基于氧化石墨烯涂层的侧抛光纤马赫-曾德尔干涉仪温湿度传感器

对基于微锥的侧抛光纤马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)结构进行了理论和实验研究。与传统没有经过侧边抛磨的光纤MZI相比,可以看出控制光纤侧抛深度可以有效地提高MZI结构的折射率传感性能。研究结果表明:侧抛深度达41.7μm时,折射率在1.34附近的传感灵敏度达-117.145 nm/RIU。利用侧抛光纤MZI结构结合亲水性材料氧化石墨烯(GO),通过将其沉积在侧抛光纤MZI表面,实现了对温度和湿度双参量的同时测量。温度和相对湿度(RH)的传感灵敏度分别达131.77 pm/℃和-76.1 pm/%RH。所提侧抛光纤MZI传感器结构具有灵敏度高、低成本和制备简单等优点,在生物化学传感领域具有广泛的应用前景。     

光纤布拉格光栅与空芯光纤多模干涉混合型温度应变双参量传感器

针对光纤应变传感器由于温度敏感而引入的测量问题,提出了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅和空芯光纤多模干涉效应的混合型温度-应变双参量传感器。该传感器由两根单模光纤与一段内径小于单模光纤纤芯直径的空芯光纤熔接制成,其中一根单模光纤的光纤端面附近预刻一组光纤布拉格光栅。空芯光纤长度为厘米量级,光波以多模形式在空芯光纤侧壁中传播。结合光纤布拉格光栅和空芯光纤多模干涉效应对温度和应变的不同响应灵敏度,通过求解双参数耦合矩阵同时获取温度和应变两个参量,并有效解决了单个传感器在温度或应变测量时的温度-应变交叉敏感性问题。采用中心波长为1 550.172 nm的光纤布拉格光栅与一段长为2.5 cm、内径为5μm的空芯光纤制备了相应的传感器,并进行了温度和应变测试。结果表明,光纤布拉格光栅和空芯光纤的温度灵敏度分别达到10.530 6 pm/℃和1.802 1 pm/℃,应变灵敏度分别达到0.720 7 pm/με和1.243 2 pm/με。     

用光子晶体光纤光栅实现温度、应力和气体浓度的同时传感

为了解决传统光纤传感在传感不同物理参量时需要多个传感器的问题,并拓展光纤在同时传感多参量方面的应用,结合光子晶体光纤（PCF）中基模与高阶模光的不同传感特性以及气体吸收传感原理,在PCF传感温度、应力双参量的实验基础上,应用理论分析的手段探讨了同时传感温度、应力和气体浓度3种参量的方法。给出了3种参量的计算式并进行了数值模拟,最后设计了一套相对简单、性价比高的传感解调系统。理论分析和数值模拟表明:温度在0℃以上时可以获得高于0.98 pm/℃的温度灵敏度;基模光应力灵敏度为1.2 pm/,高阶模光可获得高于0.83 pm/的应力灵敏度;长度较短的光子晶体光纤能够测量较高的气体浓度。本方案使用2个写入光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）的PCF作为传感器同时传感温度、应力和气体浓度3种参量,能够有效降低传感成本,拓宽气体、液体传感研究的思路。     

同时测量扭转角度和扭转方向的侧漏光子晶体光纤扭转传感器

基于所研制的侧漏型光子晶体光纤,提出并构建了出一种同时检测扭转角度 和扭转方向的高灵敏度Sagnac干涉仪型光纤扭转传感器.顺时针扭转时, 传感器传输谱向短波长方向偏移;逆时针扭转,向长波长方向偏移. 对传感器扭转特性的实验研究结果表明,构成Sagnac干涉仪的侧漏型光子晶体光纤的长度, 对扭转敏感系数和扭转角度测量范围起着决定性作用.当光纤长度较短时, 扭转传感器具有较大的扭转灵敏度,但扭转角度测量范围较小;光纤长度增加时,扭转灵敏度减小, 扭转角度测量范围增大.当构成Sagnac干涉仪的侧漏型光子晶体光纤长度为14.85 cm时, 传感器的扭转敏感系数可达到0.9354 nm/(°),扭转角度测量范围为-90°—90°; 光纤长度为32 cm时,最大扭转敏感系数降为0.2132 nm/(°), 扭转角度测量范围扩展至-180°—180°. 采用二维测量矩阵法可以有效排除温度对扭转角度的测量的影响. 关键词： 光纤传感器 侧漏型光子晶体光纤 扭转传感器 Sagnac干涉仪     

