Investigation of amplified spontaneous X-ray laser radiation using the equation for the transverse correlation function of the field

A physical model, based on the solution of the quasi-optics equation for the transverse correlation function (TCF) of the field amplitude, is developed for investigating the brightness, angular divergence, and spatial coherence of the amplified spontaneous emission in a laboratory X-ray laser. The model takes account of the spontaneous source of radiation, diffraction, regular refraction, regular amplification taking account of saturation, nonresonance absorption, scattering by small-scale fluctuations of the electron density and the gain, and scattering by random hose-like deviations of the extended plasma medium of the X-ray laser. It is established that the TCF method makes it possible to obtain the final result much more quickly than the basic Monte Carlo method for the parabolic equation for the field amplitude. As a result of the statistical linearization of the equation for the transverse correlation function in the presence of gain saturation, this method overestimates the absolute values of the average intensity of the amplified spontaneous radiation, but the maximum overestimation does not exceed 10%. It is found that fluctuations of the optical parameters of the medium of the X-ray laser degrade the quality of the amplified spontaneous radiation beam, and they are the analog of the nonresonance absorption from the standpoint of the effect on the brightness of the laser and therefore decrease the observed gain. For the characteristic conditions of an X-ray laser with a quasistationary generation scheme, the contribution of small-scale gain fluctuations and random hose-like deviations of the plasma filament of the laser to the scattering of the amplified spontaneous radiation is much smaller than the contribution of small-scale density fluctuations. Calculations of the amplified spontaneous radiation in an X-ray laser, which is produced by unilateral irradiation of a curved target and possesses an asymmetric plasma electron density profile in the gain zone, are performed. It is shown that in the gain saturation regime the coherence length and the coherent power of the amplified spontaneous radiation can be substantially increased, realizing in the gain zone a convex electron density profile instead of a typical concave profile. It is found that this improvement of the coherence occurs only under conditions such that the characteristic depth of the small-scale density fluctuations does not exceed several percent of the typical regular values of the density in the gain zone.     

First electron temperature edge measurements on the asdex upgrade tokamak using a heterodyne radiometer

The design of a multi-channel heterodyne radiometer used to determine the electron temperature in the edge region of the ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) tokamak plasma by measuring the microwave electron cyclotron emission (ECE) is described. A novel feature of the system is the use of both side-bands of a heterodyne mixer to maximise the available radiation bandwidth. First measurements of the temperature profile in the edge region during the development of the H-mode plasmas and marfes are presented and discussed.     

A resonance effect of the atomic populations kinetics induced by a fluctuating plasma

The effect of fluctuations of the electron temperature on the population kinetics of a reduced atomic system is investigated in the case of a low density plasma, where the coronal approximation can be used. An exponential correlation function is assumed for the electron temperature fluctuations. A resonance of the average population as a function of the correlation time is observed and analyzed.     

Measurement of the dispersion of thermal ion-acoustic fluctuations in high-temperature laser plasmas using multiple-wavelength Thomson scattering

The dispersion of ion-acoustic fluctuations has been measured using a novel technique that employs multiple color Thomson-scattering diagnostics to measure the frequency spectrum for two separate thermal ion-acoustic fluctuations with significantly different wave vectors. The plasma fluctuations are shown to become dispersive with increasing electron temperature. We demonstrate that this technique allows a time resolved local measurement of electron density and temperature in inertial confinement fusion plasmas.     

J-TEXT相关电子回旋辐射测量系统的研制

为了更好地研究反常输运,J-TEXT发展了一套相关电子回旋辐射(CECE)系统来测量电子温度涨落。该系统采用频率去相关的结构,通过八道窄带滤波器进行频率选择,其中两道采用带宽为100MHz的定频滤波器,其余六道采用带宽为100~240MHz的钇铁石榴石(YIG)滤波器,YIG滤波器的中心频率为数字可调,增加了系统的灵活性。通过光路的优化,系统的极向分辨率最高可达2.5cm^-1。实验结果表明系统性能良好,通过互相关技术可以消除热噪声的影响得到电子温度涨落,并且观测到靠近等离子体芯部的电子温度涨落要小于靠近边缘的电子温度涨落。     

Diagnostics for first plasma study on EAST tokamak

The first plasma was obtained in the EAST on September 26th, 2006. Single-null (SN) and double-null (DN) diverted plasmas were achieved successfully in the EAST tokamak on January 22nd, 2007. The employed plasma diagnostics for first plasma study of EAST are as follows: a vertical one-channel far-infrared (FIR) hydrogen cyanide (HCN) laser interferometer for measuring the line average density, a 10-channel soft X-ray array for intensity measurement, a 16-channel heterodyne Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) for measuring the electron temperature profile, a 8-channel XUV bolometer array to measure plasma radiation losses, a 3-channel hard X-ray array for intensity measurement, an electromagnetic measurement system, a 35-channel Hα radiation array, 20 probes for divertor plasma, a one-channel visible bremsstrahlung emission, an impurity optical spectrum measurement system and two optical spectroscopic multi-channel analyzers (OMA). The first experimental results of diagnostic systems are summarized in this Letter.     

