W波段折叠波导行波管振荡抑制

为了抑制W波段折叠波导行波管研制中的自激振荡,保证行波管正常放大工作,分析了折叠波导慢波结构中反射振荡、返波振荡和带边振荡的产生原因,开展了折叠波导行波管振荡抑制技术研究,通过优化设计和工艺研究采用周期跳变作为关键技术用于W波段折叠波导行波管的研制。通过模拟检验和实验验证,证明采用了振荡抑制技术后行波管自激振荡得到了有效的抑制,W波段脉冲行波管在20%占空比时脉冲输出功率大于100 W,带宽大于5 GHz。     

Kα波段介质加载回旋行波管小信号分析与设计

应用分析回旋行波管绝对不稳定性的Briggs-Bers相碰判据与小信号色散方程,并结合介质加载波导的冷场分析,通过数值计算比较了不同介质加载条件下回旋行波管工作模式的起振电流与寄生模式的起振长度,通过改变加载介质的特性参数从而增加行波损耗可以显著提高工作模式起振电流,并抑制掉寄生模式的返波振荡.结合介质加载波导冷场分析与回旋行波管小信号色散方程,分析了介质加载条件下回旋行波管小信号增益,给出了不同介质加载条件下的回旋行波管的小信号增益带宽曲线.在对介质回旋行波管自激振荡与小信号增益的综合分析基础上,对Kα 关键词： Kα波段介质加载回旋行波管 绝对不稳定性 自激振荡 小信号增益     

0.14THz基模多注折叠波导行波管的理论与模拟研究

为解决THz行波管工作电流过小、输出功率低等问题,提出了基模多注工作模式的折叠波导行波管.首先,获得了基模多注折叠波导色散特性的等效传输线计算模型,并与数值模拟结果进行了比较;然后,对基模多注折叠波导的传输特性进行了模拟计算;最后,通过模拟和理论计算完成了0.14 THz基模多注折叠波导行波管的注波互作用特性分析.电子注参数为12 m A,15.75 k V时,获得的3 d B带宽为25 GHz(128—153 GHz),最大增益为33.61 d B,最大峰值功率为23 W;电子注参数为30 m A,15.75 k V时,在0.14 THz处获得了38 d B增益,最大脉冲输出功率为63.1 W.对比同条件下基模单注折叠波导行波管,3 d B带宽提升了1倍,0.14 THz处输出功率增大了9.66倍,互作用效率增大了3.22倍;当增益相同时,多注方式的互作用长度较单注缩短了33%.该方法能够有效增大THz行波管的工作电流,提高互作用增益及效率、3 d B带宽、输出功率;在增益相同时,基模多注行波管可以做得更短更紧凑.     

变周期大结构低压工作折叠波导行波管的理论与模拟研究

为解决工作在3 mm波段及以上频段的折叠波导行波管因加工精度和功率容量的局限性, 提出了非渐变型有限变周期折叠波导慢波结构. 首先给出了这种结构能够有效增大高次空间谐波耦合阻抗的理论基础, 并导出了色散和耦合阻抗表达式; 然后进行数值计算, 给出一组优化后的设计参数, 并以此确定行波管的工作点; 最后利用MAFIA粒子模拟软件进行大信号互作用模拟, 获得有效增益. 在结构和周期都比较大的情况下, 实现了相对工作电压比较低的行波管设计. 关键词： 折叠波导 变周期 高次模式 行波管     

Kα波段介质加载回旋行波管小信号分析与设计

应用分析回旋行波管绝对不稳定性的Briggs-Bers相碰判据与小信号色散方程，并结合介质加载波导的冷场分析，通过数值计算比较了不同介质加载条件下回旋行波管工作模式的起振电流与寄生模式的起振长度，通过改变加载介质的特性参数从而增加行波损耗可以显著提高工作模式起振电流，并抑制掉寄生模式的返波振荡.结合介质加载波导冷场分析与回旋行波管小信号色散方程，分析了介质加载条件下回旋行波管小信号增益，给出了不同介质加载条件下的回旋行波管的小信号增益带宽曲线.在对介质回旋行波管自激振荡与小信号增益的综合分析基础上，对Kα     

基于三端口网络模型的折叠波导行波管注波互作用理论研究

将周期性慢波结构中的单元结构等效为一个三端口网络,利用高频结构模拟软件确定等效模型的参数,由此建立了一种通用的慢波结构等效模型.该方法不需要进行复杂的电路等效,直接由高频软件得到通道内场分布,因此较解析方法简单,又不像等效线路模型那么烦琐.基于该三端口网络模型,建立了适用于折叠波导行波管的一维注波互作用非线性理论模型,编写了数值计算程序,对一支折叠波导行波管进行了模拟.该理论模型模拟的结果与实验结果误差小于10%.该理论模型可以用于指导新型折叠波导行波管的设计及非线性模拟研究.     

