原子吸收光谱法研究巯基改性膨润土对Pb2+的吸附解吸

通过红外光谱(FTIR)法和扫描电镜(SEM)对钙基和巯基改性膨润土的官能团和表面结构进行了比较分析,以火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)为检测手段,研究了巯基改性膨润土对Pb2+吸附的影响因素并优化了吸附条件,讨论了模拟酸雨解吸Pb2+的条件。比较了钙基和巯基改性膨润土作为吸附剂对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附、固定能力。研究表明：25 ℃下,吸附时间为60 min、离子强度为0.1 mol·L-1的KNO₃、pH 6.0时,5.0 g·L-1巯基改性膨润土对100 mg·L-1的Pb2+的吸附率达到98%以上,平衡吸附量达到67.27 mg·g-1,吸附能力明显优于钙基膨润土(9.667 mg·g-1),吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温线方程。用pH 3.50的极限酸度模拟酸雨进行解吸,解吸率为0。表明该巯基改性膨润土对Pb2+具有很强的吸附、固定能力,适于重金属铅污染土壤中铅的吸附固定修复之用。     

巯基化、钠化和酸化膨润土对Cu2+，Pb2+和Zn2+的吸附性能研究

基于改性膨润土可能存在的优异吸附能力,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和场发射扫描电镜研究分析了巯基化、钠化及酸化三种改性膨润土对Cu2+,Pb2+和Zn2+的等温吸附与竞争吸附实验结果。研究结果表明,在单一重金属离子的等温吸附环境下,巯基化膨润土对Cu2+,Pb2+和Zn2+的吸附能力明显优于其他两种材料,且对Pb2+具有一定的吸附选择性,吸附率达到近100%;在竞争吸附环境下,三种改性膨润土对Cu2+,Pb2+和Zn2+的吸附率都有所下降,但巯基化膨润土仍旧能够保持较好的吸附能力,较其他膨润土的吸附率大约高出10%～40%;三种重金属离子的吸附量均表现为Cu2+＞Pb2+＞Zn2+,这与三种重金属离子的竞争能力、化学亲和力等大小有关;膨润土的巯基改性,步骤简单且吸附重金属的效果好,对膨润土改性及其应用具有重要意义。     

La/酸化膨润土吸附剂的表征与除磷性能

以酸化改性膨润土为载体,采用浸泡法制备了稀土La掺杂的La/酸化膨润土吸附剂.通过XRD和FTIR对其结构进行了表征,探讨了膨润土的改性机理,研究了该吸附剂对废水的除磷性能.结果表明：酸化过程洗掉了膨润土中的杂质和氧化铝,稀土镧的掺杂在膨润土层间及表面引入了一定数量的羟基化合物,改善了膨润土的层间结构并生成了新的La-O-Si键,实现了La与膨润土的复合,提高了膨润土的吸附性能.     

硅烷偶联剂改性的芪3掺杂铅-锡-氟磷酸盐玻璃发光性能的研究

采用硅烷偶联剂KBM403对SnF2粉末进行表面改性,改性粉末的IR透射谱显示KBM403已经吸附在SnF2粉末表面,这种改性除了物理吸附外还存在微弱的化学吸附。采用溶有芪3的硅烷偶联剂KBM403对SnF2粉末进行改性,经改性的SnF2粉末有利于提高有机染料芪3掺杂的分散性。将含有芪3的改性SnF2粉末掺入低熔点铅-锡-氟磷酸盐玻璃,获得了芪3掺杂的有机/无机杂化玻璃。对玻璃的吸收、透射谱和激发发射谱进行分析,表明KBM403的介入改善了芪3在玻璃中的溶解性和分散性,减少了芪3二聚物的产生,提高了玻璃的透射率和均匀性。由于KBM403的改性减少了芪3二聚物所带来的荧光猝灭,同时KBM403与染料分子的相互作用增加了染料分子的刚性,玻璃的发光强度显著提高。     

Cu-Fe-TiO2/膨润土复合光催化剂的表征及性能

以膨润土为载体,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同焙烧温度的Cu-Fe双金属掺杂的TiO2/膨润土复合光催化剂,采用XRD、TG-DSC和N2吸附技术对其结构进行了表征,通过光催化降解直接天蓝染料废水,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂光催化性能的影响.结果表明,当焙烧温度高于300℃时,催化剂中出现了锐钛矿型TiO2,掺杂的Cu2+、Fe3+可能进入了TiO2晶格取代了部分Ti4+,使其晶格产生了一定程度的畸变,形成了复合半导体,拓宽了TiO2的光谱响应范围,并且Cu2+、Fe3+掺杂的TiO2复合半导体进入了蒙脱石层间,与膨润土成功复合,增大了催化剂的比表面积并改善了催化剂的孔体积,提高了光催化剂活性和再生性.     

