拉曼热扫描技术同步测量一维导热和对流换热

对于在空气中的低维微纳尺度材料传热过程,热传导和对流换热同时存在且相互影响,而实现对二者的同步测量和研究较为困难。针对该热测量难点,本文提出一种新颖的拉曼热扫描技术,该方法结合稳态电加热和拉曼扫描技术可以实现一维材料热导率和对流换热系数的同步测量.为验证该方法,选用碳纳米管纤维材料进行热物性测量实验。发现温度从335 K上升到468 K时,碳纳米管纤维的热导率从26 W·m~(-1)K~(-1)提高到34 W·m~(-1)K~(-1),对流换热系数从1143W·m~(-2)K~(-1)降低至1039 W·m~(-2)K~(-1)。其中,被测样品的对流换热量占了总散热量的60%以上.该测量方法方便快捷,对于研究低维微纳尺度材料在不同环境下的传热行为具有重要意义。     

酸化碳纳米管棕榈酸复合相变储能材料的研究

本文对比了不同温度下强酸处理对碳纳米管(CNT)微结构的影响,并对处理后的CNT添加到熔融棕榈酸(PA)制得的复合物的热物性进行了研究,考察酸处理CNT对复合物热物性的影响。复合相变材料的相变温度和相变焓都较纯PA有所降低。对不同温度下各复合物的导热系数的研究表明在未发生相转变时随温度升高复合相变材料的导热系数变化不明显,而在相变温度附近相变材料的导热系数有突增现象。无相态转变温度区间,含酸处理碳纳米管的复合相变材料的导热系数较相同条件下纯PA有较大提高。     

燃油液滴蒸发的一维导热模型与压力效应

考虑液滴内一维瞬态导热以及液滴,气流热物性随温度与组分的变化,建立了对流热环境中燃油液滴的蒸发计算模型.以柴油液滴为例,通过数值模拟,分析了蒸发过程中液滴内部的瞬态热响应,考察了不同条件下的环境压力效应.结果表明,对流蒸发过程中,燃油液滴内部温度梯度很大,导热作用明显;在温度不同的气流环境中,环境压力效应存在非单调性;压力效应发生转捩的气流温度与液滴初始粒径和气流速度相关.     

垂直生长碳纳米管阵列法向导热系数测量

本文使用3-omega方法对一种由垂直于石英玻璃表面生长的碳纳米管阵列组成的界面材料法向导热系数进行了测量。针对样品结构,提出一种一维简化模型,使用了等效热抗的概念对实验数据进行拟合,计算得到室温条件下(300K)本实验所用样品的导热系数约为17 W/(m·K)。分析了可能造成碳纳米管阵列导热系数偏小的各种因素。     

多层纳米薄膜结构热物性重构

基于谐波探测技术测量材料导热系数和热扩散系数的基本原理,给出3ω法用于多层纳米薄膜结构热物性实验表征的方法.考虑了层间接触热阻的作用,在频域内定义了热阻抗的概念.理论分析了各层纳米薄膜的导热系数、热扩散系数等热参数对加热膜温度波动影响的敏感性.将敏感系数与实验数据处理相结合,利用三次谐波的实部和虚部分量测量了ZrO2/SiO2增透膜多层膜结构中各层的导热系数和热扩散系数.该方法可用来有效表征其他微纳米结构的热性能.     

真空热流法测定不良导体的导热系数

以恒定导热原理为基础,选用由温度表和温差电偶组成的温度测量装置,在真空环境下测量试样上下压杆对称位置的温度、有效传热面积和试样的厚度,通过计算机计算试样的导热系数.与传统的稳态法比较,采用真空热流法测定导热系数,材料内部的温度分布很快达到稳定,可以减小测量过程中试样及上加热盘和下散热盘侧面散热产生的影响.     