0.34 THz双注高次模折叠波导行波管高频系统设计

高频系统是行波管的核心部件,它会直接影响行波管的工作频率、带宽、增益等性能指标。为了获得更大的输出功率和更高的增益,对0.34 THz双注高次模折叠波导行波管的基本特性进行了研究,计算了双注折叠波导的色散特性和耦合阻抗,并与仿真结果进行对比,结果显示色散特性随频率升高差距增大,耦合阻抗在高频段匹配较好,并研究了损耗特性。利用CST仿真工作室对双注折叠波导的注波互作用特性进行了仿真,实现41.68 W输出。为了获得更高的输出,通过增大直波导高度,最终使输出功率提高了52.7%,达到63.12 W。最后设计了符合要求的盒型输出窗和模式转换器,验证了高频系统的传输特性。     

毫米波折叠波导行波管输入输出过渡波导设计

折叠波导以其宽频带、加工方便而成为一类重要的毫米波与太赫兹波段行波管慢波线。针对折叠波导慢波系统与标准波导的匹配过渡连接,通过等效电路分析与电磁计算软件模拟,设计出了直渐变波导、双曲圆弧渐变波导、切比雪夫阶梯渐变波导3种输入输出过渡波导结构,分析了各种过渡波导的优缺点及结构尺寸对性能的影响。计算表明,经过合理优化的设计,3种过渡结构均可以使反射系数在28~40 GHz波段小于0.05。     

0.14 THz瓦量级折叠波导行波管设计

在本课题组此前采用显式方法设计0.14 THz宽带折叠波导慢波结构的基础上,设计了一种0.14 THz瓦量级输出折叠波导行波管。通过CST MWS软件分析结构尺寸对冷测特性的影响规律来确定一组慢波结构参数,然后对电子枪、永磁聚焦系统、输入输出结构、衰减结构及收集极系统进行设计,最后经过CST PS软件进行整管热测特性仿真模拟。此过程不断迭代,最终找到一组结构参数满足频率在0.14 THz、输入功率为20 mW时,折叠波导行波管输出功率大于6 W。为了验证设计的电子光学系统的正确性,加工装配了一根流通管,并进行了流通率测试,测得流通率大于80%。     

W波段回旋行波管绝对不稳定性的分析

 绝对不稳定性是制约回旋行波管性能的主要因素之一。通过回旋行波管色散方程,详细分析了W波段基波回旋行波管绝对不稳定性的形成和特征,提出了采用多段损耗波导来抑制绝对不稳定性的方法。分析表明,绝对不稳定性的起振存在一定阈值,起振电流对电子注参数和电路参数极其敏感,确定起振电流是稳定器件工作的前提条件。通过PIC模拟,给出了采用无损耗波导结构,且工作电流为25 A和10 A条件下的放大器频谱图和功率图,结果表明绝对不稳定性的出现与否主要由工作电流是否超过起振的阈值电流决定,损耗波导是抑制绝对不稳定性的有效手段。     

On the stiffness-switching methods for generating self-excited oscillations in simple mechanical systems

The present article proposes stiffness-switching methods for generating artificial self-excited oscillation in simple mechanical and micromechanical systems and theoretically investigates the feasibility of the methods. The basic method proposed involves a stiffness reduction mechanism which operates in an on–off fashion depending on the measured states of the system. The efficacy of the method is first studied in case of a single-degree-of-freedom linear mechanical oscillator and then extended to an essentially nonlinear micromechanical resonator. Analytical and numerical investigations reveal that the stiffness-switching method can be effectively utilized for generating and controlling self-excited oscillations in simple mechanical structures. However, the amplitude of oscillation obtained by the basic method involving only the stiffness reduction mechanism is found to be extremely sensitive to the uncertainties in the inherent damping of the structure. An alternative switching scheme is also proposed to alleviate this shortcoming.     

