反向追迹法获取水下对空全景图像

在水下透过波浪对海面及空中目标成像，所获取的目标图像会发生畸变。为定量分析波浪对图像畸变的影响，建立一种理想的水下对空成像模型，得到透过波浪的全景图像。首先，在给定的成像模型下，运用主光线反向追迹法，由斯涅耳定律计算出与水下入射光线对应的水上折射光线的方向矢量，从而得到天球上目标点与成像靶面上单像素点的物像对应关系。然后，对整个成像靶面上的像素点进行遍历，形成水下对空全景图像。最后，在4种特殊的海面波浪波形下，利用MATLAB环境计算出天空圆形目标及背景的水下对空全景图像。计算结果表明:运用反向追迹法能够有效地计算出水下对空全景图像，通过调整波浪参数，可以定量分析图像的畸变程度。主光线反向追迹法适用于分析透过具有一阶可导波浪的水下对空全景图像的畸变特征，为研究更复杂波浪下的水下对空图像畸变特征奠定了基础。     

Simulation for light power distribution of 3D InGaN/GaN MQW LED with textured surface

In this paper, we introduce a full 3D simulation for light power distribution of an InGaN/GaN MQW LED with a textured surface. Device simulation was performed with the APSYS software to get power distribution of light sources inside the LED. Based on this, ray tracing simulation was carried out to get light power distribution outside the LED. During the process of ray tracing, the textured surface was treated as a special material interface whose reflectivity, transmittance and refraction angle are obtained with a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method instead of using the usual Fresnel formulas for normal material interfaces. By comparing the ray tracing results with and without the textured surface, we found that the textured surface yields a smoother transmitted power distribution and greatly improved power extraction efficiency, which are comparable to experiment. These effects may be further improved by optimizing the texture geometry.     

Experimental evaluation of radiosity for room sound-field prediction

An acoustical radiosity model was evaluated for how it performs in predicting real room sound fields. This was done by comparing radiosity predictions with experimental results for three existing rooms--a squash court, a classroom, and an office. Radiosity predictions were also compared with those by ray tracing--a "reference" prediction model--for both specular and diffuse surface reflection. Comparisons were made for detailed and discretized echograms, sound-decay curves, sound-propagation curves, and the variations with frequency of four room-acoustical parameters--EDT, RT, D50, and C80. In general, radiosity and diffuse ray tracing gave very similar predictions. Predictions by specular ray tracing were often very different. Radiosity agreed well with experiment in some cases, less well in others. Definitive conclusions regarding the accuracy with which the rooms were modeled, or the accuracy of the radiosity approach, were difficult to draw. The results suggest that radiosity predicts room sound fields with some accuracy, at least as well as diffuse ray tracing and, in general, better than specular ray tracing. The predictions of detailed echograms are less accurate, those of derived room-acoustical parameters more accurate. The results underline the need to develop experimental methods for accurately characterizing the absorptive and reflective characteristics of room surfaces, possible including phase.     

基于射线理论的各向异性煤层地震响应

以VTI型煤层为研究对象,从介质中的地震波的射线方向、走时计算等多个方面展开讨论,分析VTI型煤层的试射法射线追踪技术,充分利用VC++的面向对象类框架泛型编程的特点和Fortran数值计算方面的优势,通过混合编程实现VTI型煤层中的地震波试射法射线追踪;通过各向同性煤层和VTI型煤层的射线追踪试算对比,论证对VTI型煤层进行各向异性射线追踪的必要性,同时验证本文VTI型煤层射线追踪方法的正确性.最后,通过计算时间成本比较,表明该方法计算速度较快,能满足地震正演模拟的要求.该方法适用于各向异性煤层的多波射线追踪.     

Three-dimensional shape measurement for an underwater object based on two-dimensional grating pattern projection

In this paper, a practical method using phase tracking and ray tracing algorithms is proposed for measuring the three-dimensional (3D) shape of an underwater object. A 2D projected sinusoidal fringe goes through the water and illuminates the tested object. Firstly, the phase tracking algorithm is employed to identify homologous points in phase distributions of the deformed fringe captured by the camera and these of the fringe pattern projected by the projector. The projector is regarded as a special camera as regards the stereovision principle. In the calibrated system, both ray directions of the homologous points can be easily figured out. Secondly, the ray tracing algorithm is used to trace the propagation path of each ray and to calculate the 3D coordinates of each point on the tested object's surface. Finally, the whole shape of the tested object can be reconstructed.     

