Seasonal variation of oxygen-18 in precipitation and surface water of the Poyang Lake Basin,China

Based on the monthly δ¹⁸O value measured over a hydrology period in precipitation, runoff of five tributaries and the main lake of the Poyang Lake Basin, combined with hydrological and meteorological data, the characteristics of δ¹⁸O in precipitation (δ¹⁸O_PPT) and runoff (δ¹⁸O_SUR) are discussed. The δ¹⁸O_PPT and δ¹⁸O_SUR values range from?2.75 to?14.12 ‰ (annual mean value=?7.13 ‰ ) and from?2.30 to?8.56 ‰, respectively. The seasonal variation of δ¹⁸O_PPT is controlled by the air mass circulation in this region, which is dominated by the Asian summer monsoon and the Siberian High during winter. The correlation between the wet seasonal averages of δ¹⁸O_SUR in runoff of the rivers and δ¹⁸O_PPT of precipitation at the corresponding stations shows that in the Poyang Lake catchment area the river water consists of 23% direct runoff (precipitation) and 77% base flow (shallow groundwater). This high proportion of groundwater in the river runoff points to the prevalence of wetland conditions in the Poyang Lake catchment during rainy season. Considering the oxygen isotopic composition of the main body of Poyang Lake, no isotopic enrichment relative to river inflow was found during the rainy season with maximum expansion of the lake. Thus, evaporation causing isotopic enrichment is a minor component of the lake water balance in the rainy period. During dry season, a slight isotopic enrichment has been observed, which suggests a certain evaporative loss of lake water in that period.     

Dating problems with selected mining lakes and the adjacent groundwater body in Lusatia,Germany

This study presents selected results, applying environmental tracers to investigate lake water–groundwater interactions at two study sites located in Lusatia, Germany. The focus of the investigations were two meromictic pit lakes and their adjacent aquifers. In order to follow hydrodynamic processes between lake and groundwater, mixing patterns within the lakes as well as ages of lake and groundwater, water samples of ground- and lake water were collected at three occasions, representing summer and winter conditions in the aquatic systems. The water samples were analysed for stable isotopes (deuterium, oxygen-18) and tritium and sulphurhexafluoride (SF₆ concentration). Lake water profiles of conductivity and ¹⁸O could validate the permanent stratification pattern of both the lakes. Groundwater data sets showed a heterogeneous local distribution in stable isotope values between rain and lake water. A two-component mixing model had been adopted only from ¹⁸O data to determine lake water proportions in the surrounding groundwater wells in order to correct measured tritium and SF₆ concentrations in groundwater samples. This procedure had been hampered by upstream-located wells indicating strong ¹⁸O enrichment in groundwater samples. However, rough groundwater ages were estimated. For both study sites, Piston flow ages between 12.9 and 27.7 years were calculated. The investigations showed the good agreement between two different environmental dating tools, considering the marginal data sets.     

Phase transition model of water flow irradiated by high-energy laser in a chamber

In the absorption chamber of a high-energy laser energy meter, water is directly used as an absorbing medium and the interaction of the high-power laser and the water flow can produce a variety of physical phenomena such as phase transitions. The unit difference method is adopted to deduce the phase transition model for water flow irradiated by a high-energy laser. In addition, the model is simulated and verified through experiments. Among them, the experimental verification uses the photographic method, shooting the distribution and the form of the air mass of water flow in different operating conditions, which are compared with the simulation results. The research shows that it is achievable to reduce the intensity of the phase transition by increasing the water flow, reducing the power intensity of the beam, shortening the distance the beam covers, reducing the initial water temperature or adopting a shorter wavelength laser. The study＇s results will provide the reference for the design of a water-direct-absorption-type high-energy laser energy meter as well as an analysis of the interaction processes of other similar high-power lasers and water flow.     