Investigation on Rijke pipe＇s acoustic characteristics by numerical simulation： modeling the pulsing flow field coupled the inner of pipe with its outer space

Based on the results of fluid dynamics, heat transfer and acoustics, a Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） method was utilized to study the acoustic characteristics and self-excited pulsation mechanism inside a Rijke pipe. To avoid settling the irrational boundary conditions of the finite-amplitude standing wave in the Rijke thermo-acoustic system, the simulation modeling in the flow field, which coupled the inner of pipe with its outer space, was carried out to replace the traditional way in form of internal flow field numerical investigations. A hypothesis for heat source in energy equation including the relationship on unsteady heat of air around heat source, oscillation pressure and oscillation velocity was presented. To reflect the essence of Rijke pipe, simulation on self-excited oscillation was conducted by means of its own pulsation of pressure, velocity and temperature. This method can make the convergence process steady and effectively avoid divergence. The physical phenomenon of the self-excited Rijke pipe was analyzed. Moreover, the mechanisms on the Rijke pipe＇s self-excited oscillation were explained. Based on this method, comparative researches on the acoustic characteristic of the Rijke pipe with different size and different shape of nozzle were performed. The simulation results agreed with the experimental data satisfactorily. The results show that this numerical simulation can be used to study the sound pressure of nozzle for the engineering application of Rijke pipes.     

Cascade klystron self-excited oscillator with delay

Experiments with a new type of resonance microwave self-excited system with complex dynamics, a cascade klystron self-excited oscillator with delayed feedback, are reported. The new self-excited oscillator features a low starting current and many oscillation bands; in addition, it can readily be switched into complex, including random, oscillation modes.     

Nonlinear hydrodynamic and thermoacoustic oscillations of a bluff-body stabilised turbulent premixed flame

Turbulent premixed flames often experience thermoacoustic instabilities when the combustion heat release rate is in phase with acoustic pressure fluctuations. Linear methods often assume a priori that oscillations are periodic and occur at a dominant frequency with a fixed amplitude. Such assumptions are not made when using nonlinear analysis. When an oscillation is fully saturated, nonlinear analysis can serve as a useful avenue to reveal flame behaviour far more elaborate than period-one limit cycles, including quasi-periodicity and chaos in hydrodynamically or thermoacoustically self-excited system. In this paper, the behaviour of a bluff-body stabilised turbulent premixed propane/air flame in a model jet-engine afterburner configuration is investigated using computational fluid dynamics. For the frequencies of interest in this investigation, an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approach is found to be appropriate. Combustion is represented using a modified laminar flamelet approach with an algebraic closure for the flame surface density. The results are validated by comparison with existing experimental data and with large eddy simulation, and the observed self-excited oscillations in pressure and heat release are studied using methods derived from dynamical systems theory. A systematic analysis is carried out by increasing the equivalence ratio of the reactant stream supplied to the premixed flame. A strong variation in the global flame structure is observed. The flame exhibits a self-excited hydrodynamic oscillation at low equivalence ratios, becomes steady as the equivalence ratio is increased to intermediate values, and again exhibits a self-excited thermoacoustic oscillation at higher equivalence ratios. Rich nonlinear behaviour is observed and the investigation demonstrates that turbulent premixed flames can exhibit complex dynamical behaviour including quasiperiodicity, limit cycles and period-two limit cycles due to the interactions of various physical mechanisms. This has implications in selecting the operating conditions for such flames and for devising proper control strategies for the avoidance of thermoacoustic instability.     

220GHz三级串联交错双栅慢波结构

提出了一种220 GHz三级串联的交错双栅行波管结构,针对影响整体传输性能的核心部件——输入输出耦合器进行了详细分析,并以此为基础设计了串联交错双栅慢波结构。通过数值模拟分析,确定了一种由齿深渐变光栅和半圆同心弯头组成的新型输出输入耦合结构。整管粒子仿真结果显示慢波结构内部没有出现振荡现象,且在220GHz达到了30dB增益,3dB带宽达到23GHz,有效改善了该类串联结构由于多个电子注加载通道造成的行波管传输特性下降问题。     

Effect of photoconductivity and dielectric constant of the photorefractive materials on two-beam coupling gain and phase-shifts for a single unidirectional photorefractive ring resonator

Photoconductive dependence of two-beam coupling between the pump beam and the signal beam in photorefractive materials have been analyzed in case of non-degenerate wave mixing under the undepleted pump approximation method. During the two-wave mixing in photorefractive materials, steady state amplification of the signal beam and oscillation characteristics of a single unidirectional ring resonator has been studied. The domination of the two-beam coupling gain over the combined absorption and resonator losses such as Fresnel reflections from the crystal and imperfect mirrors builds up unidirectional oscillation. The buildup of such an oscillation leads to a saturation of the gain, which can be explained in terms of the photorefractive phase-shift. The existence of this phase-shift between the photorefractive index grating and the illumination intensity pattern, which is of characteristic of the photorefractive effect, leads to an energy transfer between the two beams. For a single unidirectional ring resonators, the effects of photoconductivity of the materials, two-beam energy coupling coefficient, dielectric constant, crystal thickness, and material's absorption coefficient on amplification of the two-beam coupling gain and photorefractive phase-shifts of the signal beam have also been studied in detail. It has been found that amplification of the signal beam and phase-shift can be enhanced by taking the photorefractive crystal having higher photoconductivity and lower dielectric constant, which improves performance of the resonators.     

