encoding pixel. By substituting the coefficient and the encoded gray values of the interlaced pixel into its encoding equation, we can recover the spectral elements of the interlaced pixel with ease. By comparing the spectral curve of the interlaced encoding pixels recovered by the method mentioned in this paper and the spectral curves of its two adjacent pixels, we find the decoding results are quite effective.     

Synthetic aperture radar image correlation by use of preprocessing for enhancement of scattering centers

We demonstrate that a significant improvement can be obtained in the recognition of complicated synthetic aperture radar images taken from the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisitions and Recognition database. These images typically have a low number of scattering centers and high noise. We first preprocess the images and the templates formed from them so that their scattering centers are enhanced. Our technique can produce high-quality performance in several correlation criteria. For realistic automatic target recognition systems, our approach should make it easy to implement optical recognition systems with binarized data for many different types of correlation filter and should have a great effect on feeding data-compressed (binarized) information into either digital or optical processors.     

Incoherent digital holographic spectral imaging with high accuracy of image pixel registration

Fresnel incoherent correlation holography(FINCH) is a unique three-dimensional(3 D) imaging technique which has the advantages of scanning-free,high resolution,and easy matching with existing mature optical systems.In this article,an incoherent digital holographic spectral imaging method with high accuracy of spectral reconstruction based on liquid crystal tunable filter(LCTF) and FINCH is proposed.Using the programmable characteristics of spatial light modulator(SLM),a series of phase masks,none of whose focal lengths changes with wavelength,is designed and made.For each wavelength of LCTF output,SLM calls three phase masks with different phase constants at the corresponding wavelength,and CCD records three holograms.The spectral images obtained by this method have a constant magnification,which can achieve pixel-level image registration,restrain image registration errors,and improve spectral reconstruction accuracy.The results show that this method can not only obtain the 3 D spatial information and spectral information of the object simultaneously,but also have high accuracy of spectral reconstruction and excellent color reproducibility.     

Effect of Scattering on Spectral Imaging of Exposed Cortical Tissue for Brain Function Measurement

Optical imaging of an exposed cortex for brain function measurement is an attractive method for both clinical and physiological investigations. Spectral imaging of the exposed cortical tissue enables measurement of the activity-dependent changes in oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin independently. Since the diffusely reflected light from the exposed cortex is highly scattered in the cortical tissue, the wavelength dependence of the optical properties of the tissue is likely to affect the images of oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin changes obtained from the spectral images. In this study, the spectral images of the model of exposed cortical tissue are calculated by Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the influence of blurring by tissue scattering on the brain function measurement by the imaging. The images of the change in oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin obtained from the spectral images at near infrared wavelengths are broadened and blurred due to the scattering in the cortical tissue. The influence of cross talk is more significant in the image calculated from the spectral images at the visible wavelengths. Inappropriate choice of the spectral range of images might increase cross talk and error in the images of oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin changes.     

A mathematical model of medial consonant identification by cochlear implant users

The multidimensional phoneme identification model is applied to consonant confusion matrices obtained from 28 postlingually deafened cochlear implant users. This model predicts consonant matrices based on these subjects' ability to discriminate a set of postulated spectral, temporal, and amplitude speech cues as presented to them by their device. The model produced confusion matrices that matched many aspects of individual subjects' consonant matrices, including information transfer for the voicing, manner, and place features, despite individual differences in age at implantation, implant experience, device and stimulation strategy used, as well as overall consonant identification level. The model was able to match the general pattern of errors between consonants, but not the full complexity of all consonant errors made by each individual. The present study represents an important first step in developing a model that can be used to test specific hypotheses about the mechanisms cochlear implant users employ to understand speech.     

