Influence of organic capping layers on the performance of transparent organic light-emitting diodes

We investigate a set of transparent organic LEDs (TOLEDs) with different organic capping layer (OC) thicknesses to understand the capping layer effect. We find that thickness variation of the OC strongly influences the emission properties of TOLEDs and exhibits different trends for top or bottom emission. The external quantum efficiency for the top side can be enhanced by a factor of 63%, but that of the bottom side only by 4% compared to a reference device without an OC. Additionally, we demonstrate that the introduction of the OC is an effective method to control the bottom-to-top emission ratio within a measured range from 2.87 to 6.05.     

微腔调色法实现有机发光器件三基色的研究

用微腔调色法来实现有机发光器件的三基色，有利于减少光损失，并提高器件的色饱和度和效率.以多波长的白光器件为基构成了微腔顶发射器件.顶发射器件以Ag作为全反射阳极，ITO为光程调节层，Al/Ag为半透明复合阴极，Alq：DCJTB/TBADN：TBPe/Alq：C545为白光发光层.通过调节ITO厚度，改变微腔光程以及器件的颜色，分别得到红、蓝、绿三基色的器件，器件发光峰值分别为475，538和603nm，色坐标分别为(0.133，0.201)，(0.335，0.567)和(0.513，0.360).半高宽分别为30，48，70nm. 关键词： 有机发光 顶发射 微腔效应 三基色     

Eliminate the angular dependence of blue emission top-emitting organic light-emitting devices by integrating gratings

We demonstrate that the angular-dependence effect in blue emission top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (TOLEDs) can be resolved in a very simple and effective way via introducing gratings and filling process. In this method, the shift of the peak emission wavelength with the viewing angle is successfully suppressed in TOLEDs. A desired emission pattern of approximately Lambertian is obtained. Moreover, we can observe almost the same current density and luminance in TOLEDs with and without gratings. Their maximal luminance are 10,776 cd/m² and 11,290 cd/m², respectively.     

Highly flexible and efficient top-emitting organic light-emitting devices with ultrasmooth Ag anode

We demonstrate highly flexible and efficient top-emitting organic light-emitting devices (TOLEDs) by using an ultrasmooth Ag anode. A template-stripping process has been employed to create the ultrasmooth Ag anode on a photopolymer substrate. The flexible TOLEDs obtained by this method keep good electroluminescence properties under a small bending radius and after repeated bending. The efficiency of the flexible TOLEDs is improved by 60% compared with the conventional TOLEDs deposited on Si substrate due to the enhanced hole injection from the ultrasmooth anode.     

A foam film propagating in a confined geometry: Analysis via the viscous froth model

A single film (typical of a film in a foam) moving in a confined geometry (i.e. confined between closely spaced top and bottom plates) is analysed via the viscous froth model. In the first instance the film is considered to be straight (as viewed from above the top plate) but is not flat. Instead it is curved (with a circular arc cross-section) in the direction across the confining plates. This curvature leads to a maximal possible steady propagation velocity for the film, which is characterised by the curved film meeting the top and bottom plates tangentially. Next the film is considered to propagate in a channel (i.e. between top and bottom plates and sidewalls, with the sidewall separation exceeding that of the top and bottom plates). The film is now curved along as well as across the top and bottom plates. Curvature along the plates arises from viscous drag forces on the channel sidewall boundaries. The maximum steady propagation velocity is unchanged, but can now also be associated with films meeting channel sidewalls tangentially, a situation which should be readily observable if the film is viewed from above the top plate. Observed from above, however, the film need not appear as an arc of a circle. Instead the film may be relatively straight along much of its length, with curvature pushed into boundary layers at the sidewalls.     

Growing perfect decagonal quasicrystals by local rules

A local growth algorithm for a decagonal quasicrystal is presented. We show that a perfect Penrose tiling (PPT) layer can be grown on a decapod tiling layer by a three dimensional (3D) local rule growth. Once a PPT layer begins to form on the upper layer, successive 2D PPT layers can be added on top resulting in a perfect decagonal quasicrystalline structure in bulk with a point defect only on the bottom surface layer. Our growth rule shows that an ideal quasicrystal structure can be constructed by a local growth algorithm in 3D, contrary to the necessity of nonlocal information for a 2D PPT growth.     

Emission from a Rayleigh layer with irregular boundaries

A theory of microwave emission from an irregular layer of Rayleigh scatterers is developed by combining an existing matrix doubling method for volume scattering with the Kirchhoff method in surface scattering. Effects of the layer boundaries are illustrated by comparing layers with plane boundaries vs layers with rough top or bottom boundaries and irregular layers. It is found that the major effect of an irregular top layer boundary is to slow down the variation of the layer emission as a function of the nadir angle and the major effect of an irregular bottom boundary is to increase the level of the layer emission. Comparisons of the developed layer model with snow emission indicate the potential use of such models in data interpretation.     