Theory of muon spin relaxation by critical fluctuations in antiferromagnetic salts

Relaxation rates for positive muons implanted in antiferromagnetic salts are predicted on the basis of calculations performed with a coupled-mode theory of critical fluctuations in isotropic and uniaxial magnets. Anisotropy suppresses fluctuations transmitted by the isotropic (hyperfine) relaxation mechanism. The dipolar mechanism leads to a relaxation rate which increases on lowering the temperature to the critical point; the predicted form, proportional to the critical correlation length, yields the same temperature dependence as for the NMR linewidth. For a magnet with isotropic spin interactions, both contributions (hyperfine and dipolar) to the relaxation rate diverge with a temperature dependence given by the square-root of the correlation length.     

Multi-channel Heterodyne Radiometer on HT-7 Tokamak

The incoherent radiation emanating out of the tokamak plasmas gives vital information about the electron temperature. Electron cyclotron emission (ECE) is a powerful diagnostic tool for the measurement of electron temperature due to many advantages such as the high spatial and temporal resolutions. This paper presents the sixteen channel superheterodyne radiometer as an electron cyclotron emission diagnostic to measure the electron temperature on HT-7 tokamak.     

Spatial correlations of recombination radiation intensities of two-dimensional electrons under the conditions of the quantum Hall effect

Correlations have been studied between the recombination radiation intensities of a two-dimensional electron gas measured at different points of the sample with giant luminescence fluctuations in the quantum Hall effect regime. It has been found that the correlation of the radiation intensities measured under these conditions at different points of the sample separated by a distance of 1–3 mm is close to unity and disappeared in a threshold way with increasing temperature. It is shown that macroscopic spatial correlations also disappear if the electron system is artificially divided into two subsystems not connected with each other.     

Gd靶激光等离子体光源离带辐射及其等离子体演化的研究

利用脉冲宽度为10 ns,输出波长为1 064 nm的Nd∶YAG激光器作用金属Gd以及纳米粒子掺杂的低密度Gd玻璃等两种形式靶所产生等离子体光源的离带辐射进行了研究,发现等离子体所发出的连续辐射是离带辐射的主要成分,光谱分布与温度为5 eV的普朗克曲线相匹配。此外,相对于金属Gd靶而言,采用纳米粒子掺杂的低密度Gd玻璃靶可大幅度降低等离子体光源的离带辐射。利用光谱法,对激光作用纳米粒子掺杂的低密度Gd玻璃靶所形成光源的等离子体羽的电子温度和电子密度进行了时空分辨研究。实验结果表明,在打靶结束125 ns时,距靶面6 mm位置处等离子体的电子温度约为4 eV,电子密度约为1.2×1018 cm-3。同时发现在激光打靶结束后等离子体羽的电子温度和电子密度随延时的变化而呈指数下降,在120～250 ns时间范围内,两者下降较快,之后其幅度下降缓慢。另一方面,当打靶脉冲结束约200 ns时,在距离靶面1～10 mm的空间内等离子体的电子温度及密度均经历先上升后下降的变化过程。在距靶材表面6 mm位置处,电子温度和电子密度均达到最大值,电子温度约为2.6 eV,电子密度为8.5×1017cm-3。     

HL-1M托卡马克中的电子温度空间分布

叙述了用电子回旋辐射测量电子温度的原理和方法，并给出了在ＨＬ－１Ｍ托卡马克上的不同放电条件下的实测结果。在某些实验条件下，如电流上升、弹丸注入和重杂质聚集，出现了电子温度的中空分布。在托卡马克等离子体边缘加上直流偏压的情况下，观测到电子温度分布变陡。这些现象与等离子体中心的输运有密切的关系。     

用迈克尔逊干涉仪在HL—1装置上的电子回旋辐射测量

本文介绍了利用迈克尔逊(Michelson)干涉仪在HL-1装置上首次获得的电子回旋辐射(ECE)测量的结果。简要地叙述了实验原理,较详细地描述了实验仪器和设备,对实验结果和问题进行了讨论。给出了HL-1装置等离子体在小截面上电子温度的空间分布和时间变化。对非热辐射谱也进行了观测。     