不同分辨率无人机数码影像的马铃薯地上生物量估算研究

地上生物量（AGB）是表征作物生命活动的重要参数,对作物长势监测和产量预测尤为关键。因此,快速准确地获取AGB信息,对于监测作物生长状况、指导农业管理和提高产量具有重要的意义。以无人机为平台搭载数码相机传感器,因机动性强、价格低、空间分辨率高的优势,能够及时准确的估算作物AGB,已成为遥感估算研究的热点之一。由于无人机不同飞行高度及其对应不同分辨率数码影像的AGB估算模型精度不同,因此,尝试在马铃薯的块茎增长期,通过设置10,20,30,40和50 m共5种无人机飞行高度,获取不同分辨率的数码影像,探究其对以光谱信息、纹理特征和光谱信息+纹理特征构建AGB模型精度的影响。首先,基于无人机数码影像,分别提取光谱信息和纹理特征,通过光谱信息构建的植被指数和纹理特征,分别结合地面试验获取的实测地上部生物量数据进行相关性分析,分别筛选了相关系数绝对值较大的前10个影像指数和前8个纹理特征。然后,分别以3种输入变量整合方差膨胀因子（VIF）进行主成分分析（PCA）降维处理,获得最佳主成分后以多元线性回归（MLR）构建AGB估算模型。最后,对比不同分辨率的数码影像以3种变量和同种分辨率下以同种变量构建的AGB估测模型效果。结果发现：（1）获得的影像分辨率在0.43~2.05 cm之间变化时,纹理特征与马铃薯AGB相关性弱于植被指数,但都达到极显著相关水平（p<0.01）,随着数码影像分辨率降低,二者相关性差异明显。（2）同种分辨率影像下,光谱信息+纹理特征估算AGB的效果最优,其次为单一纹理特征模型,而单一光谱模型表现效果最差。（3）随着数码影像分辨率提高,光谱信息、纹理信息以及光谱+纹理信息估算AGB的精度逐渐变好。     

基于LIBS技术的钢铁合金中Cr和Ni元素SVM定量分析方法研究

针对钢铁合金样品中存在基体效应复杂的问题,通过优化支持向量机模型的输入特征,建立多元素变量的定量分析模型,预测钢铁合金样品中Cr和Ni元素的含量。研究结果表明,分别以特征谱线的峰值强度和积分强度作为支持向量机模型的输入时,积分强度因为包含了谱线的谱宽和形状信息,模型训练效果较好;相比于单一元素谱线的特征信息,采用多元素的多条谱线信息输入支持向量机模型时,模型训练效果较好,这是由于多种谱线信息的输入可以有效校正基体效应的影响。在此基础上,通过归一化变量将内标法与多变量定标方法有效结合,不仅可以减小实验测量误差还能有效校正基体效应的影响,而且有效提高了模型的重复率和准确率。归一化变量作为支持向量机模型的输入变量,对待测样品S₁和S₂中Cr元素含量预测的相对误差为6.58%和1.12%,对Ni元素浓度预测的相对误差为13.4%和4.71%。通过归一化变量将内标法与多变量定标方法有效结合,可以充分发挥SVM算法的非线性学习优势,为LIBS技术应用于复杂样品定量定标分析提供理论基础。     

Encryption by using matrix-added, or matrix-multiplied input images placed in the input plane of a double random phase encoding geometry

In this paper, we describe image encryption by combining the images with several matrices made with letters/numerals and placed in the input plane of a double random phase encoding (DRPE) system. Addition or multiplication of several such matrices with an input image provides a modified image pattern which is encrypted in a DRPE system utilizing the 4-f geometry. For gray scale images, the results of encryption in case of addition of matrices are found more reliable and secure as compared to the results of multiplication. Simulation results are presented in support of the idea. Reliability of the technique has been established by evaluating the mean square-error (MSE) between the decrypted and the original image.     

Mueller matrix-based optimization of reflective type twisted nematic liquid crystal SLM at oblique incidences

Mueller matrix measurements were used to characterize the polarization properties of liquid crystal-based reflective type twisted nematic (TN) special light modulator (SLM) at oblique incidence of the laser beam. The experimentally obtained Mueller matrices were used to obtain the combination of polarization optics required to optimize it for phase only modulation. The results indicate that minimum intensity modulation is obtained with the use of a polarizer followed by a quarter wave plate (QWP) in polarization state generator (PSG) arm and a QWP followed by an analyzer in polarization state analyzer arm (PSA). Polarization parameters such as retardance, rotation and depolarization were calculated from the experimentally obtained Mueller matrices using polar decomposition method at different angle of incidences of the laser beam and the results has been discussed. The similarity between retardance and depolarization curve as a function of address voltage of TNSLM indicated that depolarization is mainly associated with errors in retardance values. Further, spectral Mueller matrix measurements were used to obtain intensity modulation response in the range of wavelengths 450-700 nm for broadband applications.