A sound ray tracing algorithm in three-dimensional heterogeneous media based on wavefront traveltimes interpolation

A kind of three-dimensional（3-D） sound ray tracing algorithm in heterogeneous media is studied. This algorithm includes two steps： the first step computes the wavefront traveltimes forward; the second step traces the sound rays backward. In the first step, the computation of wavefront traveltimes at discrete grid points from the sound source, was found on Eikonal equation solutions and carried out by GMM （Group marching method） wavefront marching method based on level set. In the second step, sound ray tracing was proceeded gradually from the receiver to each cell towards the sound source, with wavefront traveltimes computed in the first step. Time values on arbitrary positions in each cuboid cell can be expressed by linear interpolation of wavefront traveltimes at the same cell＇s grid points. Thus, an algorithm of 3-D sound ray tracing in heterogeneous media is put forward. The simulation results indicate that this method can improve both the accuracy and the efficiency of 3-D sound ray tracing greatly.     

辛几何算法在计算非磁化等离子体中波传播轨迹时的应用

为了在数值计算中保持哈密顿系统的辛几何结构不变,利用辛几何算法得到了在线性哈密顿系统中射线追踪方程的一般辛差分格式。通过具体算例,利用辛几何算法计算了波在非磁化等离子体中的传播轨迹,并且与传统Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg算法所得结果进行了比较。利用辛几何算法所得传播轨迹与解析解一致,其色散函数值的误差随时间线性增长,能在长时间内保持色散函数值在一个很小的误差范围内。利用传统的Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg算法所得传播轨迹与解析解不一致,其误差随时间做大幅振荡增加。计算结果表明辛几何算法在保持传播轨迹和色散函数值方面具有独特的优势。     

The Monte Carlo atmospheric radiative transfer model McArtim: Introduction and validation of Jacobians and 3D features

A new Monte Carlo atmospheric radiative transfer model is presented which is designed to support the interpretation of UV/vis/near-IR spectroscopic measurements of scattered Sun light in the atmosphere. The integro differential equation describing the underlying transport process and its formal solution are discussed. A stochastic approach to solve the differential equation, the Monte Carlo method, is deduced and its application to the formal solution is demonstrated. It is shown how model photon trajectories of the resulting ray tracing algorithm are used to estimate functionals of the radiation field such as radiances, actinic fluxes and light path integrals. In addition, Jacobians of the former quantities with respect to optical parameters of the atmosphere are analyzed. Model output quantities are validated against measurements, by self-consistency tests and through inter comparisons with other radiative transfer models.     

机械刻划光栅的光线追迹方法

为了评价光栅的光谱质量,完成所设计光栅的光线追迹,针对机械刻划光栅的光线追迹提出了一种改进方法.在费马原理的基础上利用光程函数法得到入射光通过光栅后的光谱分布情况,再使用传输矩阵的计算方法构造出光谱的点列图.该方法适用于刻划在平面、球面和非球面基坯上的等间距和变间距光栅,光栅的光谱面可以为平面或者二次曲面. 通过刻划在非球面基坯上的凹面光栅验证了光线追迹方法的可靠性.     

Analysis of plasma sheath propagation attenuation based on ray tracing

Based on the complex Snell's law of lossy media, a ray tracing method is proposed to study the propagation attenuation characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves in plasma sheaths. The plasma sheath is modelled as layered media. This method considers the complex ray characteristics of inhomogeneous plane EM waves, tracks the propagation rays of EM waves in each layer of media, and calculates the propagation attenuation of EM waves in each layer of media according to the propagation direction of the complex rays. The attenuation during numerical cumulative propagation is the total attenuation of EM waves through the plasma sheath. By comparing the results with that obtained from the WKB method, the accuracy of the ray tracing algorithm is proved. The results of the propagation attenuation of a blunt cone model are calculated by the proposed method, and the effects of different parameters on the EM wave propagation attenuation in the plasma sheath are analysed at different heights, velocities, incident angles, and incident positions. Studying the propagation characteristics of EM waves in the plasma sheath is of importance in application for radar target tracking, blackout communication, and other issues.     