连续辐射谱法计算闪电通道电子温度

基于连续辐射理论,得到连续辐射能量与等离子体电子温度的关系式。依据青海地区一次强地闪回击过程的光谱,从中分离出连续辐射强度,对其吸收特征进行分析以减小吸收带来的计算误差。通过对连续谱强度的曲线拟合得到闪电放电通道电子温度,温度峰值为29 800 K,温度下限为16 200 K,由同一波段光谱中的O Ⅰ线和N Ⅱ线分别拟合了电子温度。比较结果发现：由连续辐射得到的闪电通道电子温度从高温向低温过渡,高温值与离子线信息获得的闪电核心电流通道处的温度符合较好,而低温则与原子线计算的结果接近,反映了外围电晕发光通道的温度。所以,依据连续谱得到的结果能更全面地反映温度沿通道径向的分布。对于闪电热等离子体通道,连续谱法提供了一种计算闪电放电通道电子温度的新途径,对地闪回击研究有一定的意义。     

Drift dissipative instabilities in hybrid frequency range

Summary The instabilities of electron convection mode in a collisional plasma including electromagnetic effects are investigated. It is found that all the three solutions of the linear-dispersion relation are unstable. It is shown that the ion temperature fluctuations can play a stabilizing role. An application to a typical low-temperature plasma is discussed. The authors of this paper have agreed to not receive the proofs for correction.     

Experimental Study of Sheared Poloidal Flows in a Linear Plasma Machine

The radial profiles of fluctuations have been investigated in the Santander Linear Plasma Machine (SLPM). Experimental evidence of significant poloidal and E×B sheared flow has been observed in the plasma periphery. The resulting shearing rate of poloidal flow is comparable to the inverse of the correlation time of fluctuations, and the radial correlation is significantly reduced in the shear layer location. The possible role of flows driven by fluctuations and electron temperature gradients to explain these results is at present under investigation.     

Evidence for the strain critical point in high Tc superconductors

We report experimental evidence for the phase diagram of doped cuprate superconductors as a function of the micro-strain of the planar Cu-O bond length, measured by Cu K-edge EXAFS, and hole doping . The local lattice distortions are measured by EXAFS and the charge ordering is measured by synchrotron radiation diffuse X-ray diffraction. This phase diagram shows a QCP at P() where for charge-orbital-spin stripes and free carriers co-exist. The superconducting phase occurs in the region of critical fluctuations around this QCP. The function of two variables shows its maximum at the strain QCP. The critical fluctuations near this strain QCP give the self-organization of a metallic superlattice of quantum wires “superstripes" that favors the amplification of the critical temperature. Received 25 September 2000     

Correlation of plasma electron temperature with neutron emission ina low-energy plasma focus

Correlation of neutron emission with plasma electron temperature in a low-energy (2.3 kJ) plasma focus is investigated. To determine the plasma temperature by continuum X-ray analysis, cobalt is selected as the filter, which discriminates the line radiation from the background impurities like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, or the copper of which plasma focus electrodes are made. For a pressure range of high neutron emission (1-4 mbar), the neutron yield is found to correlate with the plasma temperature. The highest temperature recorded is 5 keV at 2.5 mbar, the filling pressure for the highest neutron emission in this device     

提高等离子体密度抑制逃逸电子束不稳定性的实验研究

利用ECE电子回旋辐射和Ha线辐射等托卡马克物理诊断系统,研究了Slide-away放电过程中提高等离子体密度对非麦克斯维尔分布的逃逸电子所激发的逃逸电子束不稳定性影响作用.实验结果表明:在Slide-away放电模式下,提高等离子体密度能有效抑制逃逸电子束的不稳定性.     

提高等离子体密度抑制逃逸电子束不稳定性的实验研究

利用ECE电子回旋辐射和Ha线辐射等托卡马克物理诊断系统,研究了Slide-away放电过程中提高等离子体密度对非麦克斯维尔分布的逃逸电子所激发的逃逸电子束不稳定性影响作用。实验结果表明：在Slide-away放电模式下,提高等离子体密度能有效抑制逃逸电子束的不稳定性。     

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在HL-2A装置的电子回旋辐射(ECE)外差测量中,为实现电子温度剖面分布的绝对测量,采用双温度法和磁场扫描法分别对扫频和多道ECE测量系统进行了标定,获得了各道间的相对标定系数,并利用等离子体中心道Thomson散射测量的电子温度对ECE测量系统进行了绝对标定。结果表明,这两种方法都能实现可靠的标定,并对两者的优劣进行了比较和讨论。