基于原油最高温度点变化规律分析停输相变传热

采用分区法数学模型,利用等价比热容法处理析蜡潜热问题,追踪停输相变过程中管道内原油最高温度点位置的变化轨迹,确定管道内原油最终凝固位置,提出管道内原油全凝的判断依据。基于最高温度点位置的变化规律将传热过程分为四个阶段,重点讨论了各阶段中自然对流、潜热释放、传热方式转化对最高温度位置点变化的影响,结合Ra数变化分析了自然对流换热影响从强到弱的变化过程。深入探讨了停输相变过程中管道内固相率的变化及不同位置处原油温降曲线的特点。     

Modeling the Water Droplet Evaporation Processes with Regard to Convection,Conduction and Thermal Radiation

A predictive model was developed for investigation of high-temperature heating and evaporation of water droplets. The model takes into account the basic interrelated processes of heat transfer and phase transitions. Typical velocity and temperature profiles were found in the high-temperature gas–water droplet system with external gas medium temperature varied from 100 to 800°C. Various formulations of the problem, significantly different in the type of considered processes and factors, are considered.We analyzed temperature conditions of heating and evaporation of water droplets, which allow the use of simplified models and which need consideration of all complex interrelated processes of heat and mass transfer (including convection, conduction and radiant heat transfer in droplets, and also in the surface vapor–gas layer).     

Editor change

Beaver Lake and Radok Lake, the largest known epishelf lake and the deepest freshwater lake on the Antarctic continent, respectively, were isotopically (δ²H, δ¹⁸O) and hydrogeochemically studied. Radok Lake is an isothermal and non-stratified, i.e. homogeneous water body, while Beaver Lake is stratified with respect to temperature, salinity, and isotopic composition. The results for the latter attest to freshwater (derived from snow and glacier melt) overlying seawater.     

基于珠海一号高光谱卫星的巢湖叶绿素a浓度反演

叶绿素a是重要的水质参数,可以衡量水体的富营养化程度。遥感技术可以实时、快速、大范围地获取水体中叶绿素a的浓度与分布,对于水生态环境的评价及治理具有重要意义。内陆水体的光谱特征复杂,宽波段的多光谱遥感难以精确获取水体的光谱信息。国产珠海一号高光谱卫星因其光谱分辨率高,波段多等优势在内陆湖泊的遥感监测中具有广阔的应用前景。基于珠海一号高光谱数据,充分发挥其高光谱分辨率的优势,对巢湖的叶绿素a浓度进行反演,从影像中提取实测点处的遥感反射率曲线,筛选具有显著光谱特征的波段,并以OIF指数衡量不同波段组合获取水体组分信息的能力,以此构建与实测叶绿素a浓度相关性较高的波段组合。结果表明珠海一号OHS-2A星影像的14,16和19波段所构建的三波段模型[R_rs(700 nm)-1-R_rs(670 nm)-1]×R_rs(746 nm)在巢湖的叶绿素a浓度反演中取得了较高的精度,相对误差和均方根误差分别为19.97%和10.85 mg·m-3。由模型反演巢湖2019年5月10日的叶绿素a浓度空间分布图可知,叶绿素a浓度自东向西呈上升趋势,全湖南部和东北部的叶绿素a浓度较低,西巢湖的北部叶绿素a浓度最高。西巢湖的整体叶绿素a浓度是全湖最高的,尤其是其北部水域,水质情况较差,已经出现了一定面积的水华,其主要原因在于该地区紧邻合肥市,人类活动强烈,污水废水排放量大。珠海一号高光谱卫星对于内陆湖泊的水质反演具有一定的优势,但也存在着数据处理困难,波段利用率低,反演模型普适性差等局限,今后仍需借助珠海一号高光谱数据开展更多的湖泊遥感研究,不断提出高光谱遥感影像处理的新方法,提高反演模型的精度与普适性,充分挖掘数据源的潜力,使其更好地服务于水质的遥感监测工作。     

Combined approach of isotope mass balance and hydrological water balance methods to constrain the sources of lake water as exemplified on the small dimictic lake Silbersee,northern Germany

Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen are often used for water balance calculations of lakes. We present an approach combining the lake water balance with an isotope mass balance to constrain the sources and sinks of the water of a small dimictic lake subjected to eutrophication. Meteorological and hydraulic data in combination with measured isotope signatures of the different water compartments enabled to assess the degree of surface water/groundwater interaction and the amount of overland flow into the lake. Groundwater could be excluded as a lake water source, as its water level was always below the lake water level. In the absence of a channelled inflow, precipitation and overland flow were the remaining options, whereby the latter was only active during periods of exceptionally high rainfall. While the groundwater signatures adjacent to the lake showed an influence of lake water, the lake water balance itself indicated that the associated volumetric water loss to groundwater is rather negligible. In the present case, only a combined assessment of hydrological and isotopic data allowed for an accurate characterization of the studied lake and a quantification of its water sources and sinks, highlighting the importance of using more than one methodological approach for such a purpose.     