基于多芯光纤级联布喇格光纤光栅的横向压力与温度同时测量

提出并制作了一种基于多芯光纤与单模光纤错位构成的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪,将其与光纤布喇格光栅级联,形成的全光纤传感系统可实现横向压力和温度双参量同时测量.马赫-曾德尔干涉仪是利用多芯光纤和单模光纤的模场不匹配而发生模间干涉,当外界横向压力直接作用在多芯光纤内部光场,干涉仪具有较高的灵敏度.实验结果表明:马赫-曾德尔干涉仪压力灵敏度为28.57nm/(N·mm~(-1)),线性度为0.997,而光纤布喇格光栅在一定范围内对压力变化不敏感;马赫-曾德干涉仪和光纤布喇格光栅对温度变化都具有较高的线性度,温度灵敏度分别为56.1pm/℃和11.3pm/℃.对于分辨率为0.02nm的光谱仪,传感器可实现的压力和温度测量分辨率分别为7.0×10~(-4)N/mm和0.03℃.马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的透射谱和光纤布拉光栅的谐振峰对横向压力和温度的变化有不同的光谱响应,利用光谱仪对传感器的透射谱实时监测,方便地实现了压力与温度双参量的测量.该传感器结构简单,灵敏度高,可用于不同领域的压力传感.     

功能型液体折射率与温度双参量光纤传感教学实验

设计了光电专业光纤传感单参量测量向双参量升级的简易实验方案,采用宽带掺铒光纤放大器作为光源,光纤双锥马赫-曾德尔干涉仪结合光纤布拉格光栅作为液体折射率与温度双参量传感器,光谱仪测量特征波长变化用于待测量解调.经测试,功能型液体折射率与温度双参量光纤传感系统的折射率传感灵敏度为-34.663nm/RIU,温度传感灵敏度为10pm/℃.     

高灵敏度光纤应变传感器

提出一种基于锥形光纤和光纤F-P腔组合结构的光纤应变传感器。该传感器包含单模光纤拉锥形成的锥区和石英毛细管构建的F-P腔2个应变敏感区域。理论分析了光波在该传感器中的传播过程,获得了该传感器的光强传输函数。由于锥形光纤中激发出的包层高阶模参与干涉,导致传感器干涉光谱具有调制特性。实验获得了该传感器的干涉光谱,通过分析谐振波长偏移或消光比变化对应变实现独立测量,在0~500 με的测量范围内,该传感器的应变灵敏度为14.6 pm/με。利用锥形光纤引发的模式干涉和F-P腔的双光束干涉效应共同作用形成受调制的干涉谱型进行应变传感,应变灵敏度高,同时具备2种独立的应变检测手段(谐振波长和消光比检测)。     

合金钢封装光纤Bragg光栅传感器传感特性的研究

提出了一种光纤光栅新型合金钢封装结构。利用等强度悬臂梁和温度控制箱对合金钢封装光纤布拉格光栅的应力和温度传感特性进行了测量。实验表明,采用该种封装的光纤光栅传感器保持了裸光纤光栅的响应灵敏度,其拉应变灵敏度系数为1.17pm/με,压应变灵敏度系数为1.2pm/με,温度灵敏度系数为11.3pm/℃,线性响应度在0.9995以上,可满足实际应用的要求。     

基于粗锥结构级联LPFG的双包层光纤多参量传感器

提出了一种基于模间干涉的测量温度、折射率和轴向应变的光纤传感器.在单模光纤与双包层光纤熔接点处形成粗锥,再与两个周期不同的长周期光纤光栅级联,由于模场失配,激发高阶模,形成三个谐振峰,且对不同参量有不同的灵敏度响应,通过解调三个谐振峰的波长漂移,利用系数灵敏度矩阵,可以测量温度、折射率和轴向应变.实验结果表明,温度在25℃～75℃范围内,灵敏度分别为60.07 pm/℃,6.47 pm/℃和103.83 pm/℃;折射率在1.335 5～1.359 5范围内,灵敏度分别为-56.64 nm/RIU,34.02 nm/RIU和-214.84 nm/RIU;轴向应变在200με～1 400με范围内,灵敏度分别为-2.14 pm/με,-3.61 pm/με和-2.59 pm/με,且分辨率分别为1.29℃、0.000 42 RIU和21.42με.该传感器具有灵敏度高、线性度良好等优点,可广泛应用于多参量测量领域。     

