脉冲叠加技术提升脉冲展宽分幅相机时间均匀性

脉冲展宽分幅相机是时间分辨率优于10 ps的二维超快诊断设备,但展宽脉冲沿阴极传输会引起阴极不同位置的电压分布出现差异,这会导致相机时间不均匀现象的产生,从而限制了大探测面相机的实现。采用雪崩三极管、雪崩二极管和高通滤波器设计了一种快斜率皮秒选通脉冲,基于电脉冲叠加原理,探讨了选通脉冲下降沿对时间不均匀性的提升效果。研究结果显示：当阴极电压为-2 kV、电子束初始时间宽度为5 ps和展宽斜率为11.9 V/ps时,随着展宽脉冲沿阴极起点传输到终点,阴极上的电子束展宽倍率由11.74增至39.04,基于相对误差原理,两者相差232.5%;当将选通脉冲下降沿和展宽脉冲同时加载至阴极时,电子束展宽倍率由11.28变化至14.23,两者相差下降至40.21%,此时脉冲展宽分幅相机的时间分辨均匀性得到了有效提升。     

脉冲展宽分幅变像管色差特性分析

提出了一种短磁透镜成像的脉冲展宽分幅变像管,变像管阴极加载偏置-3 000 V直流电压和斜率为10 V/ps的斜坡电脉冲,斜坡脉冲使阴栅间加速电压发生变化,进而引入了与脉冲斜率成正比的额外色差,对该色差特性进行了分析。仿真结果表明,在色差作用下,不考虑电子图像时间长度,瞬态轴上空间分辨率在20 ps内从约60 lp/mm下降至约2 lp/mm;考虑电子图像时间长度后,电子图像的空间分辨率在20 ps内从约10 lp/mm下降至约2 lp/mm。根据仿真模型搭建了实验平台,实验结果表明,当阴极电压从-3 000 V变化至-2 860 V时,2.5 lp/mm分划板的图像调制度下降约为10%。     

基于光电子脉冲展宽的高时间分辨成像技术

为获取超快光脉冲信号,提出了一种基于光电子脉冲准线性展宽的高时间分辨二维成像技术。利用高频时变电场的线性工作区加速光电子脉冲信号,通过优化阴极激励源的电参数,选择光电子进入加速区的时刻实现光电子脉冲的准线性展宽。利用曝光时间100ps的门控选通微通道板在脉冲展宽模块的记录面进行选通曝光成像,实现高时间分辨的二维成像。为改善系统的空间分辨和成像畸变,添加轴向聚焦磁场解决电子漂移区中由电子空间电荷效应引起的时间和空间弥散,对于能量4 keV、出射角0.1°的电子束,聚焦磁场的最佳强度为0.057 T,此时阴极中心位置的空间分辨可达5 1p/mm,阴极边缘位置空间分辨稍差。基于光电子脉冲准线性展宽技术,可将漂移距离50 cm,初始脉宽10 ps的电子脉冲展宽10倍,从而可将门控MCP探测器的时间分辨提高1个量级(即10 ps以内)。     

基于脉冲陡化技术的皮秒分幅相机选通脉冲研究

为获得高幅值和窄半高宽的选通脉冲，基于雪崩三极管Marx脉冲发生器和脉冲陡化技术，设计皮秒高压脉冲电路，对应用于分幅相机的选通脉冲展开研究，并采用蒙特卡洛法建立微通道板通道内的光电子动态倍增研究模型，通过将选通脉冲应用于微通道板增益计算获取时间分辨率。研究结果表明，基于Marx脉冲发生器和脉冲陡化技术相结合产生皮秒选通脉冲的方法是可行的，当Marx脉冲发生器为三级，脉冲陡化电路的两个电感和电容分别为725 nH、7 nH、1 pF时，可获得幅值-2.8 kV和半高宽124 ps的选通脉冲。将该选通脉冲加载于微通道板上进行光电子动态倍增过程研究，通过分析和统计微通道板增益，获得分幅相机的时间分辨率约为53 ps。     

三通道门控分幅相机及其触发晃动测量

研制了三通道微通道板(MCP)门控X射线分幅相机,其MCP微带阴极宽度为8 mm,相邻两阴极间隔为2.8mm,由幅值为-1.9kV和宽度为210ps的门控脉冲进行驱动。采用光纤传光束法测量了相机的触发晃动。实验结果表明,相机的触发晃动约为94ps,与高速示波器测得的90ps基本一致。此外,测得相机的时间分辨率约为100ps。     

软X射线皮秒分幅相机的增益压窄效应

 高速行波选通的X射线皮秒分幅相机的时间分辨率受皮秒选通脉冲的宽度和幅值的非线性关系直接影响。针对微通道板(MCP)行波选通皮秒分幅相机中的“增益压窄效应”,在高斯型皮秒选通电脉冲作用下,通过计算MCP分幅管的时间分辨率和对增益压窄效应的分析,得到MCP皮秒选通分幅管的增益压窄指数约为10.0,分幅管的时间分辨率约为选通脉冲脉宽的1/3.16。并在脉冲参数（250 ps,－1 100 V）和（220 ps,－900 V）下进行了分幅相机时间分辨率理论计算和实验测试,分别得到了理论时间分辨率为78.8 ps和67.6 ps,相机实验时间分辨率为76.4 ps 和66.5 ps的结果。     

