层状各向异性固体媒质的声反射和声透射

本文导出了联系任意对称的各向异性固体层上下界面力学量（位移和应力）的传递矩阵，从而提出了层状固体媒质声反射和声透射的一般模型，作为例子，本文数值计算了金属铝中双层正交对称固体（其间界面呈刚性联接或滑移联接）对声波的反射和透射系数。     

层状多孔介质中声反射和透射

本文根据流体饱和多孔介质中声传播的Biot理论和多孔介质界面上的六个边界条件研究了平面声波斜入射于多层水平板状多孔介质时的反射和透射。数值计算了快纵波为入射波时声波频率、入射角等量的变化对能量的反射系数、透射系数的影响。数值计算结果表明,当声波波长与中间介质厚度呈一定比例时,反射系数、透射系数取得极值,入射角、多孔介质的性质对反射系数、透射系数的影响很大。     

具有刚性联接界面和滑移界面的层状固体媒质的声反射

利用矩阵方法,本文提出了声波从具有刚性联接和滑移界面的层状固体媒质反射特性的一般模型,导出了包含一个或两个滑移界面的层状固体媒质纵波和横波声反射系数解析表达式。文中还给出一些典型粘接件声反射系数的数值计算结果,为正确选择超声评价这些界面特性所采用的技术参数提供了依据。     

水下多层均匀材料的声特性

本文研究水和空气中由不同厚度的两层弹性板及消声橡胶共同组成的分层介质在斜入射时的声特性,并采用数值方法求解多层结构声场的线性方程组。得到反射,透射系数,当板的厚度远小于波长时,采用弹性薄壳振动模型和弹性波模型进行计算,它们的结果基本相同,但是薄壳振动模型更便于计算和理论分析;对系统反射系数和透射系数的计算结果表明,系统增加消声橡胶层后,极大地改变后射系数和透射系数的频率响应;频率升高,反射系数减小     

固体滑移界面的超声评价

为评价固体滑移界面的特性,根据QSM界面模型和粘滞流体的本构方程导出了滑移界面的界面劲度系数及垂直入射到固体滑移界面的超声纵波和SH波的反射系数公式,其中纵波的反射系数与滑移界面层的绝热体积弹性模量、粘滞系数和入射声波的频率有关,而SH波的反射系数与界面层的绝热体积弹性模量和入射波的频率无关。因此,可以用SH波直接评价界面的不同粘滞状态,且不受检测频率的限制。要评价界面的绝热体积弹性模量,则必须增加纵波检测。利用蜂蜜和水模拟不同滑移界面层的声波反射实验验证了上述理论结果。     

弱界面固体附层媒质中的类Rayleigh波

当半无限大固体媒质上有一层固体附加层时表面波是频散的。由界面的“准弹簧”模型,本文导出了有各向同性固体附加层时半无限大各向同性均匀媒质中弱界面情况下的类Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ波的特征方程。文中给出了典型复合结构具有刚性联接界面、滑移联接界面和弱界面时类 Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ波的色散曲线,分析了界面刚度系数对类 Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ波传播速度的影响。数值计算的结果表明选择合适的参数可以由低频超声类Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ进行涂层结构界面特性的无损评价。     

大振幅平面声波的反射和折射(Ⅰ)——一维情况

本文利用逐级近似法分析了大振幅平面声波正投射在分割二种不同介质的界面上时,声波在界面上发生反射和透射的特性.计算的结果表明在计及二级近似的情况下,二级反射波和透射波除有与一级反射系数和一级透射系数平方成正比的部分外,还有用二级反射系数和二级透射系数描述的反射波和透射波,这些波同二级入射波有一定的相移,相移的大小由二种介质的声学参数和非线性参数规定.本文所获得的结果可以用来阐明已在实验上取得的提高参量阵转换效率的理论依据.     