基于保偏光子晶体光纤的Sagnac干涉温度与应变传感特性

提出一种基于Sagnac干涉原理的光纤传感器,并将其用于温度和应变的环境检测。实验中,选用乙醇溶液填充前后的保偏光子晶体光纤（PM-PCF）作为传感单元。首先,将未填充乙醇溶液的PM-PCF熔接到Sagnac干涉环路中,依靠PM-PCF基底材料的光热效应和光弹性效应,分别在26～50℃温度范围内和0～900μ?应变范围内,实现了-1.72 nm/℃的温度传感灵敏度和35.35 pm/μ?的应变灵敏度。然后,利用氮气加压装置,将乙醇溶液填充到PM-PCF包层空气孔内。这是利用功能材料的外场调谐作用来增强Sagnac干涉仪的传感性能。填充乙醇溶液后,该传感器的温度灵敏度达到-2.66 nm/℃,约为原始PM-PCF温度灵敏度的1.55倍。所提出的用于温度和应变测量的Sagnac干涉传感器结构较为简单,具有良好的迟滞性,对提升光纤传感灵敏度具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Torsion sensing with a fiber ring laser incorporating a pair of rotary long-period fiber gratings

We experimentally demonstrate a fiber ring laser for high-resolution torsion measurement, where the laser cavity consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer formed with a pair of long-period fiber gratings written in a twisted single-mode fiber by a CO₂ laser. The emitting wavelength of the laser provides a measure of the rate of the torsion applied to the grating pair, while the direction of the wavelength shift indicates the sense of the applied torsion. The narrow linewidth and the large side-mode suppression ratio of the laser can provide a much more precise measurement of torsion, compared with passive fiber-optic torsion sensors. The torsion sensitivity achieved is 0.084 nm/(rad/m) in the torsion range ± 100 rad/m, which corresponds to a torsion resolution of 0.12 rad/m, assuming a wavelength resolution of 10 pm for a typical optical spectrum analyzer. The ultimate resolution of the sensor is limited by the linewidth of the laser and could be an order of magnitude higher.     

Twist Sensitivity of Cladding-Mode Resonances and Its Cross-Sensitivity to Strain and Temperature in a Mechanically Induced Long-Period Fiber Grating

Abstract

Twist sensitivity of cladding-mode resonances in a mechanically induced long-period fiber grating formed over a single-mode fiber is experimentally demonstrated and theoretically analyzed. Of the two usual cladding-mode resonances corresponding to LP₁₁ and LP₁₂, higher-order mode LP₁₂ is more sensitive to twist in comparison with the lower-order mode LP₁₁. The extent of down-shifting of resonant wavelengths depends on twist-induced circular birefringence and the modal field distribution of the cladding-modes inside the fiber. When the fiber is severely twisted to 3.5 rad/cm, a shift sensitivity is observed of 1 nm/(rad/cm) for the LP₁₁ mode and 4.23 nm/(rad/cm) for the LP₁₂ mode. The fiber breaks when the twist rate exceeds 3.5 rad/cm. In comparison with LP₁₂, the LP₁₁ resonance is almost independent of the axial strain variation with an ultra-low sensitivity of 0.18 pm/με, and it is also almost insensitive to the temperature variation with a coefficient of 35 pm/°C. Forming the LP₁₁ resonance far away from its cut-off wavelength, a widely tunable band-pass filter is also demonstrated with a very high twist sensitivity of 8.75 nm/(rad/cm) and negligible cross-sensitivity to strain and temperature. The experimental and theoretical results are very useful in selecting sensitive and stable cladding-mode resonances in the design of new mechanically induced long-period fiber gratings based torsion sensors and tunable band-pass filters.     