表面平整目标的电磁散射快速预估

针对表面基本由平面构成的散射体,在传统弹跳射线法的基础上,对射线跟踪以及射线求交测试方法进行改进,使得该方法对于分析隐身飞行器等有更好的应用。研究了单根射线与三角形的快速求交方法,同时与弹跳射线法相结合,使用三角形对目标进行两次表面拟合,分别得到用于求交测试的稀疏三角面元,以及用于射线追踪的起始三角面元,利用快速求交方法,完成射线追踪,进行物理光学积分,完成目标远场电磁散射的快速预估,将该方法的计算结果与文献结果进行对比,验证了该方法的可靠性,通过计算不同拟合面元密度下情况下的结果,验证了该算法的高效性。     

基于序列光线追迹原理的快速优化照明设计

为解决LED扩展光源照明系统设计时,优化时间较长且多软件数据传输繁琐等问题,提出了一种仅用Matlab软件进行快速优化设计的方法。该方法将成像设计中的序列光线追迹原理应用于照明设计中,并利用菲涅尔公式与照度补偿理论,提高了照度拟合速度。同时,通过该方法可将光线追迹与反馈优化紧密相连,实现对照明系统的一站式优化设计。以一紧凑型（h/d=2.5:1）匀光透镜设计为例进行试验,结果表明:给定光源和目标面的参数后,获得匀光透镜数值解的优化时间仅为8 min,优化时间缩短近一个数量级;经SolidWorks成型和TracePro仿真测试,目标面上的均匀度和光效分别达到86.75%和88.42%,照明效果提高明显。     

恒星大气物理参数估计中的稀疏特征提取

随着斯隆数字巡天项目(SDSS)、欧空局GAIA和我国大天区面积多目标光纤光谱天文望远镜(LAMOST)等项目的相继实施,拥有的恒星光谱数据量急速增加,由此导致基于光谱的恒星大气物理参数自动测量方法的研究成为天文光谱分析的重要课题之一[1]。探讨了恒星光谱特征提取的方法(Haar+lasso),其基本思想是首先使用Haar小波包对原始光谱进行多尺度分解,去除高频系数,选取低频系数作为光谱信息的描述;再采用lasso算法提取最优的特征; 最后将最优特征输入非参数回归模型中对恒星大气参数进行自动测量。Haar小波可以较好地去除原始光谱信号中的高频噪声,对全频谱数据进行降维。lasso算法可以进一步剔除数据冗余, 提取与物理参数相关度较强的特征。Haar+lasso方法提高了物理参数自动测量的准确性和运行效率。我们采用本文方案对SLOAN发布的40 000个恒星子样本的物理参数进行测量,三个物理参数的平均绝对误差为： log Teff: 0.007 1 dex,log g: 0.225 2 dex和[Fe/H]: 0.199 6 dex。同现有相关文献的实验结果相比,该方案可以获得更准确的物理参数。     

Geometrical optics-based ray field tracing method for complex source beam applications

Due to the fact that traditional ray field tracking approaches require a large number of geometrical optical(GO) ray tubes,they are very inefficient in many practical applications.An improved ray model scheme for a complex source beam(CSB) tracking technique is proposed in this paper.The source field can be expressed by a superposition of CSBs,then every CSB basis function has a Gaussian-type amplitude distribution and is suitable for replacing a GO ray tube in the ray tracing approach.The complex phase matching technique is adopted to find the reflected beam in the reflection point where local approximation is used to represent the curved surface in its neighborhood.A new solution to multiple reflections using the conventional right-handed reflected system is used to track the field easily.Numerical results show the accuracy of the proposed method.     

Monitoring of the ducting by a ground-based GPS receiver

In this paper, we describe the estimation of low-altitude refractivity structure from simulation and real ground-based GPS delays. The vertical structure of the refractive environment is modeled using three parameters, i.e., duct height, duct thickness, and duct slope. The refractivity model is implemented with a priori constraints on the duct height, thickness, and strength, which might be derived from soundings or numerical weather-prediction models. A ray propagation model maps the refractivity structure into a replica field. Replica fields are compared with the simulation observed data using a squared-error objective function. A global search for the three environmental parameters is performed using genetic algorithm. The inversion is assessed by comparing the refractivity profiles from the radiosondes to those estimated. This technique could provide near-real-time estimation of ducting effect. The results suggest that ground-based GPS provides significant atmospheric refractivity information, despite certain fundamental limitations of ground-based measurements. Radiosondes typically are launched just a few times daily. Consequently, estimates of temporally and spatially varying refractivity that assimilate GPS delays could substantially improve over-estimates using radiosonde data alone.     

