蚜虫胁迫下棉叶光谱特征及其遥感估测

在棉蚜危害棉花的主要生育期测试蚜害后不同严重度叶片的理化参数和光谱,分析并比较了不同时期、不同品种蚜害棉叶理化参数和光谱反射率特征,确定了蚜害棉叶光谱敏感波段,建立了蚜害棉叶严重度估测模型。结果表明:蚜害棉叶的理化参数和光谱特征明显,蚜害棉叶平均厚度,含水量,温度和叶片CHL.b均增加,叶片而平均CHL.a,CHL.a+b和Cars含量减少。不同时期、不同品种蚜害棉叶光谱反射率在可见光均表现先升后降的特征,但不同品种蚜害棉叶在近红外波段反射率不同。434～727和648nm可分别作为蚜害棉叶的光谱敏感波段和最佳波段。基于敏感波段建立的蚜害棉叶遥感估测模型均达到显著相关,其中以(R1589-R648)/(R1589+R648)为自变量建立的估算模型精度最高,相对误差最小(0.128),可作为蚜害棉叶严重度最佳识别模型。该研究为遥感大面积监测棉花蚜虫提供了理论依据及参考。     

小麦条锈病胁迫下光合速率与光谱指数关系研究

为应用遥感技术进行小麦条锈病的实时监测以及大范围作物病害识别,明确条锈病胁迫下小麦光谱反射率和净光合速率与病情指数的关系,利用光谱植被指数预测小麦光合速率的变化,在2018年-2019年度冬小麦生长季节,以易感条锈病的济麦15号小麦品种为对照,以生产上播种面积较大的济麦22和鲁原502为供试品种,基于大田小区条锈病接种试验,从抽穗期到乳熟期,每隔7~10 d进行小麦旗叶光合速率、光谱反射率测定及病情指数调查。研究发现,随感病程度加重,小麦旗叶光合速率呈显著下降趋势,扬花期济麦22光合速率高于鲁原502。灌浆期可见光波段,病斑部位的光谱反射率始终高于正常部位,这是由于病斑部位叶片单位面积上叶绿素含量较低,对光吸收的少;而在反射平台区域,病斑部位的光谱反射率较正常叶低得多。利用与病害胁迫、生长状况以及产量相关较大的光化学反射指数（photochemical reflectance index,PRI）、植被衰减指数（plant senescence reflectance index,PSRI）和比值植被指数（ratio vegetation index,RVI）来反映病情指数变化,结果显示,病斑部位的光化学反射指数和植被衰减指数大于正常部位,且植被衰减指数变化率较大,而比值植被指数变化率小于正常部位。小麦不同生育期,光合速率与光谱反射率的相关性不同,模拟光合速率的植被指数也不同。灌浆期,鲁原502的光合速率与光谱反射率始终呈正相关关系;在可见光范围内,对照光合速率与光谱反射率呈正相关,济麦22呈负相关;在反射率平台位置,对照光合速率与光谱反射率呈负相关,济麦22呈正相关。在小麦灌浆期,可以利用植被衰减指数进行病害程度识别及光合速率估测。该研究为利用遥感手段大面积监测小麦长势及病害发生情况提供了理论依据,也为探讨利用光谱指标无损监测的方法预测小麦条锈病发生及危害程度奠定了基础。     

颗粒度对不同煤种可见光-近红外光谱的影响

煤炭是我国最主要的能源,在开采、运输、洗选加工、精煤储运等过程中都需要及时了解煤的成分、含量以及混矸程度,以便掌握和监控煤炭质量。目前,基于可见光-近红外反射光谱的煤炭原位测试技术已经成为一个研究热点。颗粒度是影响光谱特征的重要因素,开展颗粒度对不同煤种反射光谱特征的影响研究,对于深刻认识煤的光谱特征,进而提高煤光谱识别精度具有重要意义。为此,选取我国主要煤炭富集区（包括内蒙古乌海、新疆哈密、山西阳泉）的褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤为研究对象,利用SVC HR-1024光谱仪对不同颗粒度煤样的可见光-近红外光谱进行测试,分析了颗粒度对煤样光谱反射率的影响规律,以及颗粒度对于不同煤种光谱影响的差异。在此基础上,对实验现象背后的物理机理进行了分析讨论。研究表明,变质程度不同的煤反射光谱特征基本相似,即在可见光波段反射率较低且随波长增加出现缓慢下降趋势,在近红外波段快速上升。当煤样颗粒度>0.10 mm时,颗粒度大小对光谱特征的影响较小,煤样反射光谱特征随颗粒度变化规律不明显;当颗粒度<0.10 mm时,颗粒度对煤样的光谱影响增大,且影响主要体现在近红外波段的反射率光谱曲线的斜率大小,颗粒度越小,光谱反射率曲线斜率越大。0.10 mm颗粒度可作为颗粒度对煤的光谱特征影响的敏感界限。不同煤种可见光-近红外光谱曲线受颗粒度的影响程度不同,褐煤的影响最大,烟煤次之,无烟煤影响最小。实验表明,利用反射光谱进行煤质分析和煤种识别时需要考虑颗粒度的影响,同时,选择颗粒度小于0.10 mm的粉末状样品效果要好于大颗粒或块状样品。     