Manipulating superconductivity in perpendicularly magnetized FSF triple layers

We investigate the superconducting transition temperature T_c of epitaxial ferromagnet/superconductor/ferromagnet (FSF) triple layers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Due to the different coercive fields of the top and bottom F layers (F=[Co/Pt] multilayer) different magnetized states can be achieved: a fully magnetized state where the F layer magnetizations are parallel oriented, a state DM where one layer is demagnetized, and a state DD where both layers are demagnetized. T_c is maximum in the fully magnetized state and decreases consecutively from the DM to the DD state due to the different contributions from magnetic stray fields originating from the domain walls present in the demagnetized layers. The role of the proximity effect and the effect of the stray fields on the superconductivity in the S layer can be distinguished by analyzing the temperature dependence of the upper critical field and by comparison with data taken on an FISIF multilayer where I is an insulating SiO₂ barrier. Hence, we demonstrate that T_c can be manipulated by the intentional creation of different stray-field configurations in the F layers. PACS 68.55.JK; 74.45.+c; 74.78.Db; 74.78.Fk; 75.47.-m     

Fabrication and characterization of all-Nb lumped-element Josephson parametric amplifiers

Josephson parametric amplifiers (JPAs) with nearly quantum-limited noise performance have become indispensable devices for the measurements of superconducting quantum information. We have developed an all-Nb lumped-element flux-driven JPA operating in the three-wave mixing mode. Our Nb-based JPA comprises Nb/Al-AlO_x/Nb Josephson junctions, a parallel-plate capacitor with SiO₂ dielectric sandwiched between two Nb layers, a bottom coplanar waveguides layer, and a top Nb wiring layer. We experimentally demonstrate a 20 dB gain over a 190 MHz bandwidth, a mean 1 dB compression of -123 dBm, and near quantum-limited noise performance. This fabrication process can be further used to design impedance transformed parametric amplifiers for multiple-qubit readout.     

TCO/Ag/TCO transparent electrodes for solar cells application

Among transparent electrodes, transparent conductive oxides (TCO)/metal/TCO structures can achieve optical and electrical performances comparable to, or better than, single TCO layers and very thin metallic films. In this work, we report on thin multilayers based on aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), indium tin oxide (ITO) and Ag deposited by RF magnetron sputtering on soda lime glass at room temperature. The TCO/Ag/TCO structures with thicknesses of about 50/10/50 nm were deposited with all combinations of AZO and ITO as top and bottom layers. While the electrical conductivity is dominated by the Ag intralayer irrespective of the TCO nature, the optical transmissions show a dependence on the nature of the top and bottom TCOs, mainly due to the change in the reflectivity of the multilayers. Structural, electrical and optical properties are studied to optimize the structure for very thin transparent electrodes suitable for photovoltaic applications.     

Broadband asymmetric transmission for linearly and circularly polarization based on sand-clock structured metamaterial

We proposed a sandwich structure to realize broadband asymmetric transmission(AT) for both linearly and circularly polarized waves in the near infrared spectral region. The structure composes of a silica substrate and two sand-clock-like gold layers on the opposite sides of the substrate. Due to the surface plasmons of gold, the structure shows that the AT parameters of linearly and circularly polarized waves can reach 0.436 and 0.403, respectively. Meanwhile, a broadband property is presented for the AT parameter is over 0.3 between 320 THz and 340 THz. The structure realizes a diode-like AT for linearly wave in forward and circularly wave in backward, respectively. The magnetic dipoles excited by current in the two gold layers contribute to the broadband AT. The current density in top and bottom metallic layers illustrates the mechanism of the polarization conversion for broadband AT in detail.     

X-ray fluorescence method for determining the mass absorption coefficient in two-layer thin-film Ti/Ge and Ni/Ge systems

We propose a new method for determining the mass absorption coefficient in x-ray fluorescence analysis of two-layer thin-film Ti/Ge and Ni/Ge systems using easily made standardized film layers obtained by deposition of titanium or nickel on a polymer film substrate. We calculate correction factors taking into account absorption of primary emission from the x-ray tube and absorption of the analytical line for an element of the bottom layer in the top layer.     

Simulation of random mixed packing of different density particles

This paper presents the effects of density difference on the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of random mixed packing. The random mixed packing dynamics of particles of two different densities are simulated. The initial state is homogeneous, but the final packing state is inhomogeneous. The segregation phenomenon (inhomogeneous distribution) is also observed. In the final state, the top layers are composed of mostly light particles. The several layers beneath the top contain more heavy particles than light particles. At the bottom, they also contain more heavy particles than light particles. Furthermore, at both the top and the bottom, particle clustering is observed. The current study also analyses the cause of this inhomogeneity in detail. The main cause of this phenomenon is the velocity difference after collision of these two types of particles induced by the density difference. The present study reveals that even if particles were perfectly mixed, the packing process would lead to the final inhomogeneous mixture. It suggests that special treatment may be required to get the true homogeneous packing.     

Bilayer quantum hall systems at filling factor nu = 2: An exact diagonalization study

We present an exact diagonalization study of bilayer quantum Hall systems at filling factor nu = 2 in the spherical geometry. We find the high-Zeeman-coupling phase boundary of the broken symmetry canted antiferromagnet is given exactly by previous Hartree-Fock mean-field theories, but that the state's stability at weak Zeeman coupling has been qualitatively overestimated. In the absence of interlayer tunneling, degeneracies occur between total spin multiplets due to the Hamiltonian's invariance under independent spin rotations in top and bottom two-dimensional electron layers.     

