非球形气溶胶粒子散射相函数经验公式

散射相函数是研究电磁波传输特性的重要参数，直接影响电磁波传输方程的简化程度和解的精度。基于电磁散射与辐射传输中的基本理论，对非球形粒子散射相函数的经验公式进行了研究。为了很好的模拟非球形粒子的后向散射峰值，提高辐射传输方程的简化程度和解的精度，提出了一种新的相函数经验公式。分析新的相函数对非球形粒子的适用性，以单个沙尘性气溶胶为例，计算了不同形状粒子的Henyey-Greenstein*相函数和新的相函数随角度的变化，并与T矩阵法的计算结果进行了对比，发现椭球形粒子的长短轴比和有限长圆柱形粒子的径长比大于0.5时，新的相函数在大角度后向散射部分与T矩阵法的吻合程度较高。考虑波长变化，对比了尺寸谱满足对数正态分布的四种气溶胶粒子的Henyey-Greenstein*相函数和新的相函数与T矩阵法的计算结果。研究表明，对于椭球形粒子和有限长圆柱形粒子，在大角度(大于90°)后向散射部分，除了0.694时的椭球形海洋性气溶胶，新的相函数均方根差较小的占100%，证明了新的相函数可以较好的模拟非球形粒子的后向散射特征。新的相函数对准确模拟辐射传输过程具有重要意义。     

紫外波段多分散系气溶胶散射相函数随机抽样方法研究

基于电磁散射与辐射传输中的基本理论,对紫外波段霾尺度范围内满足特定分布的多种气溶胶粒子的散射相函数进行了研究.提出了一种直接随机抽样拟合散射相函数的方法.比较了H-G相函数、改进的H-G相函数及随机抽样拟合的相函数与多分散系Mie相函数的偏离程度.数值计算了不同相函数拟合方法对应气溶胶的传输特性.计算结果表明,相函数的准确模拟计算对于蒙特卡罗方法等辐射传输问题的解决具有十分重要的意义.     

煤粉颗粒的后向散射特性研究

利用Mie理论研究了单分散煤粉颗粒对光波的散射特性,给出了单次散射相函数、消光效率因子、散射效率因子、不对称因子和单次散射反照率随粒子尺寸的变化关系;当煤粉浓度较大时,需要考虑颗粒系的多次散射特性,根据辐射传输理论,利用蒙特卡洛方法研究了煤粉颗粒的多次散射特性,并给出了其后向散射随观测角度、粒子半径和光学厚度的变化关系,计算结果对煤粉颗粒反演具有一定指导意义。     

沙尘天气下激光信号的传输特性

以小角度近似为条件,利用逐级递归的方法推导了激光信号在沙尘天气下的辐射传输方程,得到了多次散射下的光强分布函数,以及波长和不对称因子对光强的影响。同时,通过比较不同散射相位函数及沙尘粒子的散射特性,采用了修正的TTHG(Two Term Henyey-Greenstein)散射相位函数,更加全面地反映了沙粒散射后光强的变化规律。研究结果表明,随着光学厚度的增加,散射光强呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,且多次散射的比重相比于单次散射而言逐渐增大。当散射次数超过3次以上时,接收光强的变化可以忽略不计。相对于Mie理论下的结果而言,采用小角度近似理论,从辐射传输的角度分析沙粒的散射特性误差更小,实现了准确描述沙尘天气下激光信号传输特性的目的。     

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基于Mie散射理论和方法,研究了航天器尾喷焰等离子体中Al2O3粒子的光学散射特性,分析了复折射率对单个Al2O3粒子消光效率因子、散射效率因子、吸收效率因子、散射相函数以及单次反照率的影响。同时,基于多分散系粒子尺度单峰分布,分析了Al2O3粒子按粒径分布后散射场的有关效应因子及散射相函数的变化,并进行了相应的数值模拟。理论和数值模拟研究表明,航天器尾喷焰等离子体Al2O3粒子复折射率的虚部和实部、粒径的大小与分布对其散射相函数、消光和散射效率因子以及单次反照率均有明显的影响。     