植物叶片可见与近红外光谱反射率数据库的建立与主成分分析

可见与近红外波段光谱反射率数据库是颜色科学与技术和遥感目标地物分类识别领域等研究与应用的基础数据。主成分分析(PCA)在光谱数据分析、光谱重建、高光谱数据降维以及遥感图像分类等方面有广泛应用。测量并建立了云南公园常见绿化植物柳树、樟、红花檵木、蓝花楹等48种植物150条叶片从可见光到近红外波段光谱反射率数据库,波长范围400～1 000 nm、间隔4 nm。并且分别对可见与可见到近红外两种波段范围进行PCA研究。结果表明：不同植物叶片按照红、绿、黄相同色相的光谱反射率曲线基本相似;但对于同一种植物,在可见光波段400～700 nm,因为体内叶绿素、叶黄素、叶红素和花青苷含量的不同,光谱反射率曲线有较大的差异;在近红外波段700～1 000 nm,所有植物叶片光谱反射率仅仅是大小不同,而同一植物光谱反射率基本不随波长变化。PCA分析表明：在可见光和可见与近红外波段前三个主成分的累积贡献率分别达到98.62%和94.97%。数据库及其PCA分析结果将为自然物体光谱重建、多光谱成像技术和遥感目标地物分类识别等领域应用提供支撑。     

棉花单叶黄萎病病情严重度高光谱反演模型研究

对棉花单叶黄萎病病情严重度与原始及一阶微分光谱反射率、高光谱特征参数进行相关分析,构建病情严重度反演模型。结果表明：可见光和短波红外波段光谱反射率随病情严重度增加而增大,且可见光波段光谱反射率差异比短波红外波段更为显著。以红边面积为自变量的线性模型(r=0.669 6)及以波长694 nm处原始光谱反射率为自变量的对数模型(r=0.679 4)均能较好反演病情严重度。通过模型精度检验发现,以714 nm 处一阶微分光谱反射率为自变量的线性模型为病情严重度诊断的最佳模型,即y=-282.3x+3.811 2,该模型具有最大相关系数(拟合r=0.699 2,预测r=0.941 0),最小均方根误差(0.257 1)和相对误差(12.74%)。文章结果对深入研究棉花黄萎病遥感监测机理提供了理论依据,对利用高光谱遥感数据获取病害信息具有重要应用价值。     

不同粒度条件下矿物光谱变化分析

矿物粒度是影响矿物光谱特征的一个重要因素,探索不同粒度下矿物光谱曲线的变化情况以及相同粒度下不同矿物的光谱差异,不仅是高光谱矿物遥感信息识别的关键,也为研究矿物随着粒度变化而产生的光谱差异提供理论基础。利用地物光谱仪对采集的六种矿物进行观测,获取了不同粒度下的反射率光谱曲线,同时生成一阶微分光谱曲线,进而分析了不同粒度下各种矿物的光谱变化特征,对比了相同粒度下不同矿物的光谱差异,探索高光谱遥感识别矿物的可能波段。结果表明：各种矿物的光谱曲线均会随着粒度的改变而产生较大的差异,但变化规律不尽相同,紫苏辉石的整条光谱曲线都会随着粒度的增加而下降,叶蛇纹石、赤铁矿、高岭石、绿泥石的光谱曲线在特定的波长范围内随着粒度的增加而下降,橄榄石的光谱与粒度大小不存在直接的相关性;相同粒度下,不同矿物的光谱反射率在大部分波段范围内差异较大,为实现矿物高精度识别提供了可能;叶蛇纹石、高岭石、绿泥石具有较多的宽度较窄、强度较小的吸收峰,而赤铁矿、橄榄石、紫苏辉石的光谱曲线相对平滑,吸收和反射峰的数量较少。本研究旨在为矿物光谱库的构建以及矿物的高光谱技术识别提供基础数据和理论支撑。     

