Quantitative vibration amplitude measurement with time-averaged digital speckle pattern interferometry

A new method of using time-averaged digital speckle pattern interferometry for the quantitative measurement of vibration amplitude was developed. Signal processing techniques especially the Hilbert transformation for quantitative evaluation of the Bessel fringes obtained in time-averaged digital speckle pattern interferometry were explored. The quadrature signal after Hilbert transformation is equivalent to a 90° phase-shifted interferogram for a monotonically increasing or decreasing phase function. An algorithm was developed for Bessel fringe contrast enhancement and phase extraction. The techniques were tested numerically and experimentally. Sub-fringe quantification of the time-averaged vibration fringes is realised with the proposed method. Compared with the commonly used phase shift method which requires a minimum of two images for image processing, this method requires only one fringe pattern for data extraction.     

散斑条纹图的自适应窗口滤波方法

针对散斑噪声很难用常用的滤波方法进行滤除,在已有等值线滤波方法的基础上,提出一种更优的自适应窗口滤波方法。由于等值线窗口是在条纹方向图的基础上得到的,深入研究条纹方向的求取方法,提出了一种更为可靠的条纹方向求取算法,在得到高精度条纹方向的同时,还能估计出条纹的密度。使用等值线窗口技术,保持了窗口形状的自适应能力,然后利用对条纹密度的估计,根据条纹的宽度来确定滤波窗口的大小,实现了滤波窗口大小的自适应。最后,根据条纹方向和滤波后的图像可以直接得到条纹密度变化较大的单幅散斑图的相位结果。     

One-step phase shift 3-D surface profilometry with grating projection

A 3-D profiling system has been developed using a grating projection approach and a one-step phase shift algorithm. In the system, a grating pattern projected on an object surface is acquired by a CCD camera, and the grating's phase deformation caused by the surface shape is extracted by spatial phase shift processing, which uses only one frame of digital image. One phase value can be calculated from a successive 3-pixel range if the fringe period is set to either 4-pixel width or 8-pixel width. The fixed phase distribution of the system is excluded by a standard plane calibration. With 8-bit input data, the system's RMS phase accuracy is developed up to 2π/60 in the experimental examinations.     

散斑杨氏条纹图的全自动处理与识别

本文应用数字图象处理技术在AppleⅡ和IBM-PC图象处理系统上实现了散斑杨氏条纹图的全自动分析。文中采用二维灰度值检测的方法获取条纹的准峰值或谷值二值图,然后通过细化得到条纹中心。识别条纹间距时充分利用了整幅图杨氏条纹间距信息使识别结果具有高的精度。提出了用记忆跟踪算法结合线性回归的方法识别杨氏条纹倾角。最后给出了实验结果。     

小波相位分析测量成像径向畸变

为了测量光学成像像面各个像素的径向畸变大小,提出将小波变换载频条纹相位分析应用于径向畸变测量。采用正弦载波条纹作为测量模板,把径向畸变转化为径向调制相位。应用条纹相位分析导出径向调制相位和径向畸变的转化关系。采用小波频率估计和相位估计提取变形条纹的相位,由于变形条纹中心点是零畸变,中心点的瞬时频率和相位可以计算参考条纹的基频相位。两种基频相位之差就是与所有像素径向位置畸变分布对应的三维调制相位——称为径向畸变分布。利用校正公式和立方卷积插值算法对彩色畸变图像进行校正,给出详细的理论分析和实验结果。     

Evaluation of absolute phase for 3D profile measurement using fringe projection

A new method of absolute phase evaluation for three-dimensional (3D) profile measurement using fringe projection is presented, which combines the gray code and the phase shift technique. Two kinds of fringe patterns are projected onto the object surface respectively, one is sinusoidal intensity distribution used for phase demodulation and the other is gray code fringe pattern for unwrapping. These images are acquired by camera and stored into computer. The absolute phase is obtained by analyzing these images. The validity of this method is verified experimentally. The method is superior to other phase unwrapping methods.     

Digital speckle interferometry for assessment of surface roughness

In this work, the principle of interferometry is used to assess the surface roughness of the machined surfaces. Interferometry produces an interference fringe pattern when two or more light waves interact with each other. It is one of the important tool for precision optical metrology and testing. Well-known advantages of the phase shifting interferometry include high measurement accuracy, rapid measurement, good result even with low contrast fringes and that the polarity of the wave front can be determined. In fringe projection techniques, a known optical fringe pattern is projected onto the surface of interest. The fringe pattern on the surface is perturbed in accordance with the profile of the test surface, thereby enabling direct derivation of surface profile.In this work, an attempt has been made to assess the surface roughness using a speckle fringe analysis method of five frame phase shift algorithm for machined surface (ground surface). As these fringes are too noisy, advanced filtering technique has been used so as to reduce noise and to get improved wrapped phase map from the phase shifted fringes. A phase unwrapping software has been developed using discrete cosine transform (DCT) to generate the three-dimensional (3-D) profiles. Finally, it is compared with R_a values measured using a mechanical stylus instrument, showing good agreement.     

