基于MODIS数据的杭州地区气溶胶光学厚度反演

气溶胶类型在反演光学厚度时非常重要,采用待反演地区最合理的气溶胶类型可以极大地提高反演精度。结合中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的数据,提出一种确定气溶胶各组分体积百分比的数学模型,利用这种数学模型得到自定义的杭州地区气溶胶类型,结合改进的暗像元法并基于6S大气辐射传输模式可以反演得到气溶胶光学厚度。将反演结果与AERONET太阳光度计的气溶胶观测值进行对比,结果显示反演的相对误差绝对值在20%以内。采用6S大气辐射传输模式给出的标准气溶胶类型对杭州地区大气进行光学厚度反演,将反演结果和采用自定义气溶胶类型时的反演结果分别与太阳光度计的观测值进行对比,结果表明采用自定义的气溶胶类型时反演值的相对误差绝对值比采用标准气溶胶类型时反演值的相对误差绝对值要低3%以上。     

敦煌辐射校正场太阳光度计现场定标

为保证卫星在轨自动化定标中气溶胶光学特性观测的精度,针对基于相对稳定大气条件的Langley定标和基于高精度参考仪器的交叉定标,开展了辐射校正场太阳光度计的现场定标技术研究.定标结果表明高精度太阳光度计Langley定标和交叉定标与CE318太阳光度计反演的气溶胶光学厚度最大偏差分别在0.015和0.01以内.计算分析了大气条件、仪器参数等对现场定标的影响,将定标后的仪器和CE318太阳光度计放在青海湖同步比对观测,气溶胶光学厚度最大偏差在0.01以内.敦煌辐射校正场太阳光度计现场定标误差对卫星在轨定标的影响不超过0.21%,表明定标结果能够满足卫星在轨自动化定标的精度要求.     

大气非均匀路径中图像退化光学模型

均匀路径中图像退化光学模型广泛应用于大气中退化图像的复原,而对于斜程观测情况,视线路径中的光照和光学性质是非均匀的,即使在水平路径中也会面临不均匀的状况。从平面平行大气辐射传输理论出发,建立了非均匀路径中图像退化光学模型,并在典型大气、观测条件下对模型进行了仿真分析。结果表明,对于近水平观测,非均匀路径退化模型简化为均匀路径中的退化模型;当观测距离较小时,两个模型在表达形式上是一致的,并且相对于长波段,短波段更满足此结论;不同观测方向和太阳的方位角差对退化模型的影响只在于观测处背景光的不同;此外,退化模型依赖于近地面水平能见度。     

空间斜程能见度的影响因素分析

 空间斜程能见度是空间目标识别的重要参量。水平能见度与大气消光参数有明确的关系，而斜程能见度与大气消光参数、观测方向、太阳天顶角等多种因素有关，目前尚未有明确的结果。从辐射传输理论出发，通过δ-Eddington近似求解辐射传输方程，尝试推导了空间斜程能见度的表达式，探讨了斜程能见度与观察者视角、太阳高度角以及大气光学特性之间的关系。     

基于六角形和球形冰晶模型的卷云辐射特征研究

卷云中冰晶粒子的单次光散射计算是卷云辐射传输及云微物理参数反演的重要基础。近年,利用高观测频率的静止气象卫星数据来反演水云和卷云的光学和微物理参数,进而计算地表光通量的研究倍受重视。然而,很多研究中卷云的冰晶用球形模型来模拟。由于不同形状和尺度大小的冰晶对电磁波的散射特征的不同,导致不同冰晶模型计算的卷云环境下卫星观测的辐射值及地表光通量的不同。利用不同尺度大小和电磁波波长的球形和六角形冰晶的单次散射数据,结合RSTAR辐射传输模式来定量分析了卷云环境下不同形状的冰晶模型对计算卫星观测的辐射和地表光通量中的影响。结果显示利用不同形状的冰晶模块来计算的卫星观测的辐射,地表向下辐射通量明显不同。波长在0.4～1.0 μm之间的大气窗口部分的光谱辐射通量的差距最大。总辐射通量受云粒子形状的影响显著。研究证实了正确选择冰晶模型对卫星反演卷云微物理和光学参数的反演及计算地表光通量的重要性。该结果对于云微物理参数的反演及地表向下辐射通量的模拟具有参考价值。     

