Lucy-Richardson迭代解谱在X射线荧光分析的应用

硬X射线调制望远镜是我国第一颗X射线天文卫星,其载荷低能X射线望远镜采用了SCD型探测器CCD236,主要对能量在0.7～13.0 keV的软X射线光子进行观测。卫星发射前,需要对探测器进行详细的性能标定,其中包括能量响应矩阵的标定。能量响应矩阵是能谱分析的关键。CCD236探测器输出能谱并不是观测光源的真实发射谱,而是发射谱与探测器能量响应矩阵的卷积结果。一般可以通过直接反卷积的方法还原光源的真实能谱。解谱过程可以看作是一维成像问题,利用能量响应矩阵与输出能谱进行反卷积解谱。常用的反卷积算法为Lucy-Richardson迭代算法,其利用条件几率的贝氏定理反复进行运算,进而对输出能谱进行反解,得到观测光源的真实发射能谱。通过能量响应矩阵对CCD236探测器的55Fe测量能谱进行解谱。经过解谱,能谱的能量分辨从144.3 eV提升到了65.6 eV@5.9 keV,连续谱成分被明显地抑制,提高了能谱的峰背比。反解能谱由两个半峰全宽很小的（<70.0 eV）高斯峰组成,两成分的强度比为8.4,能够很好地表征真实发射谱的结构。利用这种方法可对材料X射线荧光谱进行解谱,还原材料的荧光谱,提高能谱的能量分辨。反解结果中主要元素各类荧光线通过解谱彼此独立,能谱峰背比很高,可以很好地用于X射线荧光分析中,提高荧光谱的质量。     

一种聚焦型X射线探测器在轨性能标定方法

X射线探测器是X射线天文观测及脉冲星导航的核心器件,受发射振动、高能粒子辐射损伤及元器件老化等影响,X射线探测器空间观测性能会逐渐变化,X射线探测器在轨标定有利于观测天体X射线辐射信息的准确获取及精确建模.研究利用了脉冲星辐射能谱标定X射线探测器性能的方法,能较好地消除探测器本底及空间环境噪声的影响,通过处理脉冲星导航试验卫星(XPNAV-1卫星)的Crab脉冲星观测数据,评估了我国首款聚焦型X射线探测器的在轨性能.计算结果表明,XPNAV-1卫星上聚焦型X射线探测器的有效面积在0.6-1.9 keV能段内优于2 cm~2,其中在0.7 keV能量处取得最大值3.06 cm~2,探测效率约10%;有效面积随着探测能量增大而减小,在2—3.5 keV能段内有效面积约为1 cm~2,而大于5 keV能段的有效面积约为0.1 cm~2,且此能段估计精度明显受光子统计误差影响.同时研究了考虑能量响应矩阵的探测器有效面积标定新方法,利用地面性能测试中五个特征能谱处的能量分辨率重构其能量响应矩阵,重新标定了聚焦型X射线探测器有效面积,发现该能量响应矩阵对结果影响较小.最后建议观测某些超新星遗迹监测能量分辨率及能量线性等指标的变化.     

光电离过程中Fe靶和V靶特征辐射的角相关研究

在发射角120°—170°的范围内,应用硅漂移探测器以10°为间隔对中心能量为13.1 keV的韧致辐射诱发Fe靶和V靶发射的典型K系X射线光谱进行了测量.得到特征X射线Kα和Kβ的特征谱线,考虑探测器对特征X射线的探测效率、靶对入射光子和出射光子吸收的校准及大气对特征X射线的吸收后,结果显示不同探测角度下Kβ与Kα的强度比为一常数.将本次实验探测角度为150°时的Kβ/Kα强度比值的实验值、理论计算值和Ertuğral的实验结果进行对比,发现实验结果与预期相符.对比不同探测角度下的强度比变化趋势推断特征X射线的角度依赖关系,分析认为Kα和Kβ在探测范围内是各向同性发射的.     