声波在水-含气沉积物界面的反射

含气泡海洋沉积物的声学特性是海底探测的重要问题。为了研究气泡存在对水-含气沉积物界面声反射系数的影响,本文基于气泡振动修正的Biot波动方程推导了气泡存在修正的Biot弹性模量,并结合水-沉积物界面的“开孔”边界条件推导了声波从水入射到水-含气沉积物界面的反射系数。数值分析表明气泡的振动导致反射系数呈现显著的频率特性。在气泡共振频率附近,由于气泡的共振引发的强散射和强衰减,使得反射系数很大,无论以何种角度入射,声波都很难进入含气泡的沉积物。本文研究结果表明,气泡半径、含量、声波频率以及入射角度都是影响水-含气沉积物界面反射系数的主要因素。      

超声在粘接界面的反射和透射

本文讨论了有关超声在两种固体粘接界面上的各种理论模型，介绍了这些模型所假设的界面边界条件以及由此而得到的超声在粘接界面上的反射系数和透射系数。     

偶极子在径向非均匀介质中的电磁场分布

提出了柱状多层介质中的磁偶极子在任意介质层中的电磁场的递推算法，给出了磁偶极子产生的电磁波在柱状多层介质中的反射、透射系数和广义反射系数，从而得到了任意介质层中满足各层界面边界条件的电磁场解析表达式．     

Interaction of ultrasonic wave with void-containing layer in solid

Using a general mode for sound reflection from multilayered media,we present in this paper the expressions for sound reflection and transmissioncoefficients on void-containing interface layer in solid and derive the character-istic equation for symmetric and antisymmetric modes of the interface wavesalong the layer.The method for evaluating the effective elastic moduli ofvoid-containing solid is also introduced.The numerical calculation given in thispaper shows the influences of the void volume concentration and layer thick-ness on the sound reflection coefficients and interface wave velocity,providing atheoretical basis for inverse of the mechanical properties of void-containinglayer based on the ultrasonic measurement.     

Reflection and transmission of phonons at a planar interface between two dissimilar solids

Two semi-infinite dissimilar crystals with, however, the same crystal structure and lattice parameter are in contact at a planar interface. Using a simple force constant model, restricted to near-neighbour interaction reflection and transmission coefficients for sound waves propagating along one solid are calculated. At low frequencies the reflection and transmission coefficients are determined solely by the force constants and the atomic masses in the two media. At high frequencies the transmission coefficient becomes small if the force constant at the interface between the two media is weak. Information of the local force constant in the interface region can be gained at least in principle, by measuring the reflection and transmission coefficients at high frequencies.     

固体间界面的物理模型和界面对声波的反射

简要描述了模拟两固体间界面特性的弹簧模型，该模型最早是根据静力学方法提出的，后来用固体间界面薄层的声波反射方法加以改进，从界面弹簧模型可以方便地得到界面外近似边界条件，其中包含界面“弹簧”振子的劲度常数和质量，文章还给出了两相间固体中界面声反射系数的表达式，介绍了测量界面劲度常数的超声反射谱方法。最后讨论了仍关声波与界面相互作用研究领域中最近的一些研究进展。     

The computations of reflection coefficients of multilayer structure based on the reformulation of Thomson-Haskell method

A reformulation of the Thomson-Haskell method is presented for calculating the reflection coefficients of multilayer structure immersing in the coupling fluid. Instead of directly multiplying the layer propagator matrix, the new method splits the layer propagator matrix and excursively determines the interface stiffness matrix starting from the bottom half-space with known stiffness. A formulation for the reflection coefficients is derived based on the obtained interface stiffness matrix of the top layer. This scheme can be applied to a single solid layers or layered structures containing both fluid and solid layers. It keeps the simplicity but naturally excludes the exponential growth term and thus can be applied at any frequency range. Its validity and feasibility were experimentally proved by the measurement of the reflection coefficients of a three layered structure of aluminum–glass–aluminum and a sandwiched layer structure of two 250 μm stainless plates filled with 100 μm deionized water based on the inversion of V(z, t) technique. The result of experiments is consistent with the theoretical calculation. The reformulation of the Thomson-Haskell method offers an efficient and effective solution for calculating the acoustic reflection coefficients of multilayer structures of any configurations.     