琅琊山景区不同指标浓度下水质光谱差异分析

高光谱技术已广泛运用于水质检测领域。探讨不同指标浓度下水质光谱变化规律及其光谱特征,能够为水质指标遥感光谱精准识别与定量提取提供理论基础。选取琅琊山景区不同水体景观共47个典型站位进行水质指标与光谱同步测量,提取每个检测点的7个水质指标及350~950 nm波段,探讨不同浓度水质指标光谱特征变化规律,分析水质指标与光谱反射率、反射率一阶微分、任意两波段反射率比值及差值之间的关系。结果表明： 各水质指标光谱曲线变化趋势一致,但各有差异,区分度最大的波段在可见光范围;不同盐度、溶解性总固体、电导率含量的水质光谱曲线变化较为接近,含量最高的样本光谱反射率最高,且变化最显著;浊度含量较高的水质样本光谱反射率变化较显著,700~950 nm波段不同浊度含量的水质样本光谱反射率区分不明显;溶解氧浓度为4~4.9 mg·L-1的水质光谱反射率在350~900 nm波段内明显低于其余样本;在350~380 nm波段范围,光谱反射率不随叶绿素含量变化而变化,叶绿素含量接近0的样本在400~950 nm波段低于其余样本;不同蓝绿藻藻蓝蛋白含量的样本光谱曲线相比其余水质指标在350~730 nm波段变化较大,交叉点较多。此外,水质指标与原始光谱反射率相关性较低,光谱一阶微分、差值指数、比值指数与各水质指标相关性整体有所提升。该研究可为水质高光谱遥感检测提供一定的理论基础。     

高光谱激光雷达植被叶片方向反射特性及对叶绿素反演的影响

不同于传统被动光学传感器,高光谱激光雷达发射主动式全波段高斯脉冲激光,和植被叶片表面相互作用后,不同波段后向散射强度返回至接收器并被记录下来。以往的高光谱激光雷达植被叶片反射特性研究只聚焦于零度角入射的情况,对多入射角方向反射光谱特性以及方向反射特性对叶片叶绿素含量估算带来的误差尚未进行过深入研究。利用实验室研发的32波段高光谱激光雷达获取了不同入射角下的植被叶片反射光谱,对高信噪比波段下植被叶片的复杂方向反射特性进行了深入分析,随后选择光谱指数研究了高光谱激光雷达测量条件下植被方向反射特性对叶绿素含量反演的影响。结果表明,(1)高光谱激光雷达植被叶片回波强度随入射角增大逐渐降低,但二向反射率因子并不逐渐减小,在可见光和近红外波段,二向反射率因子随入射角增大分别呈现出两种不同形状特征,可见光波段反射率因子最大值出现在0°～10°,近红外波段最大值出现在60°,反射率因子最小值均出现在45°处,最大和最小反射率因子间可差0.1左右,可见光和近红外波段10°～60°内二向反射率因子均呈现先减小后增大的趋势;(2)通过对不同入射角下光谱指数与叶绿素含量的回归分析发现,方向反射特性对反演精度有...     