有机膨润土制备及性能表征

采用湿法工艺,分别用十六烷基三甲基氯化铵、十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵、十八烷基三甲基氯化铵与钠基膨润土,进行离子交换反应合成了有机膨润土。以红外光谱、X-ray衍射和差热分析等手段对改性膨润土进行了结构表征,讨论了不同的季铵盐对有机膨润土性能的影响。实验表明,表面活性剂离子进入膨润土晶片层间,使其晶片层间的亲水环境改变为疏水环境并增大晶片层间距离,为制备高聚物/膨润土纳米复合材料奠定基础。     

十四烷基三甲基溴化铵对膨润土改性合成及其表征

用阳离子表面活性剂十四烷基三甲基溴化铵(C17H38NBr)对膨润土进行插层改性制备.配制浓度为2.35%十四烷基三甲基溴化铵溶液备用.在碘量瓶中称取3.04g膨润土,加入30mL超纯水、10mL十四烷基三甲基溴化铵溶液,制成土浆,放入微波炉中反应1min.产物经抽滤、洗涤、烘干、研磨,做FT-IR和DSC-TG分析.DSC曲线在500℃时有一明显的放热峰;TG曲线显示改性土的失重率有明显的增大.有机改性膨润土中确实含有大量有机物,改性成功.     

氧化石墨烯基功能纸的简易制备和染料吸附性能

染料污染是水体污染的一个重要方面,吸附法因具有效率高,简单易操作等优点,被认为优于其他的染料废水处理技术.本文采用一种简单的方法制备了具有高吸附、易分离特性的氧化石墨烯基功能纸,研究其对水中阳离子染料的吸附,考察了吸附时间、染料初始浓度、吸附剂用量及温度对吸附性能的影响.利用扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱分析、热重分析、紫外可见吸收光谱仪等测试方法,对氧化石墨烯基功能纸的结构、形貌和吸附性能进行表征分析.结果表明:氧化石墨烯基功能纸对阳离子染料亚甲基蓝和罗丹明B有良好的吸附效果,当亚甲基蓝和罗丹明B的初始浓度分别为40和30 mg·L_(-1),功能纸对两种染料的吸附量分别达到了54.84和21.74 mg·g_(-1).而且这种氧化石墨烯基吸附材料很好地解决了吸附剂与水体的分离问题.另外,实验还发现,在氧化石墨烯基功能纸吸附染料的过程中,氧化石墨烯对染料的吸附作用远远大于纸巾本身对染料的吸附.例如,对于罗丹明B,纸巾的吸附量几乎为零,当罗丹明B的初始浓度为30 mg·L_(-1)时,以纸巾上负载的氧化石墨烯质量计算的吸附量达到了183 mg·g_(-1).动力学研究结果表明吸附过程较好地符合伪二级动力学模型,热力学数据分析,氧化石墨烯基功能纸对两种染料的吸附行为是自发吸热的.研究结果对基于氧化石墨烯的吸附材料的制备和应用提供了参考依据.     

三元LDH的改性及去除酸性橙II的光谱分析研究

吸附法由于具有效率高、成本低、无毒、简单等优点，具为最常见的废水处理方法。采用吸附法的关键是吸附剂的选择和制备。层状氢氧化物(LDH)作为一类新型吸附剂，拥有特殊的层状结构、层板元素的可调变性、层间阴离子的可交换性，近期备受关注，但其吸附能力的提升仍是亟需研究的问题。利用均苯四甲酸(PA)对三元层状氢氧化物(Ca-Mg-Al-LDH)进行插层改性，制备出新型的芳香酸阴离子改性层状氢氧化物(PA-LDH)，对其进行煅烧得到煅烧产物(PA-LDO)，并结合紫外分光光度法(UV-Vis)研究其对酸性橙II的吸附性能。通过红外光谱(FTIR)和氮气吸附-脱附实验对其进行结构表征。结果发现，PA-LDH相比LDH在1 717 cm-1处出现了一个新的峰，归属为ν(C═O)，且相对PA的C═O峰(1 668 cm-1)向高频方向移动，这可能是由于PA之间形成的缔合体被破坏，表明PA可能插层进入了LDH的间层。相比PA-LDH的红外光谱谱图，可以发现PA-LDO在3 000 cm-1附近的弱峰消失了，表明层间阴离子在煅烧过程中被破坏，但是在875和723 cm-1处与M—O和M—OH(M=Ca，Mg和Al)振动相对应的峰仍然存在，表明煅烧处理后其相似的结构依然得到了保持。通过氮气吸附-脱附实验测得PA-LDH和PA-LDO的比表面积分别为15.934 1和119.401 0 m2·g-1，说明在煅烧后，其比表面积增大，因此PA-LDO可能具有更好的吸附效果。以阴离子染料酸性橙Ⅱ为目标污染物，在pH 7.0，吸附剂用量5 mg，波长为484 nm的条件下，通过UV-Vis分析手段，分别考察了吸附时间、染料初始浓度等对PA-LDH、PA-LDO吸附性能的影响。结果表明，PA-LDH和PA-LDO对酸性橙Ⅱ的Q_max分别为561.322和1 401.639 mg·g-1，高于目前文献所报道的Q_max值。通过吸附等温实验，发现PA-LDH和PA-LDO对酸性橙II的吸附基本符合Langmuir模型，即单分子层吸附为该吸附过程的主导过程，且理论最大吸附容量分别可为588.235和1 428.571 mg·g-1，与上述实验值相接近，这说明制备的芳香酸阴离子改性层状氢氧化物对阴离子染料具有较好的吸附性能，在治理染料废水中具有一定的应用前景。     

