基于合作目标的激光水下定位

为了准确获取水下运动目标的运动轨迹,提高测量的数据率,提出了一种基于合作目标的激光水下定位方法。通过在被测目标上加装合作目标,利用合作目标的全反射特性,实现了脉冲式激光水下测角与测距的功能。介绍了激光水下定位的方法和系统组成,给出了水下定位的数学模型及测量结果。模拟实验结果表明,该方法具有一定的工程应用价值。最后,结合工程应用,对激光水下定位需要解决的一些实际问题进行了分析。      

海洋声学环境下水中声源的时延估计法定位精度分析

水中声源的定位精度受到海洋声学环境的重要影响。结合海上试验的实际应用,分析了水下观测平台采用时延估计法对声源的定位精度问题。根据理论分析,计算了时延估计误差、海洋中声速不均匀、平台非稳性、及声传播起伏等因素引起的俯仰角和方位角误差。利用误差传递公式,获得了上述因素引起的不同平台深度下,不同距离声源的定位误差。比较了采用平面阵与立体阵、是否补偿声线弯曲效应等条件下定位误差的变化,并通过海上试验结果进行了部分验证。研究结果表明,海洋声速不均匀对定位误差的贡献最大。采用立体阵代替平面阵、测量海洋声速剖面并补偿声线弯曲引起的定位误差,在1000m距离上可使定位相对误差从最大30%降低到约10%,有效提高了较远距离上的定位精度。研究结果对于采取措施提高水中声源的定位精度有指导意义。      

单基阵三维纯方位水下信标声学定位方法

针对水下静止信标的纯方位定位问题,提出一种基于单基阵平台纯方位信息的定位方法。通过水下无人运动平台两次量测的空间角度信息建立非线性方程,利用拟牛顿迭代方法实现稳定数值求解。同时,对量测信息进行预处理和定位后置处理,以进一步提高算法的稳定性和精度。利用计算机模拟水下声传播环境进行定位仿真,结果表明,基于常规波束形成的方位估计结果,在方位量测误差标准差为1°时,所提方法的定位结果相对误差可达3.5%以内。同时,研究了不同方位量测误差条件下、不同海深测量误差条件、观测平台和目标不同态势下定位算法的定位性能。结果表明,此方法可用于对水下静止信标的声学定位,且鲁棒性好。      

Underwater target localization using long baseline positioning system

The absolute position of an underwater target is difficult to pinpoint because the global positioning system (GPS) cannot penetrate water bodies. The long baseline (LBL) positioning system can extend GPS using high-precision calibrated underwater beacons as references. While traditional LBL systems give the target position without considering calibration error of deployed beacons. To solve this problem, we propose a method different from previous works, that combining the errors of observations together. We use GPS outputs as true values to evaluate the localization performance. An LBL system with four beacons was installed in deep sea to test the results. The positioning accuracy in deep sea improves nearly 5 m. The results suggest that beacon positioning errors have a great impact on localization precision, that is significant in high-precision positioning tasks.     

不等间距非直线三元阵在水声平面声源被动定位中的应用

根据实际实验环境和布放需求,在对称直线阵被动定位基本理论基础上,推导了不等间距非直线三元阵进行水声被动定位的精确显式公式,将非直线阵形误差角用于修正测距、测向过程,并采用平均法和卡尔曼滤波法对实测数据的中间处理结果和最终结果进行后置处理。海上试验结果验证了算法的正确性,在近距离有效范围内取得较为满意的目标定位结果。     

机载光电平台目标定位与误差分析

根据机载光电平台的特点,建立了6个坐标系统,进行了8次线性变换,构建了从光电平台成像系统像面坐标系到大地地理坐标系的目标定位数学模型。计算了目标在大地地理坐标系的经纬度和高程坐标,分析了各种测量参数对目标定位精度的影响。通过建立误差模型和仿真数据进行目标定位实验,采用蒙特卡罗方法统计目标定位误差。实验结果表明,载机经纬度误差、载机姿态角度误差及光电平台指向角度误差是影响目标定位精度的主要因素,其中载机经纬度误差直接传递到目标定位误差,载机姿态角度误差和光电平台指向角度误差大体上以10-4～10-2比例作用到目标定位误差。本文方法有效可行,对机载光电平台目标定位具有实用价值。     