Experimental Investigations on Latent Heat Storage Unit using Paraffin Wax as Phase Change Material

Thermal performance of a latent heat storage unit is evaluated experimentally. The latent heat thermal energy storage system analyzed in this work is a shell-and-tube type of heat exchanger using paraffin wax (melting point between 58°C and 60°C) as the phase change material. The temperature distribution in the phase change material is measured with time. The influence of mass flow rate and inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid on heat fraction is examined for both the melting and solidification processes. The mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid (water) is varied in the range of 0.0167 kg/s to 0.0833 kg/s (1 kg/min to 5 kg/min), and the fluid inlet temperature is varied between 75°C and 85°C. The experimental results indicate that the total melting time of the phase change material increases as the mass flow rate and inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid decrease. The fluid inlet temperature influences the heat fraction considerably as compared to the mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid during the melting process of the phase change material.     

湖泊沉积物溶解性有机氮组分特征及其与水体营养水平的关系

通过紫外-可见光吸收光谱,三维荧光光谱和气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)方法,比较研究了不同湖区与不同营养水平五个典型湖泊(洱海、滇池、鄱阳湖、武汉东湖、太湖)沉积物DON组分特征及其与水体营养水平间关系。结果表明：①与东部平原湖区相比,云贵高原湖泊沉积物DON结构较为稳定,生物可利用率较低;②同属云贵高原湖区,污染较严重的滇池,其沉积物DON来源和结构组分较复杂,生物可利用率较高;而污染程度相对较轻的洱海,其沉积物DON来源较简单,结构组分稳定性相对较高,有利于维持较好的水质;③东部平原湖区中,太湖和武汉东湖营养水平接近,其沉积物DON结构组分相近且相对复杂,但芳香度较低,芳香环取代基较少,对营养盐的固持能力较弱,对水污染的贡献较大,而鄱阳湖,其沉积物DON结构组分相对简单,但对营养盐的固持能力较强,对维持良好水质起积极作用;④P_{(Ⅲ+Ⅴ, n)}/P_{(Ⅰ+Ⅱ, n)}指数(类腐殖质与类蛋白质含量的比值)依次为滇池(33.14)>洱海(21.49)>太湖(15.65)>东湖(8.49)>鄱阳湖(5.21),E₄/E₆指数(465与665 nm处的吸光度比值)依次为滇池(27.00)>东湖(6.65)>鄱阳湖(5.47)>太湖(3.50)>洱海(2.31), 即P_(Ⅲ+Ⅴ,n)/P_{(Ⅰ+Ⅱ, n)}与E₄/E₆指数对不同营养水平湖泊的区分度较好,此外,两种指数与沉积物中多种氮具有较好的相关性,两者可在一定程度上指示湖泊营养水平。     

太阳辐照对静止水面稳态蒸发的影响

针对低风速下静止水面的蒸发过程,考虑水面与气流的对流传热传质、水体对太阳能辐射的容积内光谱吸收及内部传热,建立分析太阳辐照作用的水面稳态蒸发模型.采用控制容积法结合蒙特卡洛法和谱带模型数值求解水体内部、表面、气流之间的能量传递与质交换.分析空气湿度、温度、流速及正逆温差下,太阳辐照强度对于水面蒸发的影响.结果表明,太阳辐照强度对低风速下静止水面蒸发的影响很大.     

Nitrate degradation without 15N enrichment: a hydrochemical and isotopic study of a fractured rock aquifer including embedded lakes

Water samples from three quarry lakes and the surrounding fractured rock aquifer were investigated for delta18O and delta2H (H2O), delta15N and delta18O (NO3-), as well as anions and cations. Lake water and groundwater can be distinguished by their different chemical and isotopic composition. Because of evaporation processes, 18O and 2H are enriched in the lake water and can be used as natural tracers for the water dynamic of the lakes. The groundwater is characterised by high nitrate concentrations (up to 120 mg/l). Lake internal processes reduce the nitrate concentration in the quarry lakes. However, no enrichment of delta15N and delta18O in nitrate, typical for microbial nitrate degradation, is observed in the lake water. Because of the complex flow paths in the fractured rock aquifer and the intense chemical transformations at the interface between groundwater and lake water, isotopic and hydrochemical data of lake water and groundwater alone do not conclusively explain hydrological and hydrochemical processes of the investigated lake-groundwater system.     