微腔结构顶发射有机发光器件

以Ag/ITO为全反射阳极，以Al/Ag为半透明复合阴极，制备了绿色、蓝色两种微腔结构顶发射有机发光器件，研究了微腔效应对顶发射器件颜色的影响，通过调节光程，实现了用同一种有机发光层制备出不同波长的发射.Alq基顶发射器件得到波长峰值从500 nm到584 nm的不同颜色的器件，发光光谱半高宽由传统器件的100 nm窄化到20—40 nm，最高电流效率1.77 cd/A.蓝光顶发射器件发光峰值从464 nm变化到532 nm，半高宽由传统器件的65 nm窄化到17—21 nm，并得到色坐标为(0.141，0.049)的深蓝色顶发射有机发光器件. 关键词： 有机发光 顶发射 微腔效应     

Enhanced light absorption in thin-film tandem solar cells using a bottom metallic nanograting

We introduced a metallic nanograting at the bottom of thin-film tandem solar cells, and carried out an investigation into the light absorption in the top and bottom cells via the electromagnetic simulation. It indicates that broadband and polarization-insensitive light absorption enhancement can be obtained in the bottom cell, while the light absorption in the top cell remains unchanged by the influence of the added metallic nanograting. An overall carrier generation enhancement reaches as much as 60 % for both incident polarizations. This absorption enhancement can survive in a wide range of the cell thickness and the nanograting geometries, which enables us to reduce the thickness of the bottom cell with minimal impact on the light absorption. Thereby, this design could reduce the solar cell production cost, and meanwhile could enhance the solar cell efficiency by decreasing the light-generated carrier recombination rate.     

Wavelet transform implementation by layers

I.IntroductionWavelettheoryanditsapplicationhavebeendevelopedquicklyformallyyears,whichcoverquitealargeareaandprovideverygeneraltechniquesthatcanbeaPpliedtomanytasksinsignalprocessing,andhavenumerouspotelltialapplications.lnacousticresearchthereisatra-ditionofthefrequencyanalysisintermsofoctave,whichfitstheconceptof"constantQ"inwavelettransform,e.g.thepowerspectrumofmusicismeasuredintermsof1/3octave.Sofartheimplemelltationofwavelettransformha-sbeendevelopedonlyforoneoctave,e.g.themultiresolut…     

Experimental Investigation of Influence of Interfacial Tension on Convection of Two-Layer Immiscible Liquid

Bdnard-Marangoni convections of two-layer fluids heated from the bottom are investigated experimentally with a particle imagine velocimetry. The flows are visualized from the side, and various velocity fields near the onset of convection, such as three-layer vortex convective patterns, are observed when the depth ratio varies in a wide range. A new classification of the convective patterns is proposed with more detail than in previous studies. The analysis of the results indicates that the interface tension greatly influences the motion intensities of the bottom and top layers. The dimensionless wave number increases with the Bond number when the motion in the top layer is not more intense than that in the bottom layer, which agrees with the theoretical prediction.     

Schottky barrier MOSFET structure with silicide source/drain on buried metal

In this paper, we propose a novel Schottky barrier MOSFET structure, in which the silicide source/drain is designed on the buried metal (SSDOM). The source/drain region consists of two layers of silicide materials. Two Schottky barriers are formed between the silicide layers and the silicon channel. In the device design, the top barrier is lower and the bottom is higher. The lower top contact barrier is to provide higher {on-state} current, and the higher bottom contact barrier to reduce the off-state current. To achieve this, ErSi is proposed for the top silicide and CoSi₂ for the bottom in the n-channel case. The 50~nm n-channel SSDOM is thus simulated to analyse the performance of the SSDOM device. In the simulations, the top contact barrier is 0.2e~V (for ErSi) and the bottom barrier is 0.6eV (for CoSi₂. Compared with the corresponding conventional Schottky barrier MOSFET structures (CSB), the high on-state current of the SSDOM is maintained, and the off-state current is efficiently reduced. Thus, the high drive ability (1.2mA/μm at V_ds=1V, V_gs=2V) and the high I_on/I_min ratio (10⁶) are both achieved by applying the SSDOM structure.     

Novel interconnection scheme for thin‐film silicon solar modules with conductive intermediate reflector

Intermediate reflector layers are commonly used for light man‐agement purposes in multi‐junction silicon based devices containing a‐Si:H top‐ and µc‐Si:H bottom‐sub‐cells. A low resistance of such layers can have a severe impact on the solar module performance due to shunting of the bottom sub‐cell by the P2 scribe. A common solution for this problem is the use of an additional scribe line. However, not only the additional processing step is disadvantageous but also the dead area losses are increased as well by the additional scribe. This work introduces a novel solar cell stripe interconnection scheme that requires only three scribing processes with similar dead area losses as they would be apparent in the standard interconnection scheme. An implementation to mini modules shows no negative impact on the electrical properties and simultaneously reducing the required number of scribing steps. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)