沙尘气溶胶粒子群的散射和偏振特性

根据Mie散射理论,以对数正态分布函数描述沙尘气溶胶粒子群的粒径尺度分布,计算了沙尘气溶胶粒子群在0.2～40μm波段间对太阳短波辐射和地球大气长波辐射的单次散射反照率、散射相矩阵函数,揭示了不同相对湿度时,沙尘粒子群对入射辐射的散射和偏振的特征。结果表明,沙尘粒子群的单次散射反照率随着入射波长的增加有较大起伏,不同相对湿度条件下,变化趋势基本一致;在可见光、近红外波段单次散射反照率随湿度增加而变大,湿度95%时非常接近于1;大于10μm的热红外波段单次散射反照率随相对湿度增加而减小,具有较强的吸收辐射能力。散射辐射强度受湿度影响较小,随散射角的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且增大的趋势随着波长的增加而减弱;不同波段上,线偏振和圆偏振随散射角和相对湿度变化存在差异;在前向和后向仅对入射辐射为圆偏振辐射产生圆偏振散射;散射光的偏振特性及其湿度差异主要表现在后向散射区,多以拱形形式体现。拱顶峰值散射角位置存在差异,且峰值散射角随相对湿度的降低向后向漂移。     

基于Mie散射理论的紫外光散射相函数研究

本文根据Mie散射理论,研究了四种典型大气条件下紫外光在大气传输中的散射相函数,并与常用的用于非紫外光散射相函数的三类经验公式进行了比较。研究结果表明:三种经验公式用于紫外光大气传输模拟存在一定的局限性。     

辐射传输介质散射相函数的蒙特卡洛算法

复分散系相函数在辐射介质传热中是关键参数,蒙特卡洛法兼具数值算法与试验测量的优点.利用该方法计算复分散系的多重散射相函数克服了以往算法的缺点,可以体现多重散射的影响,并且可以计算任意形状控制体的相函数.大量的数学实验发现当介质系密度增大时,散射能量在4π空间内分布趋于均匀.     

一层非球形粒子散射的标量辐射传输迭代解的求逆

给出了一层有下垫反射面的非球形粒子散射的标量辐射传输方程一、二阶迭代解,推导了相函数各阶Legendre展开系数与随机小椭球粒子相函数的对应关系,提出了一层随机小椭球粒子介电常数和单位面积粒子数的迭代反演方法.通过两次各方位角上双站散射测量,反演随机小椭球粒子的介电常数和单位面积粒子数.本方法比现有文献的一些反演方法易于实现,可应用于颗粒性复合材料介电与结构特性以及地表背景参数的反演研究 关键词： 辐射传输方程 迭代解 反演 相函数 介电常数     

紫外光通信中基于大气散射理论的传输模型

在研究单次散射模型的基础上, 针对单次散射模型不能对天气变化对紫外光信号造成的影响做出模拟的不足, 结合大气散射理论构建了紫外光传输的二次散射模型。研究了瑞利散射和米氏(Mie)散射在四种典型天气条件下的散射相函数, 仿真得出了紫外光被大气中的粒子散射后的能量分布情况, 将其引入二次散射模型, 并确定了各种天气条件下的散射粒子浓度后对紫外光通信系统做出性能仿真。计算结果表明, 二次散射模型可以仿真不同的天气条件下的紫外光通信系统的性能, 从仿真结果上验证了非直视通信的可实现性。并得出, 在雨、雾天气下, 紫外光信号衰减剧烈, 接收仰角不可过大; 在天气晴好时, 能更好的实现紫外光非直视通信, 接收仰角可达到180°。长距离通信时, 天气状况变化对通信性能影响更大。     

On the finite volume method and the discrete ordinates method regarding radiative heat transfer in acute forward anisotropic scattering media