Three-dimensional finite element simulation of closed delaminations in composite materials

Early stage delaminations in composite materials tend to be closed at rest. Inspection with traditional linear ultrasonic techniques generally fails to diagnose and locate such imperfections. However, if undetected and left untreated, incipient defects may gradually grow within the material and eventually lead to failure of the component. Kissing bonds or clapping contacts inherently demand a non-linear diagnostic method, applying a finite excitation amplitude that is able to overcome an activation threshold to open and close the contact. In order to obtain a better understanding and analysis of the macroscopic non-linear behavior that can be observed at the component level, we developed and investigated the results of a finite element model for a composite material containing a single circular delamination. The model makes use of local node splitting and the non-linear constitutive behavior is implemented by means of spring-damper elements at the delamination interface. The results of this parametric study allow a better insight in the behavior of the excited delamination in experimental conditions, including the appearance of localized subharmonics and harmonics of the excitation frequency. Based on the developed model, two different detection and localization techniques (using either a single frequency or a sweep excitation) were demonstrated to determine position, shape, depth and orientation of one or multiple delaminations.     

An efficient method for model refinement in diffuse optical tomography

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a non-linear, ill-posed, boundary value and optimization problem which necessitates regularization. Also, Bayesian methods are suitable owing to measurements data are sparse and correlated. In such problems which are solved with iterative methods, for stabilization and better convergence, the solution space must be small. These constraints subject to extensive and overdetermined system of equations which model retrieving criteria specially total least squares (TLS) must to refine model error. Using TLS is limited to linear systems which is not achievable when applying traditional Bayesian methods. This paper presents an efficient method for model refinement using regularized total least squares (RTLS) for treating on linearized DOT problem, having maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator and Tikhonov regulator. This is done with combination Bayesian and regularization tools as preconditioner matrices, applying them to equations and then using RTLS to the resulting linear equations. The preconditioning matrixes are guided by patient specific information as well as a priori knowledge gained from the training set. Simulation results illustrate that proposed method improves the image reconstruction performance and localize the abnormally well.     

The characteristic of sound propagation in deep water and underwater source localization in the direct zone

The multiple-path sound propagation in deep water is conducive to source localization of an underwater target.The transmission losses(TLs) and broadband pulse multiple-path propagation characteristics from a deep receiver is analyzed by using the experimental data from deep water area in the South China Sea(SCS).The results indicate that the width of the direct zone near the bottom of 4300 m water depth is about 30 km.The TLs in the direct zone near the bottom are much less than those in the shadow zone.It is meaningful for underwater sound source detection.Moreover,the time delay between the direct path and the bottomsurface-reflected path for a receiver near the bottom decreases monotonically with the source range.According to the linear relationship between the time delay of multipath and source range,a source localization method is presented to estimate the range of underwater target.The experimental results show that the estimated ranges are consistent with the global position system(GPS) measurements,and the mean square error of the estimation results is less than 0.28 km.     

测向误差特征辅助两步式网络的水声纯方位定位方法

围绕水声分布式纯方位定位问题,针对传统方法的远距离定位精度低、定位结果易受初值影响等缺点,提出了一种测向误差特征辅助两步式全连接层神经网络(DFE-TS-FCNN)的纯方位定位方法。使用神经网络进行定位,提高远距离定位精度并消除初值影响,输入特征是目标方位角测量值和测向误差标准差估计值。使用两步式网络结构抑制网络过拟合,分类网络确定目标区域后,再用对应的定位网络估计目标位置。蒙特卡洛仿真实验中,所提方法在近距离达到了与迭代加权最小二乘算法和迭代总体最小二乘算法相近的定位精度,在远距离定位精度大幅提高、约束均方根误差(RMSE)小于2.5 km的条件下,最远可定向距离相比传统方法从12.6 km提升至22.7 km。在实际数据中,该方法也获得了较好的定位结果。     