基于拉曼散射的石墨烯/氧化硅界面传热研究

本文提出了一种"拉曼热测量两步法",成功测量了单层石墨烯与二氧化硅基底之间的界面热阻和石墨烯在基底作用下的导热系数。第一步利用稳态电流加热石墨烯,利用拉曼响应测量其与基底的温差,继而测得石墨烯与基底之间的界面热阻。第二步通过激光加热,由拉曼散射信号获得不同加热功率下的石墨烯的局部温度,根据点热源热扩散模型推导出石墨烯的导热系数。研究发现非约束状态下的石墨烯在加热状态下由于具有明显的形貌变化(褶皱,局部脱离基底等),导致产生较大的接触热阻;同时实验发现由于界面处的声子散射和泄漏,基底状态下的石墨烯导热系数较低。本文利用拉曼热测量技术同时实现了石墨烯界面热阻和石墨烯导热系数的无损化和非接触式测量。     

3ω法测量单根碳纤维导热系数和热容

考虑环境热损失,建立了单根碳纤维沿轴向的导热方程,得到了碳纤维热参数与交流加热信号的频域特性之间的关系.建立了适用于微细导电线或丝的3ω测试系统.利用3ω方法同时测量了单根碳纤维沿轴向的导热系数和热容.在室温下测量了Pt丝的导热系数和热容,验证了建立的实验系统的合理性,利用该方法测量的直径为7 μm单根碳纤维沿轴向的导热系数和热容分别为84.35 W·m-1·K-1和1.19 MJ·m-3·K-1.给出了实验测量的不确定度分析.建立的实验系统可用于单根碳纳米管或导电纳米线热参数的表征.     

四丁基溴化铵水合物浆体导热系数测量研究

四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)水合物浆体在常压下的相变温度介于0-12℃之间,作为蓄冷材料使用时由于相变过程的存在使得其蓄冷能力较高,而且在管道中具有良好的流动特性,因而是一种理想的蓄冷和冷量输送材料。对比分析了传统导热系数计算公式和基于一维非稳态导热模型导出的导热系数计算公式的区别。利用热线装置分别测量了TBAB溶液和水合物浆体的导热系数。实验得出5-30 wt%TBAB溶液的导热系数在0.4-0.6 W.m-1.K-1之间,并随浓度的增加而减小;10-40vol%的水合物浆体的导热系数在0.5-0.6 W.m-1.K-1之间,并随体积分数的增加而增大;相同体积浓度时A型水合物浆体的导热系数大于B型水合物浆体的导热系数。     

管内受热气体层流流动热不稳定性理论研究

1前言流体的物性参数在温度发生变化时其动力粘性系数、导热系数也要发生变化。这一特性对换热特性可能有较大的影响．现有的换热器中对流换热计算中考虑流体变物性的影响，都是先假设常物性进行计算，然后再按照近似经验公式进行修正＊．事实上，由于变物性的影响，流体的对流换热可能会出现新的规律，完全不同于常物性下的情形。对于气体而言，其密度随温度升高而减小，动力粘性系数、导热系数随温度上升而增大，变物性效应将更加明显。这是因为对管内受热气体流动，密度减小、动力粘性系数增大都将导致摩擦损失增加，导致质量流速减小，…     

The effect of gallium substitution on the superconductivity of the BiSrCaCuO system

Magnetic susceptibility, X-ray diffraction and resistivity measurements of the system Bi_1.4Pb_0.6Sr₂Ca_2−xGa_xCu₃O_y are reported for 0 x 2. The high-T_c 2223 phase with a T_c of 107 K for x = 0 exists for x 0.3. The low-T_c 2212 phase with a T_c of 75 K for x = 0 exists for the full range of x. The highest values of the critical temperature and the largest volume fraction of the low-T_c phase in compounds with Ga occur for x = 0.5 ± 0.1. The identification of CaO by X-ray diffraction for x 0.6 indicates that Ga replaces Ca in the compound.     