The ability of the finite volume method (FVM) and the discrete ordinates method (DOM) to model radiative heat transfer in acute forward anisotropic scattering media has been investigated. The test case involves a purely scattering medium in a cubic enclosure, irradiated by one boundary with diffuse emission. Four phase functions have been considered: three of the Henyey-Greenstein type with respective asymmetry factors of 0.2, 0.8 and 0.93, and a Mie phase function with a strong forward scattering peak (computed for a size parameter of 245 and corresponding to an asymmetry factor of 0.93). Results obtained with the FVM are in good agreement with Monte Carlo reference solutions, whatever the level of acute anisotropic scattering (for asymmetry factors up to 0.93). The DOM combined with the renormalization procedures of the phase function proposed by Kim and Lee (Effect of anisotropic scattering on radiative heat transfer in two-dimensional rectangular enclosures. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1988;31:1711-21. [1]) and Wiscombe (On initialization error and flux conservation in the doubling method. JQSRT 1976;18:637-58. [2]) provides accurate results only for the smallest asymmetry factor. As the asymmetry factor increases, the renormalization procedures induce strong modifications in the values of the discretized phase function resulting in an underestimation of the effective attenuation by scattering. This error has been found to increase with optical thickness. In fact, when using the DOM, results would be more accurate combining this method with a Delta-Eddington approximation of the phase function, instead of using the actual phase function which is altered too much by renormalization.     

多次散射辐射传输计算中的相函数处理

在实际大气中,分子和粒子不仅遭受单次散射,还遭受多次散射。本文首先计算了多次散射在总散射量中的贡献。结果表明当光学厚度大于0.1时,多次散射在总散射量中的贡献将超过10%,因此必须考虑多次散射的作用。在多次散射辐射传输计算时,一般需把散射相函数展开为勒让德(Legendre)函数的多项式。有些介质如云或气溶胶粒子,散射相函数前向非常尖锐。展开的Legendre多项式需数百项甚至上千项才能收敛,而计算时间与展开项数的3次方成正比。本文介绍了在辐射传输计算时对尖锐相函数的δ-M和δ-fit处理方法,比较了两种方法的计算结果。当计算用的流数相同时,δ-fit方法的计算结果比δ-M方法的计算结果要精确得多;当计算结果精确度相同时,δ-fit方法的流数比δ-M方法的流数少得多,运算速度也快很多。δ-fit方法是目前处理散射相函数的理想方法,可以大大提高计算的精度以及缩减运算时间。     

Numerical results for the thermal scattering functions

A recent formulation in radiative transfer defined the thermal scattering functions that characterize radiative transfer from a general, plane-parallel, finite medium driven solely by an internal distribution of thermal sources. Exiting diffuse intensities are expressed as space convolutions of the thermal scattering functions with any thermal source distribution. A parametric study is presented to obtain the basic structure of these scattering functions. The independent variables of these azimuthally independent functions are the direction consine μ and source location t, while the parameters are the single scattering albedo ω, total optical depth t₀, and the asymmetry factor g in the Henyey-Greenstein phase function. The basic functional trends are discussed using various parametric plots, and selected tabular results are given to allow numerical checks. The computational method is invariant imbedding. As a particular application, these functions are used in the following companion paper to obtain exiting intensities from inhomogeneous and nonisothermal media.     

Monte Carlo Simulations of Reflected Spectra Derived from Tissue Phantom with Double-Peak Particle Size Distribution

We made a tissue phantom with double-peak particle size distribution, which has polystyrene particles of cell nuclear size and mitochondrial size, and measured the spectrum from the tissue phantom using a single optical fiber. In this paper we investigate the characterization method for the tissue phantom with double-peak particle size distribution by comparing the measured spectra with the calculated ones using the Monte Carlo (MC) method. It is first shown that the Mie phase function characterizes better than the Henyey-Greenstein (H-G) phase function in MC calculation. Next, we compare the measurement spectra with those obtained by modeling as single-peak, conventional modeling for particle size distribution, and for double-peak particle size distribution. The single-peak modeling is found to cause considerable error for the tissue phantom with double-peak particle size distribution, which seems to simulate a biological tissue. We suggest that if one simulates the particle size distribution of a biological tissue by conventional modeling, the accuracy of estimation will be lower.     

Test of Mie-based single-scattering properties of non-spherical dust aerosols in radiative flux calculations