单光子计数型CCD的蒙特卡罗模拟

建立了适用于研究PI-LCX:1300型单光子计数型CCD量子效率及多像素事件的蒙特卡罗模拟模型,采用蒙特卡罗程序Geant4对0.5~30.0 keV能量区间的X射线在CCD芯片中的输运进行了模拟研究。研究了X射线在CCD芯片中的能量沉积谱,给出了CCD探测X射线的效率曲线,其结果与厂家提供的效率曲线一致。研究了Si片厚度对探测效率的影响,结果表明在有效探测范围内,Si片越厚探测效率越高,而对较高能量的X射线,此趋势不明显。研究了能量沉积分布在多个像素中的问题,结果表明周围像素中的能量沉积主要由中心像素的特征X射线及瑞利散射X射线所贡献,在5~30 keV之间X射线能量越高,能量沉积效率越低,多像素污染效果越弱。     

光子碰撞Au靶产生L系特征X射线角分布

采用中心能量为13.1 keV (最大能量小于30 keV)的轫致辐射光子碰撞Au靶,在130°—170°的探测角度范围内以10°为间隔,测量了碰撞产生的特征X射线L_ι, L_α, L_β和L_(γ1)的光谱.根据实验测得的能谱结果,综合考虑探测器的探测效率及靶材的吸收校准后,计算了不同探测角度下特征X射线L_α与LL_(γ1)及L_ι与L_(γ1)的相对强度比;而且,还基于不同探测角度下X射线强度比值,分析了特征X射线的角分布情况.实验结果表明特征X射线L_α和L_ι为各向异性发射.此外,计算了特征X射线Li的各向异性参数为0.25,并据此推断出L_3支壳层的定向度A_(20)为0.577±0.081;分析认为L_3支壳层的定向度A_(20)由该支壳层本身的物理特性决定,但该支壳层的各向异性参数b会受到Coster-Kronig跃迁的影响而发生改变.     

不同厚度像素CdZnTe探测器的性能测试和评估

碲锌镉材料(CdZnTe)是目前探测X射线和γ射线的最好材料之一。将241 Am和137 Cs辐射源作用于像素CdZnTe探测器,通过实验和仿真分别得到能量谱估计、能量分辨率和峰值效率。由实验和仿真结果得出:在662keV的高能量下,厚度较大的CdZnTe探测器可获得更高的能量分辨率和峰值效率,但在59.5keV低能处会出现拖尾升高和电荷损失的现象;厚度较薄的探测器在低能处的特性反而更好。     

北京同步辐射装置软X光束线通量谱的绝对测量与计算

在北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)上用全吸收平行板充氙电离室作一级标准探测器,对硅光电二极管(AXUV—100)的效率在光子能量5—6.5keV进行了标定,建立了二级标准探测器;AXUV—100硅光电二极管在50eV-6keV有很好的线性响应,将其在硬X射线波段已标定的效率曲线外推到软X射线波段,并对BSRF3B1A和4B9B光束线在软X射线波段光子通量谱进行了初步地测量,测量结果与理论计算结果较为符合.在3B1A软X光学实验站,利用二级标准探测器对用于惯性约束聚变(ICF)的软X光探测器的灵敏度进行了标定,并取得了满意的结果.     

用于激光等离子体中X射线测量的单光子计数型CCD的标定

 介绍了单光子计数型CCD的工作原理。实验选择参数准确的X射线放射源前向辐照CCD的像元面，计数由此产生；通过积分获得X射线的强度分布，在CCD处于单光子计数状态下，扣除本底信号，得到该型CCD产生一个计数所需的光子能量，约6.453 eV。标定了该型CCD的探测效率。结果表明：在单光子计数型CCD的有效能区内，对于不同能量的入射光子，其探测效率不同，在5.3 keV处获得最高探测效率66％；随着能量的增大，探测效率降低。标定结果可为激光等离子体研究中定量测量X射线光谱提供实验参考。     

北京同步辐射3B3中能束线X射线探测系统性能研究

北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)的3B3中能束线的应用，在国内首次提供了一台能区在2—6keV范围、性能优良的单色X射线光源. 对光源的性能进行了研究，并完成了X射线探测器(XRD)灵敏度、滤片厚度、多种晶体衍射效率以及成像板能量响应等指标的标定.XRD标定的相对不确定度好于7%，滤片厚度的不确定度小于3.6%. 关键词： 中能X射线 同步辐射 标定     

XRD探测器和滤片在北京同步辐射3B3中能束线上的标定

利用北京同步辐射3B3中能束线, 在国内首次实现了XRD X射线探测器灵敏度在2—6keV能区的标定, 灵敏度的不确定度小于7%. 另外中能束线的应用还极大地提高了滤片厚度的标定精度, 其厚度的不确定度小于3.6%.     