混合菁染料J-聚集体的光谱性能研究

对2种混合菁染料吸附在溴化银颗粒表面形成的J-聚集体的反射光谱及感光性能与对应菁染料单独吸附在溴化银颗粒表面进行了对比研究。用紫外-可见分光光计测定了菁染料吸附在溴化银颗粒表面形成J-聚集体的反射光谱。结果表明:2种混合菁染料吸附在溴化银颗粒表面形成的J-聚集体的反射光谱分别具有2个最大峰值波长,并且与对应菁染料单独使用时的峰值波长相一致。2种混和菁染料的感光性能比对应菁染料单独使用时有较大提高。     

Adsorption behavior of a textile dye of Reactive Blue 19 from aqueous solutions onto modified bentonite

The aim of this study is to evaluate adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic parameters of Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) onto modified bentonite from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature were investigated in the experimentally. Natural bentonite was modified by using 1,6-diamino hexane (DAH) as a modifying agent. The characterization of modified bentonite (DAH-bentonite) was accomplished by using FTIR, TGA, BET and elemental analysis techniques. The optimum pH value for the adsorption experiments was found to be 1.5 and all the experiments were carried out at this pH value. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model agrees very well with the experimental results. Equilibrium data were also fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model in the studied concentration range of RB19 at 20 °C. The results indicate that DAH-modified bentonite is a suitable adsorbent for the adsorption of textile dyes.     

Synthesis of a Cationic Polymer-Bentonite Composite Utilizing a Simple and Green Process for the Adsorption of Acid Orange 7 from Aqueous Solution

A one-step, green process is reported for synthesis of poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride) (PMETAC) modified bentonite (Bent-PMETAC). The Bent-PMETAC was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that large amounts of PMETAC were successfully grafted on the surface and interlayers of bentonite, and changed the Zeta potential of the sample from negative to positive. Acid Orange 7 (AO 7), as adsorbate, was used to test the anionic dye adsorption of the samples. The batch adsorption results implied that this novel Bent-PMETAC adsorbent exhibited a much higher removal (95%) of AO 7 than bentonite (10%). In addition, the adsorption process was hardly influenced by pH, which is in good agreement with the results of the Zeta potential analysis. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms and the adsorption kinetics of AO 7 fitted well to the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of AO 7 onto Bent-PMETAC was 208.6?mg·g^?1 at 298?K, which is much higher than for most other materials. Overall, the results indicated the Bent-PMETAC is a low-cost, simple synthesis and highly efficient adsorbent for anionic dye removal from aqueous solutions.     

Adsorption and molecular dynamics of low-molecular substances on modified montmorillonite nanoparticles

The effect of the structure of stable nitroxyl radicals on their adsorption from organic solvents on montmorillonite modified with cationic surfactants is examined. The influence of the nature and content of the modifier and solvent, as well as additional modification with cationic dyes, on the adsorption is considered. The kinetic parameters of the adsorption of decane, toluene, and ethanol from the gas phase are determined. The spin probe method is used to determine the phase state and distribution of adsorbed additives, as well as the influence of an additional adsorption of hydrocarbons on the molecular dynamics at the surface of nanoparticles of montmorillonite and nanopigments based on cationic dyes.     

CdS/膨润土复合材料的制备及其光催化性能

以CdCl₂和硫代乙酰胺为反应物,通过湿化学法合成CdS/膨润土复合材料,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)以及紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)等分析技术对其结构及光学性能进行表征。以罗丹明B和亚甲基蓝为目标污染物,考察了CdS/膨润土复合材料对有机染料的降解性能。结果表明:在罗丹明B和亚甲基蓝的初始浓度为20 mg/L 时,光照3 h后,CdS/膨润土对它们的降解率分别为80.6%和88.3%,优于CdS及膨润土原土催化剂。     

Ion exchange and adsorption equilibrium studies on clinoptilolite, bentonite and vermiculite

In the present paper three natural minerals used in many industrial and environmental applications namely zeolite clinoptilolite and the clays bentonite and vermiculite are studied by utilising ion exchange and adsorption. In particular, the Dubinin-Astakhov adsorption isotherm is used modified by introducing a solubility-normalized adsorption potential for studying the ion exchange process. The equation, is applied in experimental isotherms in order to determine adsorption energy and heterogeneity parameter for the ion exchange of Pb²⁺ in the natural minerals. The results indicate that the modified Dubinin-Astakhov adsorption isotherm represents the experimental data well and at the same time provides the heterogeneity parameter of the materials, which is an important adsorbent physical parameter as well as the adsorption energy. In order to deepen the study and link the results to the pore structure BET analysis is presented as well.     