Highly sensitive torsion sensor based on triangular-prism-shaped long-period fiber gratings

We propose and investigate a compact optical fiber sensor that aims to measure the torsion in both amount and direction with high sensitivity. This sensor is configured by a triangular-prism-shaped long-period fiber grating, which is fabricated by the high frequency CO_2 laser polished method. The unique design of the triangular-shaped structure breaks the rotational symmetry of the optical fiber and provides high sensitivity for torsion measurement. In preliminary experiments, the torsion response of the sensor achieves a good stability and linearity. The torsion sensitivity is 0.54 nm/(rad/m), which renders the proposed structure a highly sensitive torsion sensor.     

Single S-tapered fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers

A fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensor, novel to our knowledge, based on a single "S"-like fiber taper has been fabricated via applying nonaxial pull in fiber tapering by a fusion splicer. The typical feature size of the structure has a length of 660 μm and the axial offset of 96 μm. This S fiber taper MZI has a refractive index (RI) sensitivity of 1590 nm/refractive index unit in the RI range of 1.409-1.425 and a strain sensitivity of about -60 pm/microstrain, which is 30 times higher than that of the normal two-taper-based MZI sensors.     

长周期光纤光栅扭曲传感器

发现用高频CO2激光写入的长周期光纤光栅的谐振波长会随光栅扭曲而线性变化。当顺时针扭曲时，谐振波长向长波方向漂移；逆时针扭曲时，谐振波长向短波方向漂移。该新型扭曲传感器不但能实现对扭曲率的直接测量，而且能判断扭曲方向，因此具有广泛的应用前景。     

All-Fiber Dual-Parameter Sensor Based on Cascaded Long Period Fiber Grating Pair Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser and CO2 Laser

An all-fiber dual-parameter sensor based on cascaded long period grating pair fabricated by femtosecond laser and CO₂ laser has been proposed and realized both theoretically and experimentally. The resonant wavelengths of LPFGs are 1557.80 nm and 1590.88 nm. In the strain range of 0–400 με, strain sensitivities are ?7.2 pm/με for C-LPFG and ?1.6 pm/με for F-LPFG. In the temperature range of 30–70°C, temperature sensitivities are ?41.1 pm/°C for C-LPFG and ?21.2 pm/°C for F-LPFG. By analyzing the resonant wavelength characterization, the proposed sensor can be efficiently used for dual-parameters measurement with promising application prospect and great research reference value.     

Simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain using a long-period fiber grating with a micro-taper

An all-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) consisting of a long-period fiber grating with a micro-taper is proposed for simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain. The experimental results demonstrate that the temperature and strain sensitivities of the proposed MZI are 83 pm/°C and ?2.6 pm/με, respectively. The strain sensitivity is 20 times as high as that of a long-period fiber written by CO₂ laser pulses combined with a fiber bitaper. In addition, the interferometer requires only a common single-mode fiber, and it is easy to fabricate and is inexpensive for temperature and strain sensing applications.     

基于错位和花生形结构的全光纤马赫-曾德干涉仪的研究

研究了一种基于错位和花生形结构的全光纤马赫-曾德干涉仪,进行了液位和曲率的测量实验,利用错位结构将纤芯模式激发到包层,包层模式经过花生形结构被耦合到纤芯与原有的纤芯模式发生干涉。包层模式对外界物理量如折射率、应力的变化敏感,导致透射光谱漂移。波谷波长的漂移量与液位和曲率的变化成线性关系,利用波谷的漂移实现液位和曲率的测量。在液位实验中,在水位变化范围为1.00～5.00 cm时,波谷向短波方向漂移,灵敏度最高为-0.68 nm·cm-1,线性拟合度为0.995 4。在曲率实验中,曲率的变化范围为0.3～1.2 m-1时,波谷向长波方向漂移,灵敏度最高为22.47 nm·m,线性拟合度为0.986 4,表现出较高的灵敏度。错位结构和花生形结构被用于组成马赫-曾德干涉仪,用普通的光纤熔接机和普通单模光纤即可熔接,结构和制作方法简单,灵敏度高,尤其在曲率的测量中表现出较高的灵敏度。