洞态Ar原子K_α和K_β伴线和超伴线的理论计算

基于全相对论多组态Dirac-Fock方法,对L壳层旁观空穴下Ar原子退激衰变辐射K-X射线K_(α1,2)(K→L_(3,2))和K_(β1,3)(K→M_(3,2))的6908条伴线和超伴线跃迁能、跃迁概率进行了系统计算,计算结果与文献已有数据比较具有很好的一致性.通过对(K~(-1)L~(-1),l=0-8)伴线和(K~(-2)L~(-l),l=0-8)超伴线跃迁谱线卷积得了其合成谱,给出了L壳层不同空穴数下K-X射线伴线和超伴线的平均能量和平均跃迁强度.结果表明,退激辐射X射线能量以及能移与L壳层空穴个数呈现明显的线性关系.基于结论,进一步给出了跃迁能移与L壳层空穴个数之间的关系表达式.研究结果可以为解释离子、原子碰撞过程中产生的X射线谱提供重要的理论支持.     

Nd L-shell x-ray emission induced by light ions

The L-shell x-ray of Nd has been obtained for 300-600 keV He²⁺ ions impacting, and compared with that produced by H⁺ and H₂⁺ ions. The threshold of projectile kinetic energy for L-shell ionization of Nd is crudely verified in the energy region of about 300-400 keV. It is found that the energy of the distinct L-subshell x-rays has a blue shift. The relative intensity ratios of Lβ_{1, 3, 4} and Lβ_{2, 15} to Lα_{1, 2} x-ray are enlarged compared to the atomic data, and they decrease with the increase of the incident energy, and increase with increasing the effective nuclear charge of the incident ions. That is interpreted by the multiple ionization of outer-shells induced by light ions.     

Strain and defect densities in Si/Si1-xGex heterostructures investigated by ion scattering and X-ray diffraction

MBE-grown Si/Si_1-xGe_x heterostructures on (100) Si have been characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), ion channeling and X-ray diffraction to investigate defect densities and tetragonal lattice distortion. Critical layer thickness and relaxation of strain by formation of misfit dislocations are strongly dependent on the growth temperature. A Si_0.67Ge_0.33 layer with a thickness of 2000 Å is found to be still fully strained at a growth temperature of 450°C, whereas the same layer grown at 550°C shows considerable strain relaxation by dislocations. To obtain better depth resolution than with conventional RBS, medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) experiments have been performed on Si/Ge superlattices with layer thicknesses of 10–40 Å. A position-sensitive toroidal electrostatic analyser was employed to detect the backscattered ions simultaneously over an angular range of 30° with an energy resolution of 1 keV FWHM for 250 keV He ions, corresponding to a depth resolution of about 10 Å.     

标定脉冲星导航探测器的荧光X射线光源

为标定X射线脉冲星导航用探测器, 设计了一种荧光X射线源, 该射线源的工作原理是 用X射线管的出射线轰击特定荧光靶材, 从而获得能量一定的荧光X射线, 并以此作为标定探测器的荧光X射线光源. 采用硅漂移半导体探测器在大气环境下测试了按上述原理搭建的荧光X射线光源的能谱分布和光子流量, 从光子流量入手推算了该荧光X射线光源用于真空系统中对探测器进行标定的可行性. 研制出了荧光X射线光源样机, 并在真空系统中对荧光X射线光源样机光子流量做了测试. 在探测距离D_x=300 cm, X射线管管流I_a=200 μA时, 所测得的荧光X射线光源光子流量可达19.57 ph/s@4.51 keV, 25.22 ph/s@5.41 keV, 33.27 ph/s@8.05 keV, 确认了所提方法的可行性, 获得了标定探测器的荧光X射线光源.     