基于MAX-DOAS观测大气Ring效应的气溶胶光学参数反演

Ring效应是指大气分子对太阳光的转动拉曼散射致使太阳光中夫琅禾费线变浅的现象。气溶胶能够改变光子在大气中的路径和大气散射性质,最终影响夫琅禾费线的填充程度,因此可以通过观测Ring效应强度获取气溶胶信息。分析了Ring效应对气溶胶光学参量(气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照率、非对称因子等)的敏感性,发展了一种结合大气辐射传输模型并利用地基多轴差分吸收光谱(MAX-DOAS)仪器观测的Ring效应获取气溶胶光学特性的新方法。将MAX-DOAS反演结果和太阳光度计的观测结果进行了对比,两者一致性较好。研究表明,基于地基MAX-DOAS观测的Ring效应可以实现气溶胶光学特性的探测。     

基于MAX-DOAS观测大气Ring效应的气溶胶消光廓线反演

Ring效应指大气中O2和N2分子对太阳光的转动拉曼散射导致太阳夫朗禾费线变浅(被填充)的现象。气溶胶能够改变光子在大气中的光程和大气散射性质,进而影响散射次数和转动拉曼散射几率,所以可以通过观测Ring效应强度获取气溶胶信息。研究了一种利用地基多轴差分吸收光谱(MAX-DOAS)仪器观测反演气溶胶信息的新方法,基于MAX-DOAS仪器在晴朗天气下对大气Ring效应进行观测,结合Mc Artim大气辐射传输模型可以获取气溶胶消光廓线。将MAX-DOAS反演气溶胶光学厚度结果和太阳光度计观测结果进行了对比,一致性较好。研究结果表明,基于地基MAX-DOAS观测大气Ring效应反演气溶胶消光廓线是可行的。     

大气折射对可见近红外波段辐射传输的影响分析

为定量分析大气折射对辐射传输的影响,建立了矢量辐射传输模型(VSPART),讨论了大气折射对漫射光Stokes矢量及辐射通量密度的影响。在模型中,采用射线追踪法实现了大气折射过程的参数化,基于矩阵算法实现了辐射传输方程的求解;将VSPART模拟结果与文献值及SPDISORT、DISORT、RT3/PolRadtran和MYSTIC的模拟结果进行了对比,验证了模型间的一致性;在纯瑞利散射大气及含气溶胶大气条件下,分析了大气折射对地面下行辐射和天顶上行辐射漫射光Stokes矢量的影响,讨论了大气折射效应随太阳天顶角的变化。结果表明,太阳天顶角为86°时,在瑞利散射条件下,由大气折射造成的漫射光(波长0.35μm)I、Q和U分量的相对偏差可达9.2%、10.2%和11.3%,辐射通量密度的相对偏差可达5.3%。对于地面下行辐射,大气折射的影响总体随天顶角增大而增强,天顶上行辐射则反之。大气折射对地面下行漫射辐射的影响强于天顶上行辐射。随着气溶胶光学厚度的增加,大气折射效应显著增强;煤烟气溶胶条件下,大气折射的影响强于矿质型及海盐型气溶胶情形。当太阳天顶角大于70°时,大气折射的影响迅速增强,此时有必要在辐射传输模拟过程中考虑大气折射效应。     

太阳过渡区紫外光谱的观测与诊断

太阳过渡区是太阳色球层顶到日冕底部的大气薄层。厚度仅几百千米,但其间太阳等离子体参数变化剧烈。过渡区的辐射多为光学薄的远紫外、极紫外发射谱线和背景连续谱线。由于地球大气的吸收,过渡区紫外光谱需通过天基观测才能实现。近几十年来,星载仪器的成功发射为太阳过渡区的研究打开了新纪元。工作回顾了太阳过渡区紫外光谱的观测历史和各类星载仪器,特别介绍了近十几年几种重要的光谱仪器。详细阐述了过渡区紫外光谱的发生率、电子密度和电子温度的诊断原理。讨论了过渡区紫外谱线的形状,并以SOHO/SUMER光谱仪为例介绍了表征谱线的几种重要参量及其物理意义。     

临边成像光谱仪信噪比分析及实验研究

临边成像光谱仪是一种对大气遥感探测有重要研究和应用价值的新型空间光学遥感仪器。信噪比是定量评价成像光谱仪成像质量和辐射性能的的一项重要指标,信噪比的估算和测量对成像光谱仪的研制至关重要。针对临边成像光谱仪从辐射传输和能量转换角度,建立了信噪比模型,推导了色散型临边成像光谱仪信噪比计算公式,编制了信噪比快速计算程序。利用大气辐射传输软件MODTRAN 4.0模拟计算出在典型观测条件下仪器入瞳光谱辐亮度,从理论上估算了已研制成的临边成像光谱仪原理样机在典型观测条件下的信噪比。结果表明,在典型观测条件下原理样机的信噪比不低于8。作为实验验证,利用内照明积分球光源对临边成像光谱仪原理样机进行了信噪比测量,测量结果证实了理论模型的正确性。     