磁脉冲压缩的分幅相机超快选通脉冲研究

为拓展脉冲功率技术在超快诊断领域的发展和磁脉冲压缩技术的应用，基于磁性元件良好的开关性能和脉冲宽度压缩原理，采用具有多重压缩特性的级联磁开关，设计磁脉冲压缩电路，并将输出的皮秒选通脉冲应用于分幅相机时间分辨率研究。研究结果显示，磁脉冲压缩电路能产生适用于分幅相机的皮秒选通脉冲，当直流电源为500 V，磁开关电感量为1μH，初级线圈回路充电电容为4μF，变压器匝数比为10∶1，磁开关线圈匝数比为1∶2，复位电流为1 A，次级线圈回路和两级磁开关电路充电电容为1 pF时，获得幅值为-3.2 kV和半高宽为149 ps的选通脉冲，将其加载于采用蒙特卡洛法建立的微通道板通道内光电子动态倍增模型，通过计算随选通脉冲的时变增益和构建微通道板上的时间-增益曲线，可实现87 ps的分幅相机时间分辨率。研究结论可为应用于分幅相机的皮秒选通脉冲产生以及磁脉冲压缩电路的拓展应用提供新思路。     

微通道板行波选通X射线皮秒分幅相机动态空间分辨率的优化

通过微通道板皮秒脉冲选通动态模型结合近贴聚焦系统的空间调制传递函数理论模型,研究了微通道板X射线分幅相机系统的动态空间分辨能力与屏压,近贴距离,皮秒选通脉冲的幅值与宽度等参数的关系.计算了常用参数下的微通道板行波选通X射线皮秒分幅相机的系统动态空间分辨率,讨论了提高相机动态空间分辨率的措施,提出了优化相机结构参数的方法.     

基于微通道板选通的飞行时间测量技术

研究了基于微通道板(MCP)选通技术的电子飞行时间(TOF)测量系统。调节MCP选通脉冲延时,使得电子和选通脉冲同时到达MCP,从而产生动态图像。利用高速示波器获得电子在50cm漂移区的TOF。当阴极电压为-3.5kV时,测得电子从阴极到MCP的TOF约为15ns。改变阴极电压,获得了TOF与电子能量之间的关系。结果表明,随着电子能量的增大,TOF不断减小。该TOF测量系统的时间分辨率为88ps。     

栅极选通脉冲前沿对变像管性能的影响(英文)

讨论了管长为189.5 mm,时间分辨率为5 ps的条纹变像管工作在多狭缝情况下对目标物体进行探测时栅极开关脉冲对其成像性能的影响.开关脉冲的上升或者下降前沿都会降低条纹管的时间分辨和空间分辨性能,特别是空间分辨能力下降得很明显,当栅极电压波动10%,条纹管空间分辨能力将下降为原来的一半.产生影响的主要原因是栅极电压的变化使得条纹变像管的最佳成像面位置也发生了变化而偏离了原来位置,偏离得越多对条纹像管性能参量影响就越大.所以在栅极开关脉冲发生电路中应该严格控制产生脉冲的前沿和后沿宽度,降低其对条纹变像管成像性能的影响.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.     

Direction-of-arrival estimation using matrix spatial prefiltering approach

An approach to direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation for multiple narrowband farfield signals is proposed. The technique uses a novel matrix spatial prefiltering approach. Specifically, a matrix filter is designed to spatially filter the incoming data snapshots. The un-wanted components arriving from the stopband angular sectors are attenuated and the desired components from the angular sector of interest pass with minimal distortion. The matrix filter spatially filters the element-space data and the output reserves the element-space data property, which makes it very useful by passing sensor data through a spatial prefilter prior to applying many other array processors to attenuate interferences and improve system performance. Several examples of DOA estimation problem are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed spatial prefiltering approach. Results of simulation and real data show that the pre-filter can efficiently attenuate the spatial interferences and significantly improve the estimation and resolution capability of DOA estimators at low signal-to-noise ratios for the sources located inside the passband sector. In addition, the use of spatial prefilter makes it possible to estimate DOAs for multiple sources more than the number of the elements of an array.     

Quantum efficiency calibration of opto-electronic detector by means of correlated photons method

A new calibration method of detectors can be realized by using correlated photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effect of nonlinear crystal.An absolute calibration system of detector quantum efficiency is performed.And its principle and experimental setup are introduced.A continuouswave (CW) ultraviolet (351 nm),diode-pumped,frequency-doubled,and solid-state laser is used to pump BBO crystal.The quantum efficiencies of the photomultiplier at 633,702,and 789 nm are measured respectively.The coincidence peaks are observed using coincidence circuit.Some measurement factors including the filter bandwidth of trigger channel,the detector position alignment and polarization of the pump light are analyzed.The uncertainties of this calibration method are also analyzed,and the relative uncertainties of total calibration are less than 5.8%.The accuracy of this method could be improved in the future.