水下均匀材料复合层吸声特性研究

本文对水下阻尼板和其它介质层复合的多层吸声和结构吸声，反声性能进行了研究，利用各层界面压力，振速的四端网络矩阵及层间边界条件导出吸声结构表面阻抗和反射系统数随频率的变化关系，数值计算分析了不同边界条件，多种层以及改变各层参数情况，反声，吸声系数的变化，发现多层结构中厚的水层引起强烈的共振反射峰，并提出了抑制共射的方法。     

平面波与线性粘弹海底的反射和折射

采用基于广义标准线性体Boltzmann叠加原理的固体流变模型来描述粘弹性海底底质结构,分析了沉积层和基岩的纵、横波速度频散和衰减的特点,计算了海水沉积层界面和沉积层基岩界面位移势反射和折射系数和能量反射和折射系数。结果表明,采取本模型的粘弹性海底的速度频散、衰减和已有文献的实验数据符合较好,能准确的描述海底底质的主要性质,反射和折射系数和声波的频率有关。      

On the validity and improvement of the ultrasonic pulse-echo immersion technique to measure real attenuation

A fundamental assumption embraced in conventional use of the ultrasonic pulse-echo immersion technique to measure attenuation in solid materials is revisited. The cited assumption relies on perfect and immutable adhesion at the water to sample interface, a necessary condition that allows calculating the reflection coefficient at any interface from elastic wave propagation theory. This parameter is then used to correct the measured signal and obtain the real attenuation coefficient of the sample under scrutiny. In this paper, cases in which the perfectly cohesive interfacial condition is not satisfied are presented. It is shown also that in those cases, the repeatability of the conditions at the interface is always uncertain. This implies that the reflection coefficients are unknown, even when density is known. A new method of simultaneously measuring the reflection coefficients for both exposed interfaces that are normal to the transducer, and the attenuation coefficient of the specimen is developed and is presented here. The robustness of the new method is proven, as we demonstrate that the proper value of attenuation is achieved independently of the continuously varying interfacial conditions of these non-ideal cases.     

Modeling and characterizing the typical under-ice acoustic channel for the Arctic

The properties of arctic underwater acoustic channel were researched using BurkeTwersky(BT) model and ray theory.In the BT model,sea ice ridge is assumed as a set of semi-elliptical cylinder randomly distributed on a stress-free surface.By approximation of low frequency and high frequency of the BT model,the reflection coefficients were calculated at different frequencies.On the basis of ray theory,the acoustic field was calculated and the properties of underwater acoustic channel was analyzed.Compared to underwater acoustic channel properties when the boundary is air,the results show that under the ice surface some sound rays disappear during transmission,because the ice surface reflection coefficients is less than absolute soft surface.Especially,the higher the frequency,the higher the under-ice transmission loss.As a result,under-ice condition is unfavourable for acoustic signals to travel far.Besides,as to the channel structure,the reflection coefficient of ice layer is smaller,the channel multi-path structure is not significant compared to water-air interface without ice.The research results are valuable for our understanding of hydroacoustic channel and the prediction of the sonar system working in the polar region.     

Reflection of structural waves at a solid/liquid interface

This paper investigates the reflection characteristics of structural or guided waves in rods at a solid/liquid interface. Structural waves, whose wavelengths are much larger than the diameter of the rod, are described in a first approximation by classical one-dimensional wave theory. The reflection characteristics of such waves at a solid/liquid (melting) interface has been reported by two different ultrasonic measurement techniques: first, measuring the fast regression rate of a melting interface during the burning of metal rod samples in an oxygen-enriched environment, and second, monitoring the propagation of the solid/liquid interface during the slow melting and solidification of a rod sample in a furnace. The second work clearly shows that the major reflection occurs from the solid/liquid interface and not the liquid/gas interface as predicted by plane longitudinal wave reflectivity theory. The present work confirms this observation by reporting on the results of some specially designed experiments to identify the main interface of reflection for structural waves in rods. Hence, it helps in explaining the fundamental discrepancy between the reflection characteristics at a solid/liquid interface between low frequency structural waves and high frequency bulk waves, and confirms that the detected echo within a burning metallic rod clearly represents a reflection from the solid/liquid interface.     

The Reflection of Magneto-Thermoelastic $P$ and $SV$ Waves at a Solid Half Space Using Dual-Phase-Lag Model

The dual-phase-lag heat transfer model is employed to study the reflection phenomena of $P$ and $SV$ waves from a surface of a semi-infinite magneto-thermoelastic solid. The ratios of reflection coefficients to that of incident coefficients are obtained for $P$- and $SV$-wave cases. The results for partition of the energy for various values of the angle of incidence are computed numerically under the stress-free and rigidly fixed thermally insulated boundaries. The reflection coefficients are depending on the angle of incidence, magnetic field, phase lags and other material constants. Results show that the sum of energy ratios is unity at the interface. The results are discussed and depicted graphically.