Stable isotope and hydrogeochemical studies of Beaver Lake and Radok Lake, MacRobertson Land, East Antarctica

Beaver Lake and Radok Lake, the largest known epishelf lake and the deepest freshwater lake on the Antarctic continent, respectively, were isotopically (δ(2)H, δ(18)O) and hydrogeochemically studied. Radok Lake is an isothermal and non-stratified, i.e. homogeneous water body, while Beaver Lake is stratified with respect to temperature, salinity, and isotopic composition. The results for the latter attest to freshwater (derived from snow and glacier melt) overlying seawater.     

黏弹性流体充模过程中凝固现象的数值模拟

建立了黏弹性流体在充模过程中带有相变的气一液两相模型,该模型分别由气、液两相的质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程描述,并通过引入Heaviside函数将气一液两相的方程组统一为一个方程组;建立了一个对型腔内熔体和气体都适用的修正的焓方法来描述充模过程中的相变,采用基于同位网格的有限体积方法对模型进行求解,水平集方法捕捉充模过程中的界面演化,模拟出了黏弹性流体在充模过程中的凝固现象,得出了充模过程中型腔内的温度、压力、第一法向应力差等随时间的变化;并讨论了型腔壁面温度、熔体温度、注射速度对充模过程中凝固现象的影响,研究结果表明:型腔壁面温度越高,凝固层越薄;熔体温度越高,凝固层越薄;注射速度越高,凝固层越薄,故提高型腔壁面温度、熔体温度、注射速度可以减少或消除型腔壁面附近的凝固层。     

双台风条件下水汽的中尺度输送特征与收支诊断

应用WRF(v3.4)模式输出资料,揭示双台风条件下水汽的输送与收支特征及其对台风强度的影响.分析表明,"菲特"台风与副热带高压、中高纬地区槽脊、西面大陆高压及其东南面尾随台风"丹娜丝"存在周边系统相互作用,这种相互作用使得"菲特"台风背景风场改变,从而影响其水汽输送通道的调整.水汽输送特征分析表明,周边系统相互作用,特别是尾随"丹娜丝"台风作为水汽"收集-输送"站的作用,对"菲特"台风在近海强度的维持及后期偏北强降水有重要影响.水汽通量辐合带的分布和演变与台风强对流带的分布和演变具有一致性,即水汽的输送对台风内核区强对流带的强度和结构具有重要影响.水汽收支诊断分析表明,水汽输送对两类台风强度的变化具有重要影响,即总的水汽通量与台风强度随时间的变化均具有较好的一致性.东边界是台风的主要水汽输送来源,南、北边界次之,西边界为负贡献;各边界水汽输送主要分布在对流层底层,西边界的对流层中低层为负贡献.水汽的垂直输送对台风内部水汽的再分配起着重要作用,同时水汽垂直输送大值带的持续时间与台风研究区域内强对流大值带的持续时间一致,说明水汽的垂直输送对"U"型和"V"型台风区域的强对流也具有重要的影响.     

Suppression of ice nucleation in supercooled water under temperature gradients

Understanding the behaviours of ice nucleation in non-isothermal conditions is of great importance for the preparation and retention of supercooled water. Here ice nucleation in supercooled water under temperature gradients is analyzed thermodynamically based on classical nucleation theory (CNT). Given that the free energy barrier for nucleation is dependent on temperature, different from a uniform temperature usually used in CNT, an assumption of linear temperature distribution in the ice nucleus was made and taken into consideration in analysis. The critical radius of the ice nucleus for nucleation and the corresponding nucleation model in the presence of a temperature gradient were obtained. It is observed that the critical radius is determined not only by the degree of supercooling, the only dependence in CNT, but also by the temperature gradient and even the Young's contact angle. Effects of temperature gradient on the change in free energy, critical radius, nucleation barrier and nucleation rate with different contact angles and degrees of supercooling are illustrated successively. The results show that a temperature gradient will increase the nucleation barrier and decrease the nucleation rate, particularly in the cases of large contact angle and low degree of supercooling. In addition, there is a critical temperature gradient for a given degree of supercooling and contact angle, at the higher of which the nucleation can be suppressed completely.     