We simulate the single-scattering properties (SSPs) of dust aerosols with both spheroidal and spherical shapes at a wavelength of 0.55 μm for two refractive indices and four effective radii. Herein spheres are defined by preserving both projected area and volume of a non-spherical particle. It is shown that the relative errors of the spheres to approximate the spheroids are less than 1% in the extinction efficiency and single-scattering albedo, and less than 2% in the asymmetry factor. It is found that the scattering phase function of spheres agrees with spheroids better than the Henyey–Greenstein (HG) function for the scattering angle range of 0–90°. In the range of ～90–180°, the HG function is systematically smaller than the spheroidal scattering phase function while the spherical scattering phase function is smaller from ～90° to 145° but larger from ～145° to 180°.We examine the errors in reflectivity and absorptivity due to the use of SSPs of equivalent spheres and HG functions for dust aerosols. The reference calculation is based on the delta-DISORT-256-stream scheme using the SSPs of the spheroids. It is found that the errors are mainly caused by the use of the HG function instead of the SSPs for spheres. By examining the errors associated with the delta-four- and delta-two-stream schemes using various approximate SSPs of dust aerosols, we find that the errors related to the HG function dominate in the delta-four-stream results, while the errors related to the radiative transfer scheme dominate in the delta-two-stream calculations. We show that the relative errors in the global reflectivity due to the use of sphere SSPs are always less than 5%. We conclude that Mie-based SSPs of non-spherical dust aerosols are well suited in radiative flux calculations.     

Modeling single-scattering properties of small cirrus particles by use of a size-shape distribution of ice spheroids and cylinders

In this study, we model single-scattering properties of small cirrus crystals using mixtures of polydisperse, randomly oriented spheroids and cylinders with varying aspect ratios and with a refractive index representative of water ice at a wavelength of 1.88 μm. The Stokes scattering matrix elements averaged over wide shape distributions of spheroids and cylinders are compared with those computed for polydisperse surface-equivalent spheres. The shape-averaged phase function for a mixture of oblate and prolate spheroids is smooth, featureless, and nearly flat at side-scattering angles and closely resembles those typically measured for cirrus. Compared with the ensemble-averaged phase function for spheroids, that for a shape distribution of cylinders shows a relatively deeper minimum at side-scattering angles. This may indicate that light scattering from realistic cirrus crystals can be better represented by a shape mixture of ice spheroids. Interestingly, the single-scattering properties of shape-averaged oblate and prolate cylinders are very similar to those of compact cylinders with a diameter-to-length ratio of unity. The differences in the optical cross sections, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter between the spherical and the nonspherical particles studied appear to be relatively small. This may suggest that for a given optical thickness, the influence of particle shape on the radiative forcing caused by a cloud composed of small ice crystals can be negligible.     

Equilibrium dynamics of the sub-Ohmic spin-boson model under bias

Using the bosonic numerical renormalization group method, we studied the equilibrium dynamical correlation function C(ω) of the spin operator σ_z for the biased sub-Ohmic spin-boson model. The small-ω behavior C(ω) ∝ω~s is found to be universal and independent of the bias ε and the coupling strength α(except at the quantum critical point α = αc and ε = 0). Our NRG data also show C(ω) ∝χ~2ω~s for a wide range of parameters, including the biased strong coupling regime(ε = 0 and α α_c), supporting the general validity of the Shiba relation. Close to the quantum critical point αc,the dependence of C(ω) on α and ε is understood in terms of the competition between ε and the crossover energy scale ω_0~*of the unbiased case. C(ω) is stable with respect to ε for ε《ε~*. For ε》ε~*, it is suppressed by ε in the low frequency regime. We establish that ε~*∝(ω_0~*)~(1/θ)holds for all sub-Ohmic regime 0≤s 1, with θ = 2/(3s) for 0 s≤1/2 and θ = 2/(1 + s) for 1/2 s 1. The variation of C(ω) with α and ε is summarized into a crossover phase diagram on the α–ε plane.     

TiO2微粒对远程荧光粉膜及白光发光二极管器件光色性能的影响

利用热压法将TiO₂微粒掺入至YAG:Ce荧光粉和硅树脂中制备出远程荧光粉膜并封装成白光发光二极管(LED)器件, 通过荧光粉相对亮度仪、双积分球测试系统和可见光光谱分析系统对样品的光色性能及机理进行了研究. 结果表明: TiO₂的散射效应能够显著提高蓝光的利用率和黄光的透射强度, 白光LED器件的光通量在TiO₂浓度为0.966 g/cm³ 时达到最高值415.28 lm(@300 mA, 9.3 V), 提高了8.15%, 相关色温从冷白6900 K逐渐变化至暖白3832 K. TiO₂的掺入不仅提高了远程荧光粉膜的发射强度和白光LED器件的光通量, 同时能调控其相关色温.