Giant pressure effect in oxygen deficient YBa2Cu3Ox

The pressure effect on T_c of polycrystalline and single crystalline YBa₂Cu₃O_x investigated as a function of oxygen content x by ac-susceptibility measurements under helium pressure. In the overdoped region x> 6.93 the single crystals show a negative dT_c/d p, as expected from the charge transfer model. For optimally doped samples with x = 6.93 we find dT_c/d P = 0.4 K/GPa which points to pressure effects on T_c aside from charge transfer. In the underdoped region x < 6.93 the dT_c/d p values obtained from the experiment depend strongly on the storage temperature of the sample during the experiment. When the samples are stored at temperatures well below 240 K throughout the entire experiment including pressure application and pressure release, dT_c/d p increases to approx. 7 K/GPa at x = 6.7 but with a further decrease of the oxygen content the dT_c/d p drops to approx. 2 K/GPa at x = 6.4. These effects are intrinsic to the YBa₂Cu₃O_x structure and can be explained by considering the anisotropic structure of YBa₂Cu₃O_x. The decrease of the c-axis lattice parameter results in a charge transfer to the CuO₂-planes mainly [1], whereas the compression of the a- and b-axis lattice parameter is known to produce different pressure effects which are responsible for the peak in dT_c/d p at x = 6.7 [2]. When pressure is changed at room temperature oxygen ordering effects occur which cause a relaxation of T_c to the equilibrium value T_c(p) at this pressure with a time constant depending on the oxygen content x. A decrease x results in a peak effect in dT_c/d p at x = 6.7 again, which is enhanced to approx. 12 K/GPa. If the oxygen content is decreased further, dT_c/d p first drops to 5 K/GPa at x = 6.6, but the increases to values of more than 20 K/GPa for x < 6.42. These giant pressure effects at low oxygen contents are mainly caused by a reversible T_c increase (dT_c/d p)_O due to pressure induced oxygen ordering via oxygen motion between unit cells.     

Mean power transmission for one-dimensional random wave propagation using a cumulant expansion

In this paper the problem of the mean power transmission for one-dimensional wave propagation in a random medium is studied. We use a cumulant technique valid for small k₀L_c where measures the size of the fluctuations, L_c is the correlation length of the random wave number, and k₀ is the undisturbed wave number. We obtain an integral expression for the mean transmitted power. It shows exponential decay for large width, and linear decay for small width. The relevant scale to measure the width of the slab is ²k²₀∫^∞₀C(x)cos(2k₀x)dx where C(x) is the autocorrelation of the random wave number.     

非连续的线性耦合方法实现超混沌系统的同步

基于李亚普诺夫稳定性理论, 严格证明了一类超混沌系统在间歇线性单向耦合下可以实现完全同步. 线性控制器通过一个开关函数来调节来实现‘停’和‘控’. 第一类开关函数由一个等幅度矩形波来控制, 控制器的打开和关闭选取不同的间隔周期(T_a, T_b); 第二类开关函数由一个等幅度方波来控制, 方波间隔周期记为T₀; 首先通过构造指数类型的李亚普诺夫论证了两类开关函数调制下两个超混沌 系统在单向线性耦合下实现同步的可行性问题. 为了定量分析控制效果, 定义了一定周期内控制器的平均能耗. 在数值计算中, 对第一类矩形波函数情形则计算了二参数空间(T_a, T_b)下响应系统的最大李亚普诺夫指数分布, 同步区域/非同步区域分布, 控制器平均能耗分布, 确认在恰当的间隔周期(T_a, T_b)和耦合强度下,两个超混沌系统可以达到完全同步. 对第二类方波函数情形则计算了耦合强度和方波间隔周期T₀而参 数区域内响应系统最大条件李亚普诺夫指数分布, 给定耦合强度下选择不同间隔周期下误差函数演化和平均能耗, 研究结果表明: 在恰当的耦合强度和间隔周期T₀下两个超混沌系统可以达到完全同步. 同时发现, 在恰当的耦合强度下控制器的平均能耗最小, 数值计算结果验证了理论分析的可靠性. 关键词： 超混沌 脉冲函数 指数型李函数 线性耦合     