相移阴影莫尔条纹正交化解调技术

提出一种基于克莱姆正则化分析法的三帧自标定相移阴影莫尔三维轮廓技术.该技术首先采用移动光栅的方法获得相移条纹图,然后通过不同帧相移条纹图相减去除条纹图背景,进而结合克莱姆正交化法和最小二乘法,发展了一种相位解调方法,提取了测量相位.以五步Harlharan算法为参考,用不同算法对同一物体表面进行测量.结果表明,相对于典型的三步相移法和主量分析方法,提出的方法测量得到的相位误差最小(0.5rad),且简化了测量过程.     

一种基于移相误差估计的5步移相算法

移相误差是用移相法进行相位测量的主要误差。本文提出一种 5步移相算法 ,分两步进行相位计算 ,首先估计实际步进移相的线性移相误差 ,然后再利用此移相误差估计值计算相位分布。移相误差估计公式和相位计算公式简洁 ,算法简单易行 ,对线性移相误差和二次谐波的敏感度低 ,可基本消除线性移相误差对解调相位的影响。对本文提出的算法进行了仿真研究 ,同时给出了 Hariharan 5步算法、Surrel 6步最小算法的仿真结果。结果表明 :本算法明显优于以上两种算法 ,可基本消除线性移相误差引起的相位偏移。本算法适用于作等步移相的相位测量或移相的标定。     

三维面形测量中基于模版匹配的变形条纹修复

在基于条纹投影和相位分析的三维面形测量中,由于被测物体表面标志点或复杂面形的阴影遮挡存在,会造成变形条纹局部区域的条纹数据缺失,影响相位和高度信息的最终重建,需要人为地对缺失图像信息进行修复。提出了一种新的缺失条纹数据修复方法——基于模版匹配的图像修复算法,通过图像中已有条纹信息(特别是与待修复区域周围相位信息相似度较高的已知条纹信息)对缺失的变形条纹信息进行估算,实现数据修复。该方法修复效果好,运算过程无需人为参与,便于计算机自动实现,尤其适合于待修复图像整体结构明显、纹理清晰图像的数据修复,有助于提高被测物体相位计算质量和在此基础上的三维面形重建质量。     

The fluctuating phase error analysis in the digital grating phase-shifting profilometry

The nonlinear response of the experimental system and the saturation of fringe patterns can induce the fluctuating phase error in the projection grating phase-shifting profilometry. Two major factors of the fluctuating phase error are discussed by simulation. The fluctuating phase error caused by the nonlinear response of the system is four times the frequency of the fringe pattern when the conventional four-frame phase extracting algorithm is used. However, such error can be decreased by five-frame algorithm. On the other hand, the fluctuating phase error caused by the fringe saturation is five times the frequency of the fringe pattern by using conventional five-frame phase extracting algorithm. A novel phase recovering algorithm is used to decrease the phase error caused by the saturation. Furthermore, the applicability range of the proposed phase recovering algorithm is analyzed by simulation and experiments with different saturation degree of the fringe pattern and nonlinearity of the measurement system.     

基于彩色光栅投影的快速三维测量方法

 针对条纹投影术提取物体高度信息的问题,提出了一种新的基于彩色光栅投影的三维测量方法。对选取G分量为255,R,B分量各取0或255而组成的青、白、黄、绿四色遵循格雷码原理进行编码,然后将G分量作正弦调制形成投影光栅投向被测物体。提取采集到的光栅变形图中G分量,利用傅里叶变换方法得到其初始相位;同时对采集到图像中的R,B分量作阈值迭代分割而G分量自动赋值为255,综合三分量信息得到条纹颜色信息进而获取条纹的周期信息,从而展开相位。全过程仅需投影一幅彩色光栅图就能完成三维测量,实验结果表明该算法易于实现,在测量实时性和精确性上表现良好。     

Recording and optical processing of images of projected fringes in the study of objects with a periodic surface texture

Specific features of application of the fringe projection method to the study of objects with a periodic surface texture are analyzed. It is shown that a moire pattern is formed in the image recording process. It is caused by the superposition of two periodic structures, namely, the image of the texture of the surface under study and the system of projected fringes. The bending of moire fringes in the pattern is determined by the summary effect of two functions, which describe the bending of the images of surface texture and the system of projected fringes, because of the deviation of the relief shape from the comparison plane. A method for the optical processing of a photographic image by two coherent light beams is described, which makes possible a separate interferometric visualization of the aforementioned functions. Results of experimental studies are presented.     