Estimation of lake water - groundwater interactions in meromictic mining lakes by modelling isotope signatures of lake water

A method is presented to assess lake water-groundwater interactions by modelling isotope signatures of lake water using meteorological parameters and field data. The modelling of delta(18)O and deltaD variations offers information about the groundwater influx into a meromictic Lusatian mining lake. Therefore, a water balance model is combined with an isotope water balance model to estimate analogies between simulated and measured isotope signatures within the lake water body. The model is operated with different evaporation rates to predict delta(18)O and deltaD values in a lake that is only controlled by weather conditions with neither groundwater inflow nor outflow. Comparisons between modelled and measured isotope values show whether the lake is fed by the groundwater or not. Furthermore, our investigations show that an adaptation of the Craig and Gordon model [H. Craig, L.I. Gordon. Deuterium and oxygen-18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere. In Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperature, Spoleto, E. Tongiorgi (Ed.), pp. 9-130, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare, Pisa (1965).] to specific conditions in temperate regions seems necessary.     

沙尘大气物理约束方程研究

基于风沙两相流的相互作用和气块质量变化的观点,推导出了闭合的沙尘大气物理约束方程组.理想状况下对之分析发现:沙尘大气密度比同体积洁净大气大,一定程度上会减缓气块的运动速度;沙尘与空气间的速度差异会使得细粒子处于高流速区,而粗粒子位于低流速区;温度差异会使得沙尘在上升运动中充当热源,下沉运动中充当冷源,从而加强对流;沙尘大气质量定容热容会在等压面上诱发新的温度梯度,促进沙尘云边界处的夹卷;沙尘大气气体常数会在等温面上诱发新的气压梯度,促进沙尘云边界处的夹卷;质量变化会对气块密度、速度和温度造成较大影响.总之,沙尘云要比基于被动标量的方程组模拟结果更高大、内部对流更强、边界处夹卷更活跃、水平运动更迟缓.     

方腔内相变材料固液相变传热研究

基于相变材料(PCM,phase change material)的相变储能设备具有储能密度高的特点。本文建立了基于相变储能元件伪焓模型的固液相变格子Boltzmann模型,研究了内部管道位置、方腔倾斜角度对PCM融化过程的影响规律。结果表明,在内管道靠近方腔上部时,由于上部界面(固液相变界面或上壁面)对自然对流阻碍作用,使PCM的融化速率减慢。但是,在此时使方腔发生倾斜,会改变管道热流体到上部界面的距离,强化PCM的热质传递过程,使融化加快。     

基于XRF连续扫描的云南抚仙湖沉积物元素特征及环境意义

X射线荧光光谱(X-ray fluorescence, XRF)岩芯扫描仪具有前处理简单、非破坏性、连续高效测量及高精度等优势，已被广泛的应用于海洋、浅水湖泊及黄土等高分辨率的气候与环境变化研究中。然而，深水湖泊的水动力过程、物质迁移转化等与浅水湖泊均存在显著差异，且对深水湖泊沉积物的XRF连续元素扫描研究还有待进一步开展。通过对我国西南地区滇中盆地抚仙湖沉积物XRF元素连续扫描，并与电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES)和质谱仪(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)元素分析方法对比，结合年代学与其他环境代用指标，探讨了滇中深水湖泊沉积物XRF连续扫描的元素特征所指示的环境意义。研究结果表明：(1)除P，Ge和Cr元素外，XRF元素连续扫描结果与ICP-OES/ICP-MS分析具有较好的相关性(p<0.01)；其中K，Ca，Ti，Fe，Rb和Zr元素的相关系数大于0.85。(2)元素的主因子分析发现，主成份1和2的方差贡献分别为76.31%和10.37%，其成分1远大于成分2，且K，Fe，Ti，Zn，Rb和Zr等元素的公因子载荷大于0.9，指示了抚仙湖流域的侵蚀强度是主要影响抚仙湖沉积过程的控制要素，其对流域内气候环境变化及人类活动强度具有较好的指示意义。(3)结合抚仙湖其他环境代用指标(粒度、总有机质含量)，重建了距今5 200年以来的滇中环境变化与人类活动历史。在距今约2200年，人类活动(耕作农业、砍伐森林等)的显著加强使得流域内植被减少、土壤侵蚀加剧，进入湖盆中的外源碎屑物增加，沉积物中元素含量显著增高。研究结果将为XRF技术在深水湖泊中的应用，以及开展环境演变与人类活动影响的高分辨率研究提供有效的借鉴。