Simultaneous adsorption of dyes and heavy metals from multicomponent solutions using fly ash

In wastewaters originating from dye industry there are amounts of dyes (very common methyl orange, methylene blue—MB) and heavy metals (cadmium, copper, nickel mainly from the organo-metallic dyes). They tend to adsorb in a competitive process and modify the substrate. Advanced removal is usually proposed via adsorption and the use of modified fly ash as a substrate is sustainable solution. The main constituents of fly ash (silica, alumina, iron oxide and un-burned carbon), are the priority compounds which favour the heavy metal adsorption and are active sites in dyes’ adsorption processes. The paper studies the effect of MB adsorbed on the fly ash surface on the removal efficiency of cadmium, copper and nickel ionic species from complex, multi-cationic dye solutions. The adsorption efficiency and kinetics are evaluated from the complex, multicomponent systems and possible influences are discussed. High efficiencies are obtained at low heavy metal concentrations (as it is the real case for the dyes industry) whereas at medium values, competitive processes lower the individual efficiencies of copper, nickel or cadmium from mixtures.     

Combined effect of ultrasound and nanoclay on adsorption of phenol

Sorption of phenol onto organophilic bentonite (nanoclay) by ultrasonic irradiation was investigated. Tetrabutyl ammonium chloride (TBAC), N-acetyl-N,N,N trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (HDTMA) were used as intercalating agents. Nanoclay was synthesized using sonication technique. TBAC modified nanoclay shows amorphous exfoliated nature, while CTAB and HDTMA modified nanoclay shows intercalating crystalline nature, which was revealed by XRD gram. Further FTIR reveals the presence of NH(2) and (CH(2))(n) groups onto clay platelet. Due to sonication, adsorption equilibrium was achieved within short period of time (10 min). It was found that intraparticle diffusion resistance has overcome due to sonication. The experimental data obtained obeys both Freundlich isotherm model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. HDTMA modified nanoclay shows higher parameter values.     

Electrospun Fibrous Membranes of Modified Polystyrene and its Copolymer With Butyl Acrylate and Their Respective Adsorption Capabilities for Cationic Blue and Copper Ions

Cationic dyes and metal ions in wastewater are considered as environmental pollutants. In order to treat these pollutants individually polystyrene (PS) and poly (styrene-co-butyl acrylate) (P(St-co-BA)) were first electrospun into fibrous membranes with a porous structure and then two simple modification methods were adopted to introduce -SO₃H and -COO^? groups into the PS fibrous membranes' and the P(St-co-BA) fibrous membranes' surfaces, respectively; finally the modified samples were used individually to adsorb either cationic blue dyes or copper ions, respectively. The results showed that the PS fibrous membranes were hydrophobic before modification but they became hydrophilic after modification due to the introduction of -SO₃H. Then the modified PS fibrous membranes had the capability to adsorb cationic blue dyes from water, and their adsorption efficiency, with an adsorption time of 300 min, reached 68.1%. For the P(St-co-BA) fibrous membranes, the -COO^? groups were introduced into their surfaces after hydrolysis in alkali lye; however, they showed very weak adsorption capability for copper ions due to the loss of the fiber-web structure. In addition, the thermal properties of the fibrous membranes before and after modification were analyzed, and the morphology was also observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy.     

Adsorptive removal of anionic dyes by modified nanoporous silica SBA-3

Batch sorption experiments were carried out to remove dyes, methyl orange (MO), orange G (OG) and brilliant red X-3B (X-3B), from their aqueous solutions using a mesoporous silica SBA-3 as an adsorbent. The effect of surfactant template in SBA-3 on the removal of OG, MO and X-3B was investigated. Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of contact time, initial concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption performance. The adsorption results of anionic dyes on the uncalcined SBA-3 (noted as SBA-3) were compared with those of the calcined SBA-3 (noted as C-SBA-3). The uncalcined SBA-3 adsorbent has a large adsorption capacity and a strong affinity for the anionic dyes. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were employed to model the experimental results, from which the Freundlich isotherm exhibited the most appropriate to predict the same. Freundlich isotherm exhibited the most appropriate to predict the experimental results. The kinetic data were also analyzed through pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model well depicted the kinetics of dyes adsorption on mesoporous SBA-3.