Ni2O3掺杂对新固相源顶部籽晶熔渗生长法制备单畴GdBCO超导块材超导性能的影响

本文通过在新固相源中添加Ni₂O₃的方法, 采用顶部籽晶熔渗生长工艺(TSIG)制备出组分为(1-x) (Gd₂O₃+1.2BaCuO₂)+x Ni₂O₃、直径为20 mm的单畴GdBCO 超导块材(其中x = 0, 0.02, 0.06, 0.10, 0.14, 0.18, 0.30, 0.50 wt%), 并研究了Ni₂O₃的掺杂量x对样品的表面生长形貌、微观结构、临界温度T_c、磁悬浮力以及俘获磁通密度的影响. 研究结果表明, 当Ni₂O₃的掺杂量x在0–0.50 wt%的范围内时, 均可制备出单畴性良好的样品, 且Ni₂O₃的掺杂对样品中Gd211粒子的分布和粒径没有明显的影响. 在Ni₂O₃的掺杂量x从0增加到0.50 wt%的过程中, 样品的临界温度T_c呈现下降的趋势, 从x=0时的92.5 K下降到x=0.50 wt%时的86.5 K, 这是由于Ni^{3 +}替代GdBCO晶体中Cu^{2 +}所致; 样品磁悬浮力和俘获磁通密度均呈现先增大后减小的变化规律, x=0.14 wt%时, 磁悬浮力达到最大值34.2 N, x=0.10 wt%时, 俘获磁通密度达到最大值0.354 T. 样品磁悬浮力和俘获磁通密度的变化规律与Ni₂O₃的掺杂量x有密切关系, 只有当掺杂量x合适时, Ni³⁺对Cu^{2 +}的替代既不会造成T_c的明显下降, 但又能产生适量的Ni^{3 +}/Cu²⁺ 晶格畸变, 从而达到提高样品磁通钉扎能力和超导性能的效果.     

Trapping mechanism of superconductivity suppression induced by Pr substitution in the Ho1−xPrxBa2Cu3O7−δ system

Pr concentration dependence of the superconducting transition temperature T_c in the Ho_1−xPr_xBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ system is determined from measurements of DC electrical resistance. This dependence coincides with that for the parallely studied Y_1−xPr_xBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ reference system. Both systems have the same value of the critical concentration x_c=0.58, in accordance with nearly equal ionic radii of Ho³⁺ and Y³⁺ ions. It has been shown that the T_c(x) curve can be described with a single mechanism based on a decreasing number of sheet holes trapped by Pr^IV-ions, if one takes also into account that the number of these ions changes with x.     

Resistivity and thermoelectric power of Bi2Sr2Ca−xPrxCu2Oy system

Samples of Bi₂Sr₂Ca_1−xPr_xCu₂O_y have been characterized by resistivity and thermoelectric power measurements. All metallic samples show superconductivity with a maximum T_c = 90 K at X = 0.2. The sample of x = 0.6 shows a crossover from hopping conduction at low temperature above T_c to metallic conduction at high temperature. For the metallic samples below x = 0.6, the results of thermoelectric power are well fitted by both of a phenomenological band spectrum model and the Nagaosa and Lee model.     