Effect of the reflection of underlying surface on sky radiance distribution

Sky radiance might be influenced by the multiple reflectance between the earth's albedo surface and the atmosphere. Based on the Lambert's law and the radiative transfer equation (RTE), a model is developed to calculate the additional sky radiance at wavelengths of 0.4-3 μm due to the reflectance contribution of the underlying surface. The iterative method is used to calculate sky radiance without the reflectance from underlying surface. The hybrid modified delta-Eddington approximation is used to compute the atmospheric reflection of the radiation from the earth's surface. An interaction factor is introduced to deal with the multiple reflectance between the atmosphere and the underlying surface. The sky radiance increment is evaluated for some different albedos of the earth's surface. The results show that the sky radiance increment rises rapidly while viewing zenith angle is near to 90°, and the larger the albedo of the earth's surface is, the more obvious this effect appears.     

大气折射对可见光波段辐射传输特性的影响

折射是影响辐射传输的重要因素. 为分析大气折射对辐射传输的影响, 基于Monte Carlo方法, 给出了考虑大气折射的矢量辐射传输模型, 实现了均匀气层和耦合面处光子随机运动过程的模拟, 实现了直射光及漫射光Stokes矢量、偏振度和辐射通量等参数的计算. 在考虑和不考虑大气折射两种条件下, 验证了模型的准确性; 在纯瑞利散射条件下, 讨论了大气折射对不同方向漫射光Stokes矢量的影响; 在不同太阳天顶角、大气廓线、气溶胶及含云大气条件下, 分析了大气折射对辐射传输过程的影响. 结果表明: 大气折射对漫射光Stokes矢量的影响主要体现在天顶角70°–110°区间, 且随着太阳入射角增大, 其影响更为显著; 不同大气廓线情形下, 大气折射对Stokes矢量的影响不一致, 其原因是不同大气廓线对应的折射率廓线存在差异. 含云及含气溶胶大气条件下, 大气折射对辐射传输的影响变弱, 沙尘型及海盐型气溶胶条件下, 折射对辐射传输的影响强于可溶型气溶胶情形; 不同形状气溶胶条件下, 大气折射对辐射传输的影响也存在显著差异; 不同云高条件下, 大气折射对漫射光Stokes矢量的影响无显著差异, 但随着云光学厚度增大, 大气折射的影响减弱.     

The DRESOR method for radiative heat transfer in a one-dimensional medium with variable refractive index

This paper extends the DRESOR (Distribution of Ratios of Energy Scattered by the medium Or Reflected by the boundary surface) method to radiative transfer in a variable refractive index medium. In this method, the intensity is obtained from the source term along the curved integration paths determined only by the variable refractive index, and the DRESOR values are calculated by the Monte Carlo method in which the propagation of the energy bundles are affected by Snell's law. With given temperatures on the black boundaries of a one-dimensional medium, the temperature distribution inside the medium with a variable scattering property is calculated under the condition of radiative equilibrium. It is shown that the DRESOR method has a good accuracy in the cases studied. For an isotropic-scattering medium with the same optical thickness, the scattering albedo has no effect on the temperature distribution, which can be obtained from the general equations and can be seen as an extension of what exists for a constant refractive index; however, the different refractive index causes obvious changes in the temperatures inside the medium. The effect of anisotropic scattering on the temperature distribution cannot be ignored, although it is still weaker than the effect caused by variation in the refractive index.     

大气下行长波辐射快速实验测量方法研究

采用辐射传输模式模拟了特殊角度随气溶胶光学厚度及大气温湿度的变化情况,结果显示晴空下该角度不受气溶胶影响,受大气温度影响小,但受大气水汽含量影响显著,因此晴空下热红外光谱仪测量下行辐射时特殊天顶角可只根据大气水汽含量确定。西部荒漠地区下行辐射测量实验结果表明,据大气水汽含量确定的特殊角度值与实验结果一致,且该角度处辐射作为积分辐射符合精度要求。特殊角度值可用研究区大气水汽含量确定,该快速测量法可广泛用于野外实验,方便快捷测量准确瞬时下行辐射。     