驻波热声系统的自激振荡机理

热声发动机的起振过程是一个产生并维持自激振荡的过程, 研究热声自激振荡机理有助于进一步了解热声效应的实质. 根据热声网络理论, 建立了驻波热声发动机的整机网络. 将热声网络比拟成电网络, 利用厄米特式计算了输入热声网络的视在功流, 功流平衡对应自激, 在角频率虚部为零的情况下计算了热声发动机的阈值温度和运行频率. 结果表明, 计算值与实验值符合得较好, 充气压力与阈值温度和运行频率的耦合关系大致相同. 所得结论有助于进一步探究热声效应机理以及热声发动机系统的优化设计.     

Biomechanically inspired modelling of pedestrian-induced forces on laterally oscillating structures

Despite considerable interest among engineers and scientists, bi-directional interaction between walking pedestrians and lively bridges has still not been well understood. In an attempt to bridge this gap a biomechanically inspired model of the human response to lateral bridge motion is presented and explored. The simple inverted pendulum model captures the key features of pedestrian lateral balance and the resulting forces on the structure. The forces include self-excited components that can be effectively modelled as frequency-dependent added damping and mass to the structure. The results of numerical simulations are in reasonable agreement with recent experimental measurements of humans walking on a laterally oscillating treadmill, and in very good agreement with measurements on full-scale bridges. In contrast to many other models of lateral pedestrian loading, synchronisation with the bridge motion is not involved. A parametric study of the model is conducted, revealing that as pedestrians slow down as a crowd becomes more dense, their resulting lower pacing rates generate larger self-excited forces. For typical pedestrian parameters, the potential to generate negative damping arises for any lateral bridge vibration frequency above 0.43 Hz, depending on the walking frequency. Stability boundaries of the combined pedestrian–structure system are presented in terms of the structural damping ratio and pedestrian-to-bridge mass ratio, revealing complex relations between damping demand and bridge and pedestrian frequencies, due to the added mass effect. Finally it is demonstrated that the model can produce simultaneous self-excited forces on multiple structural modes, and a realistic full simulation of a large number of pedestrians, walking randomly and interacting with a bridge, produces structural behaviour in very good agreement with site observations.     

Self-excited oscillation under nonlinear feedback with time-delay

Several important applications use nonlinear feedback methods for synthetically inducing self-excited oscillations in mechanical systems. The van der Pol and saturation function type feedback methods are widely used. The effects of time-delay on the self-excited oscillation of single and two degrees-of-freedom systems under nonlinear feedback have been studied in this paper. It is shown that a single degree-of-freedom oscillator with the van der Pol type nonlinear feedback can produce unbounded response in presence of time-delay. In general, an uncontrolled time-delay in the feedback changes the state of oscillations in an uncertain manner. Therefore, a bounded saturation type feedback with controllable time-delay is proposed for inducing self-excited oscillations. The feedback signal is essentially an infinite weighted sum of a nonlinear function of the state variables of the system measured at equal intervals in the past. More recent is the measurement, higher is the weight. Thus, the feedback signal uses a large amount of information about the past history of the dynamics. Such a control signal can be realized in practice by a recursive means. The control law allows three parameters to be varied namely, the time-delay, feedback and recursive gains. Multiple time scale analysis is used to plot amplitude vs. time-delay curves. Time-delay can be controlled to vary the amplitude of oscillation as well as to switch the oscillation from one mode to the other in a two degrees-of-freedom system. It is shown that a higher recursive gain can exercise a better and a more robust control on the amplitude of oscillation of the system. Analytical results are compared with the results of numerical simulations.     

Collective oscillation in a hamiltonian system

Oscillation of macroscopic variables is discovered in a metastable state of the Hamiltonian system of the mean-field model. The duration of the oscillation is divergent with the system size. This long-lasting periodic or quasiperiodic collective motion appears through Hopf bifurcation, which is a typical route in low-dimensional dissipative dynamical systems. The origin of the oscillation is explained, with a self-consistent analysis of the distribution function, as the self-organization of a self-excited swing state through the mean field. The universality of the phenomena is discussed.