煤系针状焦原料在成焦过程中的XRD结构分析

低QI(原生喹啉不溶物)含量的软沥青（SCTP）是制备煤系针状焦的优选原料,研究其在成焦过程中的结构变化有助于高品质针状焦的研制。基于样品的X射线衍射（XRD）数据,利用Smarsly团队开发的CarbX软件对其全谱拟合,定量出SCTP在不同炭化温度（400,500,600,800,1 000,1 200和1 400 ℃）下的微晶结构参数,进而在纳米尺度下研究SCTP的热致结构变化情况。结果表明,随炭化温度升高,微晶堆垛的石墨烯层大小L_a从初始沥青的10.3 Å逐步增大到1 400 ℃的47.9 Å,但在500 ℃前L_a增加缓慢,只有当温度超过800 ℃后,L_a才显著增大,这表明需要800 ℃以上的高温才能使交联石墨烯层内的原子重组,进而导致微晶长大。然而,石墨烯碳网的C—C键长l_cc受温度的影响很小,在1.41~1.42 Å范围内变化。由于SCTP在液相炭化成半焦过程中存在中间相转化,导致微晶堆垛高度L_c在500 ℃前逐步增大,在500 ℃时达到最大（L_c=31.1 Å）,随后由于半焦进一步热解缩聚,使L_c逐步减小,在1 000 ℃时达到最低点（L_c=15.4 Å）,超过1 000 ℃后又开始增大。与L_c的变化趋势相同,堆垛的石墨烯层数N从原始沥青的2.66层增加到500 ℃的约9.05层,随后减小到1 000 ℃的4.55层,超过1 000 ℃后又开始增大。由于500 ℃前样品仍处于沥青态,所以此阶段微晶的石墨烯层间距a₃都较大,约为3.50 Å。当在500 ℃变为半焦后,a₃迅速减小至3.44 Å。随后温度升高,a₃在1 000 ℃达到最小（a₃=3.39 Å）,1 000 ℃后又开始增大,这表明焦炭经历了收缩再膨胀过程。通过CarbX软件拟合样品的XRD数据,除了可得到样品炭微晶的主要尺寸（L_a,L_c,N,a₃）信息外,还可获得这些参数的分散性（k_a,k_c,σ₃,ε₃）以及堆垛的取向性（q）、均匀性（η）和无序碳含量（c_un）等信息,有利于深入了解样品的微观结构,有助于优质针状焦的生产。     

Influence of the Tl- and Hg-content on magnetic and transport properties of the Pb, Sr-doped Tl-1223 and Hg-1223 superconductors

The effects of the thallium and mercury content x on the as-sintered and post annealed samples of M_xPb_0.4Sr_1.6Ba_0.4Ca₂Cu₃O_8+δ {M: Tl (0.32≤x≤0.74) or Hg (0.18≤x≤0.68)} have been studied by magnetization and transport measurements. For Tl-1223 we have found the optimum Tl doping level to be x=0.53 regarding the grain properties, the content of superconducting phase, the first penetration field H_pl^wl, the transport (J_c^tr), magnetic intergrain (J_c^M) and intragrain (J_c^g) critical current densities. The critical temperature T_c of the as-sintered Tl-1223 sample decreased with increasing Tl content. Post-annealing in oxygen improved the T_c for Tl contents of x≥0.53 and had generally positive effects on the critical current densities. The intergrain properties of the Hg-1223 samples were much worse than those of the Tl-based superconductors.     

A Raman study of the structural properties of YBa2(Cu1 − xFex)3Oy

The effects of Fe-substitution of YBa₂Cu₃O_y have been investigated by means of Raman scattering, X-ray diffraction, resistivity and susceptibility measurements. A series of samples of YBa₂(Cu_{1 − x}Fe_x)₃O_y with different dopant concentration (0 x 0.15) has been prepared in two batches, the second set having undergone twice the heat and mechanical treatment used to produce the first batch. Considerable improvement in the superconducting transition temperature, T_c, is obtained upon reprocessing. A phase transformation from orthorhombic to tetragonal symmetry is observed for x=0.05 from the X-ray measurements in agreement with previous work. Using a micro-Raman technique, all five A_g vibrational modes have been measured and their dependence on Fe-concentration is analyzed. There are indications that iron substitutes for copper at both sites and that the structure is a mixture of orthorhombic and tetragonal microdomains for all x.