基于星地测量和辐射传输模式的特定地域大气中分辨力光谱辐射特征

 利用中分辨力成像光谱仪数据,采用星地测量并结合中分辨力辐射传输模式,以巢湖流域及周边为实验区,计算得到该地区夏季实际大气层结下沿观测路径整层大气透过率、大气辐射、大气热辐射和大气散射的太阳辐射在中分辨力光谱上的特征,以及整层大气廓线。研究结果表明：受能见度影响,实验区两地点水体像元处的整层大气透过率数值略高于植被像元处;两地卫星入瞳处的程辐射和卫星探测器探测到的程辐射谱分布相似;在可见至近红外波段,大气程辐射和散射的太阳辐射谱分布相似性较强,且随着波长增加而数值均逐渐减小,而大气热辐射数值很小;两个地点在短波范围内路径热辐射很低且接近,随着波长的增加,热辐射明显增强,波长越长,两地点热辐射差别越明显;当日天气晴好,气溶胶含量较低,而且两地距离很近,因此两地的大气廓线数据基本相似。     

一种新的高光谱图像中太阳耀斑去除方法

太阳耀斑掩盖了水体的真实物理特性,严重干扰了水下特征的获取.根据被耀斑污染的像素和邻近未污染像素问的辐射差值,获得大气组分的吸收特征.并调节大气辐射传输模型中的模型参量,进而得到大气透射率.分析了影响耀斑污染程度的主要因素,依据近红外波段离水辐亮度近似为零,求出水体受耀斑污染程度的空间分布,据此进行耀斑去除,得到未被耀斑污染的图像.结果表明,应用该方法提取离水辐亮度,去除耀斑的效果较好.     

Free-Space Propagation of the Generalized Radiance Defined in Terms of the Coherent-Mode Representation of Cross-Spectral Density Function

The equation for free-space propagation of the generalized radiance defined formerly by the authors in terms of the coherent-mode representation of the cross-spectral density function is derived within the accuracy of the paraxial approximation. It is shown that, in the short-wavelength limit, this generalized radiance obeys in a good approximation the fundamental radiative transfer law of classical radiometry.     

A single-scattering approximation for infrared radiative transfer in limb geometry in the Martian atmosphere

We present a single-scattering approximation for infrared radiative transfer in limb geometry in the Martian atmosphere. It is based on the assumption that the upwelling internal radiation field is dominated by a surface with a uniform brightness temperature. It allows the calculation of the scattering source function for individual aerosol types, mixtures of aerosol types, and mixtures of gas and aerosol. The approximation can be applied in a Curtis-Godson radiative transfer code and is used for operational retrievals from Mars Climate Sounder measurements. Radiance comparisons with a multiple scattering model show good agreement in the mid- and far-infrared although the approximate model tends to underestimate the radiances in realistic conditions of the Martian atmosphere. Relative radiance differences are found to be about 2% in the lowermost atmosphere, increasing to ∼10% in the middle atmosphere of Mars. The increasing differences with altitude are mostly due to the increasing contribution to limb radiance of scattering relative to emission at the colder, higher atmospheric levels. This effect becomes smaller toward longer wavelengths at typical Martian temperatures. The relative radiance differences are expected to produce systematic errors of similar magnitude in retrieved opacity profiles.     

Integration of Chandrasekhar's integral equation

We solve Chandrasekhar's integration equation for radiative transfer in the plane-parallel atmosphere by iterative integration. The primary thrust in radiative transfer has been to solve the forward problem, i.e., to evaluate the radiance, given the optical thickness and the scattering phase function. In the area of satellite remote sensing, our problem is the inverse problem: to retrieve the surface reflectance and the optical thickness of the atmosphere from the radiance measured by satellites. In order to retrieve the optical thickness and the surface reflectance from the radiance at the top-of-the atmosphere (TOA), we should express the radiance at TOA “explicitly” in the optical thickness and the surface reflectance. Chandrasekhar formalized radiative transfer in the plane-parallel atmosphere in a simultaneous integral equation, and he obtained the second approximation. Since then no higher approximation has been reported. In this paper, we obtain the third approximation of the scattering function. We integrate functions derived from the second approximation in the integral interval from 1 to ∞ of the inverse of the cos of zenith angles. We can obtain the indefinite integral rather easily in the form of a series expansion. However, the integrals at the upper limit, ∞, are not yet known to us. We can assess the converged values of those series expansions at ∞ through calculus. For integration, we choose coupling pairs to avoid unnecessary terms in the outcome of integral and discover that the simultaneous integral equation can be deduced to the mere integral equation. Through algebraic calculation, we obtain the third approximation as a polynomial of the third degree in the atmospheric optical thickness.