半干旱采煤塌陷不同应力区典型植物高光谱特征分析

利用高光谱反演、监测植被生长状况的基础是光谱特征识别。以半干旱采煤塌陷区为样地，利用Field Spec 3地物光谱仪与SPAD-502叶绿素仪同步采集采煤地表塌陷形成的不同应力区(非采区、中性区、拉伸区、压缩区)典型植物叶片光谱反射率与叶绿素含量(SPAD值)，分析典型植物相同应力区SPAD值升高其光谱特征的变化，对比不同应力区典型植物SPAD值较高与较低时光谱特征的差异，并借助Matlab软件深入研究不同应力区典型植物SPAD值与差值指数、归一化指数的相关关系。结果表明：(1)不同应力区同种植物光谱曲线随着SPAD值不同变化规律相异，可见光波段区分明显，其余波段受应力影响的区域样本SPAD值不同，反射率比非采区波动更为剧烈与无序。可见光波段，糙隐子草、柠条、杨树、油蒿SPAD值低的样本光谱曲线绿峰缺失，SPAD值升高，绿峰出现但位置红移，SPAD值高于30时，为典型植被光谱曲线，油松样本SPAD值越高反射峰值越小；受应力影响的区域SPAD值低的样本谷、峰、边特征参数缺失更多，光谱变化规律不强。(2)400～700 nm波段，不同应力区糙隐子草、油蒿、油松、柠条样本SPAD值较低组反射率显著高于较高组，杨树样本相反；780～1 350 nm波段，拉伸区的糙隐子草、非采区的油蒿和柠条、压缩区的油松和杨树样本SPAD值较高组与较低组的反射率差异小；相较于非采区，受应力影响的糙隐子草、油蒿、柠条样本在所测波段SPAD值较高组与较低组的同波段反射率差值显著减小。(3)受应力影响的区域样本SPAD值与光谱指数相关性较之非采区在某些波段大面积增强。与非采区相比，中性区的油蒿、油松、柠条、杨树样本SPAD值与光谱指数的最大相关系数值均增大，糙隐子草相反；非采区植物SPAD值与NDVI最大相关系数均高于DI，波段组合多位于近红外，受应力影响区域的样本最大相关系数多数位于可见光波段。本研究为矿区不同应力区典型植物高光谱波段识别与植物健康状态监测、矿区生态环境精准治理提供了理论支撑。     

琅琊山区主要树种冠层光谱年际变化研究

森林树木的生理机制和生态结构随年份变化,该变化通过其冠层光谱特征在一定程度上有规律的表现出来。掌握森林树木光谱特征随年份变化的规律,既有利于遥感解译,也为多树种的识别与分类、生物化学成分估测等提供一定的科学依据。本研究利用高分辨率光谱仪对研究区7个主要落叶树种和7个主要常绿树种的不同年份冠层光谱特征进行测量,分别获取4个不同年龄段的光谱曲线,并计算出一阶导数曲线,从而深入分析不同落叶树种、不同常绿树种在不同年份和相同年份的光谱特征变化规律,比较各树种在可见光波段和近红外波段的光谱差异变化,以找出最适宜多树种识别的最佳年份和最佳波段。结果显示：落叶树种和常绿树种的冠层光谱特征随年份变化表现出一定的规律性,光谱反射率随年龄增加而升高;光谱变化差异均在近红外波段最为明显,此波段是进行多树种识别的最佳波段。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.     

Direction-of-arrival estimation using matrix spatial prefiltering approach

An approach to direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation for multiple narrowband farfield signals is proposed. The technique uses a novel matrix spatial prefiltering approach. Specifically, a matrix filter is designed to spatially filter the incoming data snapshots. The un-wanted components arriving from the stopband angular sectors are attenuated and the desired components from the angular sector of interest pass with minimal distortion. The matrix filter spatially filters the element-space data and the output reserves the element-space data property, which makes it very useful by passing sensor data through a spatial prefilter prior to applying many other array processors to attenuate interferences and improve system performance. Several examples of DOA estimation problem are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed spatial prefiltering approach. Results of simulation and real data show that the pre-filter can efficiently attenuate the spatial interferences and significantly improve the estimation and resolution capability of DOA estimators at low signal-to-noise ratios for the sources located inside the passband sector. In addition, the use of spatial prefilter makes it possible to estimate DOAs for multiple sources more than the number of the elements of an array.     

Quantum efficiency calibration of opto-electronic detector by means of correlated photons method

A new calibration method of detectors can be realized by using correlated photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effect of nonlinear crystal.An absolute calibration system of detector quantum efficiency is performed.And its principle and experimental setup are introduced.A continuouswave (CW) ultraviolet (351 nm),diode-pumped,frequency-doubled,and solid-state laser is used to pump BBO crystal.The quantum efficiencies of the photomultiplier at 633,702,and 789 nm are measured respectively.The coincidence peaks are observed using coincidence circuit.Some measurement factors including the filter bandwidth of trigger channel,the detector position alignment and polarization of the pump light are analyzed.The uncertainties of this calibration method are also analyzed,and the relative uncertainties of total calibration are less than 5.8%.The accuracy of this method could be improved in the future.