Investigation of surface radius variation in design of a lens duct delivery system

In this article a ray tracing method is used to study the variation of the entrance and exit surface shape in the different lens ducts systems. Designs with a variety of plane and spherical first and second surfaces are studied. The optimum geometrical conditions for each design in terms of the aperture, length, and the radius of curvature are reported. A comparison is made between the results obtained for ducts with the spherical and plane surfaces and the more efficient design is described. The effect of second-order aspheric shape factor on the device performance is also investigated. This study shows that each design has some advantages and disadvantages, and considering specific application, the result of this study can lead to a choice of the optimum design in terms of the required lens duct performance.     

Reconstruction of through-surface underwater imagery

We present a technique for rectifying distorted imagery collected by an upward-looking, submerged camera for the purpose of reconstructing the above-surface scene. Radial surface slope is deduced near extinction boundaries separating regions of transmission and internal reflection. The radial slope measurements are fit to an estimate of the distorting surface, which is recursively improved so as to minimize the quadratic measurement error. The surface is assumed to obey linear wave dynamics. After surface estimation, the above-surface scene is reconstructed by inverse ray tracing. Results of testing the wave estimation and inverse-ray tracing algorithms against simulated underwater data are presented.     

An automatic processing technique for accurate surface form measurement

A single shot algorithm using a Fizeau interferometer was used to measure the form profile of a spherical smooth surface by means of fringe thinning process, which plays an important role in fringe patterns analysis. In this paper, an automatic processing technique based on the fringe thinning process is presented. The circular interference fringe pattern of the spherical smooth surface captured by the Fizeau interferometer was corrected by using the flat fielding method and then processed. Based on the fringe thinning and the assignment of the fringe orders, the information on the fringe feature was recovered automatically and the interference wavefront was reconstructed by the Zernike polynomial fitting method. The results were compared with the results measured by Bünnagel method, and the results were in good agreement. This means that the single shot algorithm is reliable, fast, and less sensitive to vibration and turbulence in surface form measurements. Simulation fringes with the ray tracing technique were obtained to match the practical fringes.     

The choice of spectroscopic scheme in x-ray plasma diagnostics

The ray tracing codes for flat, cylindrically bent (Johann horizontal focusing and von Hamos vertical focusing geometry), elliptically and spherically bent crystal spectrometers were developed. The codes, extended by introducing the two-dimensional source and the real shape of single crystal diffraction pattern in dependence on the radius of curvature, contribute to a proper choice of experimental configuration in x-ray plasma diagnostics. A method of ray tracing the von Hamos spectrometer is presented in detail. The use of the ray tracing code to the optimization of the spectroscopic scheme is demonstrated on the analysis of gas-puff z-pinch experiment.     

Monitoring of ducting by using a ground-based GPS receiver

In this paper,we describe the estimation of low-altitude refractivity structure from simulation and real ground-based GPS delays.The vertical structure of the refractive environment is modeled using three parameters,i.e.,duct height,duct thickness,and duct slope.The refractivity model is implemented with a priori constraints on the duct height,thickness,and strength,which might be derived from soundings or numerical weather-prediction models.A ray propagation model maps the refractivity structure into a replica field.Replica fields are compared with the simulation observed data using a squarederror objective function.A global search for the three environmental parameters is performed using a genetic algorithm.The inversion is assessed by comparing the refractivity profiles from the radiosondes to those estimated.This technique could provide near-real-time estimation of the ducting effect.The results suggest that ground-based GPS provides significant atmospheric refractivity information,despite certain fundamental limitations of ground-based measurements.Radiosondes are typically launched just a few times daily.Consequently,estimates of temporally and spatially varying refractivity that assimilate GPS delays could substantially improve over-estimates caused by using radiosonde data alone.