准周期层状铁磁超晶格的实空间重整化群方法

本文用实空间重整化群方法讨论了准周期层状铁磁超晶格的磁自旋波,用Reduce语言推导了decimation变换公式,从而求得了局域格林函数、局域态密度和约化磁矩。发现局域态密度的带宽和约化磁矩与最近邻相互作用J₁、J₂及格点自旋s_a、s_b密切相关。     

The effect of nitrogen ion implantation on tungsten surfaces

X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study the phase, composition and chemical states of elements at the tungsten surface. The measurement results indicate that nitrogen-containing phase of tungsten were formed by nitrogen ion implantation (energy 40 keV, implantation doses of 4×10¹⁷, 8×10¹⁷ and 1.6×10¹⁸ ions/cm²). The formation of the W_x(O,N) and WN in the surface layer occurred as a result of nitrogen ion irradiation. A decrease in concentration of W_x(O,N) is observed with increasing N⁺ while that WN increases. Due to residual oxygen in the chamber WO₃ still exists at the surface of the specimen.     

Analysis of the Zeeman effect on D_α spectra on the EAST tokamak

Based on the passive spectroscopy,the D_α atomic emission spectra in the boundary region of the plasma have been measured by a high resolution optical spectroscopic multichannel analysis(OSMA) system in EAST tokamak.The Zeeman splitting of the D_α spectral lines has been observed.A fitting procedure by using a nonlinear least squares method was applied to fit and analyze all polarization π and ±σ components of the D_α atomic spectra to acquire the information of the local plasma.The spectral line shape was investigated according to emission spectra from different regions(e.g.,low-field side and high-field side) along the viewing chords.Each polarization component was fitted and classified into three energy categories(the cold,warm,and hot components) based on different atomic production processes,in consistent with the transition energy distribution by calculating the gradient of the D_α spectral profile.The emission position,magnetic field intensity,and flow velocity of a deuterium atom were also discussed in the context.     

Electronic structures and topological properties of TeSe2 monolayers

The successfully experimental fabrication of two-dimensional Te monolayer films [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 106101 (2017)] has promoted the researches on the group-VI monolayer materials. In this work, the electronic structures and topological properties of a group-VI binary compound of TeSe₂ monolayers are studied based on the density functional theory and Wannier function method. Three types of structures, namely, α-TeSe₂, β-TeSe₂, and γ-TeSe₂, are proposed for the TeSe₂ monolayer among which the α-TeSe₂ is found being the most stable. All the three structures are semiconductors with indirect band gaps. Very interestingly, the γ-TeSe₂ monolayer becomes a quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulator with a global nontrivial energy gap of 0.14 eV when a 3.5% compressive strain is applied. The opening of the global band gap is understood by the competition between the decrease of the local band dispersion and the weakening of the interactions between the Se p_x, p_y orbitals and Te p_x, p_y orbitals during the process. Our work realizes topological states in the group-VI monolayers and promotes the potential applications of the materials in spintronics and quantum computations.     

Measurement of L X-ray production cross sections and Li subshell fluorescence yields

L_i (i=1, 2 and 3) X-ray production cross sections have been measured for 14 elements in the atomic number range 55≤Z≤81 at 15.73 keV. The values of L_i subshell fluorescence yields (ω₁, ω₂ and ω₃) have been determined using the presently measured X-ray production cross sections and the theoretical L_i subshell photoionization cross sections values, Coster–Kronig transition probabilities and radiative emission rates. The measured X-ray production (XRP) cross-sections and fluorescence yield values were compared with the theoretical and semi empirical values, respectively.     

M_(αβ) X-ray production cross sections of Pb and B iby 9–40 keV electron impact

The experimental data of Mαβ X-ray production cross sections for Pb and Bi by 9–40 keV electron impact have been given. Thin films with thick carbon substrates are used in the experiment. The effects of target structure on the Mαβ X-ray production cross sections are corrected by using the Monte Carlo method. The corrected experimental data are compared with calculated cross sections in terms of the distorted-wave Born approximation(DWBA) theory. The measured Mαβ X-ray production cross sections for Pb and Bi are lower than the DWBA calculations. The atomic relaxation parameters used in comparing the DWBA values with experimental results affect the degree of difference.