水下声学滑翔机用于东印度洋声传播特性分析及声源估计

常规实验方法无法同步获取深海大尺度声学和水文数据,水下滑翔机可作为同步观测平台解决该问题.首先利用在东印度洋北部海域水下滑翔机同步获取的声传播和水文实验数据,分析了水下滑翔机的自噪声谱级和实验海区声传播特性,然后推算并修正了滑翔机水下运动轨迹,利用第一影区水下滑翔机接收声传播信号的脉冲多途到达时间差对声源进行测距与定深。潜标接收噪声与滑翔机自噪声谱级对比表明,水下滑翔机在海洋中无动力运动时的系统自噪声接近于潜标观测的海洋环境噪声。滑翔机实测的声传播损失与模型计算结果吻合较好,第一影区水下声源测距定深结果与实际位置较为一致,测距与定深的相对误差均小于5%。利用加载水听器的水下滑翔机可以实现水文环境数据与声学信号的同步观测,对深海声传播特性测量及定位算法研究具有重要意义。      

近场浅海舰船目标定位精度实验研究

根据聚焦波束形成声图处理方法在实际海上测量的特点,提出用系统时延差校准、基阵倾角修正、深度测量、分频段目标定位等多种方法克服测量系统及环境的各种不利因素,实现舰船目标高精度定位。采用声图计算结果与GPS记录值对比、声图计算结果与GPS记录值的正横距对比两种方法进行了聚焦波束形成声图法精度的实验验证,经验证聚焦波束形成声图处理方法在浅海测量区有较高的定位精度。其最大正横距差值可以达到2.9 m,均值0.93 m,从而实现舰船目标高分辨精确定位。      

一种线性最小二乘法的声源目标精确定位方法

在分析了声音能量距离衰减模型的基础上,提出了一种声源发射能量未知下的声源目标位置精确定位计算方法。将声音能量定位模型转化为非约束线性最小二乘法估计问题,其定位结果直接用代数解表示。同时对非约束线性最小二乘法下的参数进一步优化,提出了约束线性最小二乘法以提高定位精度。对信标节点位置坐标存在高斯噪声下的定位计算方法进行了改进以减少定位误差。仿真验证了该定位计算方法的有效性,数值模拟了不同观测信号噪声和信标节点位置噪声对定位误差的影响。结果同时表明,约束线性最小二乘法比非约束线性最小二乘法的定位误差更小,更接近于定位误差的克拉美罗下界值。      

Limit cycle oscillation of missile control fin with structural non-linearity

Non-linear aeroelastic characteristics of a deployable missile control fin with structural non-linearity are investigated. A deployable missile control fin is modelled as a two-dimensional typical section model. Doublet-point method is used for the calculation of supersonic unsteady aerodynamic forces, and aerodynamic forces are approximated by using the minimum-state approximation. For non-linear flutter analysis structural non-linearity is represented by an asymmetric bilinear spring and is linearized by using the describing function method. The linear and non-linear flutter analyses indicate that the flutter characteristics are significantly dependent on the frequency ratio. From the non-linear flutter analysis, various types of limit cycle oscillations are observed in a wide range of air speeds below or above the linear divergent flutter boundary. The non-linear flutter characteristics and the non-linear aeroelastic responses are investigated.     

水下爆炸声源辅助声呐系统的目标定位和参数估计

系统阐述了利用水下爆炸声源作为发射声源,辅助声呐系统实现水下目标定位和目标方位、距离参数估计的方法。研究了目标散射信号的窄波束混响模型,以及混响背景下的目标方位参数的估计方法。对目标参数估计误差进行研究,证明方位参数、距离参数的估计误差近似满足高斯分布,并推导了距离参数估计误差方差的表达式。利用仿真实验对目标距离参数估计误差及其标准差进行研究,得出了一系列提高距离参数估计精度的措施。仿真和湖试数据处理结果显示,在存在一定爆炸声源距离误差的条件下,本文方法可实现对远距离水下目标的准确定位。      