Measurements of complex degree of spatial coherence at the end face of an optical fiber

The phase and modulus of the complex degree of spatial coherence at the exit end face of an optical fiber are measured with the help of a real-time data processing computer. Interference fringes produced by superimposing wavefronts of the image of the end cross-section are scanned by a linear photodiode array to calculate the one dimensional value of spatial coherence. Evolution of phase measured at the different positions in the fringe pattern reveals that the phase is intimately related to modal structures of the propagating field in an optical fiber supporting a small number of guided modes.     

Improved interframe registration based nonuniformity correction for focal plane arrays

In this paper, an improved interframe registration based nonuniformity correction algorithm for focal plane arrays is proposed. The method simultaneously estimates detector parameters and carries out the nonuniformity correction by minimizing the mean square error between the two properly registered image frames. A new masked phase correlation algorithm is introduced to obtain reliable shift estimates in the presence of fixed pattern noise. The use of an outliers exclusion scheme, together with a variable step size strategy, could not only promote the correction precision considerably, but also eliminate ghosting artifacts effectively. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated with clean infrared image sequences with simulated nonuniformity and real pattern noise. We also apply the method to a real-time imaging system to show how effective it is in reducing noise and the ghosting artifacts.     

Parallel computing for fringe pattern processing: A multicore CPU approach in MATLAB environment

In the process of measurements such as optical interferometry and fringe projection, an important stage is fringe pattern analysis. Many advanced fringe analysis algorithms have been proposed including regularized phase tracking (RPT), partial differential equation based methods, wavelet transform, Wigner–Ville distribution, and windowed Fourier transform. However, most of those algorithms are computationally expensive. MATLAB^® is a general algorithm development environment with powerful image processing and other supporting toolboxes. It is also commonly used in photomechanical data analysis. With rapid development of multicore CPU technique, using multicore computer and MATLAB^® is an intuitive and simple way to speed up the algorithms for fringe pattern analysis. The paper introduces two acceleration approaches for fringe pattern processing. The first approach is task parallelism using multicore computer and MATLAB^® parallel computing toolbox. Since some algorithms are embarrassing problems, our first approach makes use of this characteristic to parallelize these algorithms. For this approach, parallelized windowed Fourier filtering (WFF) algorithm serves as an example to show how parallel computing toolbox accelerates the algorithm. Second, data parallelism using multicore computer and MATLAB^® parallel computing toolbox is proposed. A high level parallel wrapping structure is designed, which can be used for speeding up any local processing algorithms. WFF, windowed Fourier ridges (WFR), and median filter are used as examples to illustrate the speedup. At last, the results show that the parallel versions of former sequential algorithm with simple modifications achieve the speedup up to 6.6 times.     

基于统计滤波的单幅散斑条纹图的相位恢复技术

基于统计信号处理技术的贝叶斯（Bayes）估计原理，提出一种新的滤波方法。该方法能有效减少散斑条纹图中的噪声，而且仅用一幅散区斑条纹图就能获得准确的条纹相位分布，通过实例说明了该方法的处理过程。     

广义条纹图序列编码的相位重建

为解决拓扑复杂物体三维数字化过程中的绝对相位测量及相位重建问题,提出了一种广义变频条纹图序列的相位展开算法。简要综述了现有的各种时间维相位展开算法并指出这些算法存在的问题,在此基础上,详细分析比较提出方法与正指数条纹序列算法的噪声免疫力和时间复杂度,证明该方法有更高的噪声免疫力和更低的时间复杂度。特别是,当相邻编码条纹图的条纹数之比不等于2时,正指数条纹序列算法出现严重噪声,而提出的方法依然能够正常工作。此外,该算法还能够根据实际情况决定需要投影的条纹频率,从而能够使用相对较少的条纹编码图像进行有效的相位展开,进而提高系统的实时性。理论分析和实验结果都证明了提出算法的有效性。     

Automatic Analysis of the Phase Object Using Projection Moire Deflectometry

ＡｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅＰｈａｓｅＯｂｊｅｃｔＵｓｉｎｇＰｒｏｊｅｃｔｉｏｎＭｏｉｒｅＤｅｆｌｅｃｔｏｍｅｔｒｙ￥ＷＡＮＧＭｉｎｇ（ＢａｓｉｃＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ，ＮａｎｃｈａｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｎａｎｃｈａｎｇ３３００２９...     

A novel color fringe projection based Fourier transform 3D shape measurement method

A novel Fourier transform 3D shape measurement method based on color fringe projection is proposed in order to solve the spectrum overlapping and phase unwrapping problems existed in Fourier transform profilometry (FTP). The R and G components of the color fringe are set to two sinusoidal patterns with different frequencies and the B component is set to the average value of R or G component. Then this pattern is projected to the object and the deformed fringe image is captured. Three gray patterns are separated from the color fringe, the background and high frequency noise can be eliminated using our method and the accurate unwrapped phase can be got. Only one shot color pattern is projected to get the 3D information of the object. Experiment results show that the 3D information of an object can be obtained rapidly and accurately.