线阵声强缩放方法在水下声源辐射功率估算中的应用

为了解决水下声源辐射声功率难以计算的问题,利用线阵声强缩放方法在波束形成声源识别的基础上,根据波束输出结果与声源辐射声功率之间的换算关系来获得相应的声功率。为了提高线阵声强缩放方法的水下声功率估算精度,给出了一定动态范围限制的主瓣区域积分方法,并通过仿真验证了该方法的有效性。在消声水池中开展了水下声功率估算的实验研究。在不同的测试距离下,对双声源条件下的单频以及宽带声源在阵列侧的辐射声功率进行了估算,以混响法的测量结果为参考值,研究了估算误差随声源频率、测试距离等影响因素的变化规律。实验结果表明,无论是单频还是宽带声源,声功率的最大估算误差不超过2.6 dB,在高频时不超过1.6 dB。验证了线阵声强缩放方法应用于水下声源辐射声功率估算的正确性与可行性。      

水下爆炸声源辅助声呐系统的目标定位和参数估计研究（英文）

Underwater target localization and parameters(azimuth and range) estimation by the method of utilizing explosions as underwater sound sources are described in this paper.The narrow beam reverberation model of the target echo signal is researched to estimate the target azimuth in reverberation background.Estimation errors of target azimuth and range are studied and proved to approximately meet Gauss distribution.Then the variance formula of target range error is deduced.Simulation experiments are applied to research the target range error and its standard deviation,and a series of measures to improve the estimation accuracy of target range are proposed.It is confirmed by the data processing results of simulations and lake experiments that the proposed method can accurately locate underwater target at a long distance on the condition of a certain underwater explosion range error.     

基于Kalman滤波算法的陀螺仪动态漂移补偿研究

应用MEMS陀螺仪测量人体手臂运动姿态时,针对陀螺仪受线加速度干扰导致测量姿态发散的问题,提出基于Kalman滤波算法的姿态误差补偿方法;该方法首先将陀螺仪采集到的角速度通过方向余弦算法解算得到姿态角,并将陀螺仪动态漂移造成的姿态角误差视为时变信号,通过建立姿态角漂移误差的状态方程及观测方程,应用卡尔曼滤波算法,实现对姿态角漂移误差的估计,最终达到对陀螺仪动态漂移误差的补偿;实验与仿真结果表明,应用该算法能够有效的抑制线加速度干扰导致的陀螺仪测量的姿态发散,适用于陀螺仪对人体手臂运动姿态的测量。     

Adaptive and efficient nonlinear channel equalization for underwater acoustic communication

We investigate underwater acoustic (UWA) channel equalization and introduce hierarchical and adaptive nonlinear (piecewise linear) channel equalization algorithms that are highly efficient and provide significantly improved bit error rate (BER) performance. Due to the high complexity of conventional nonlinear equalizers and poor performance of linear ones, to equalize highly difficult underwater acoustic channels, we employ piecewise linear equalizers. However, in order to achieve the performance of the best piecewise linear model, we use a tree structure to hierarchically partition the space of the received signal. Furthermore, the equalization algorithm should be completely adaptive, since due to the highly non-stationary nature of the underwater medium, the optimal mean squared error (MSE) equalizer as well as the best piecewise linear equalizer changes in time. To this end, we introduce an adaptive piecewise linear equalization algorithm that not only adapts the linear equalizer at each region but also learns the complete hierarchical structure with a computational complexity only polynomial in the number of nodes of the tree. Furthermore, our algorithm is constructed to directly minimize the final squared error without introducing any ad-hoc parameters. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithms through highly realistic experiments performed on practical field data as well as accurately simulated underwater acoustic channels.     

The interplay between screening properties and colloid anisotropy: Towards a reliable pair potential for disc-like charged particles

The electrostatic potential of a highly charged disc (clay platelet) in an electrolyte is investigated in detail. The corresponding non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation is solved numerically, and we show that the far-field behaviour (relevant for colloidal interactions in dilute suspensions) is exactly that obtained within linearized PB theory, with the surface boundary condition of a uniform potential. The latter linear problem is solved by a new semi-analytical procedure and both the potential amplitude (quantified by an effective charge) and potential anisotropy coincide closely within PB and linearized PB, provided the disc bare charge is high enough. This anisotropy remains at all scales; it is encoded in a function that may vary over several orders of magnitude depending on the azimuthal angle under which the disc is seen. The results allow to construct a pair potential for discs interaction, that is strongly orientation dependent.