用于燃煤锅炉烟气余热回收的顺流烟气喷淋塔的实验与理论研究

吸收式热泵与烟气喷淋塔结合的烟气余热回收系统能有效回收燃煤锅炉烟气余热,而烟气喷淋塔是该系统的重要组成部件。该研究对顺流式烟气喷淋塔进行了实验与理论研究,建立了一维数学模型,模拟计算结果与实验结果的偏差在±5%以内,表明模型较好地反映了烟气喷淋塔内部的热质交换过程,可用于预测喷淋塔的换热效果,指导烟气喷淋塔的设计。该研究还对液气比、液滴粒径、喷淋塔高、烟气流速等关键因素对烟气喷淋塔换热效果的影响进行了分析。     

3MW_(th)富氧燃烧气体污染物生成与排放特性研究

本文在3 MW_(th)富氧煤粉燃烧实验台,对空气燃烧,不同循环倍率的循环燃烧工况下,进行燃烧实验,研究富氧燃烧过程中气体污染物的排放特性。实验结果表明:在3 MW_(th)富氧燃烧实验台上,富氧燃烧过程中CO_2浓度可以达到80%以上,同时能保证很高的煤粉燃尽率;与空气工况相比,富氧燃烧工况下,烟气中NO_x的浓度上升了56%~167%,排放量降低了46%~69%;同时燃烧气氛的变化对煤中硫向SO_2的转化率影响很小;双碱法湿法脱硫能在富氧燃烧条件下稳定运行,脱硫效率能达到95%以上。     

3MW_(th)富氧燃烧煤粉锅炉的数值模拟研究

以国内首台3 MW_(th)富氧燃烧煤粉锅炉为研究对象,借助CFD软件对煤粉空气燃烧和富氧燃烧工况进行数值模拟研究。通过与实验结果对比发现,模拟得到的炉膛温度分布、换热量以及出口组分与实验测量结果吻合,这表明本文使用改进的辐射特性模型以及4步化学反应机理能够很好地预测炉内温度、传热以及烟气组分分布。通过模拟研究,对比分析了空气燃烧与富氧燃烧的炉内特性。研究结果表明:富氧燃烧时,CO_2的显著增加使得燃烧器区域出现高浓度CO;富氧燃烧的整体温度分布与空气燃烧相似,但峰值温度有较大的降低;炉内辐射传热较空气燃烧略有下降。     

循环流化床富氧燃烧技术研究进展

富氧燃烧(Oxy-fuel combustion)技术作为燃烧中CO₂捕集技术,在技术适用性和经济性上具有较强的优势。循环流化床富氧燃烧技术(Oxy-CFBC)兼顾富氧燃烧和循环流化床燃烧的优点,燃料适应性广,烟气中CO₂富集程度高,易于低成本实现CO₂的捕集。本文梳理了近十五年国内外学者对Oxy-CFBC技术的研究成果,从Oxy-CFBC装置、流化特性、燃烧特性、污染物生成与控制、燃料、富氧燃烧电站系统优化、新一代循环流化床富氧燃烧技术以及国内外专利情况等方面进行了总结和分析,最后对Oxy-CFBC在中国未来发展趋势进行展望。     

准二维狭缝ODPP/OESC的研究分析

针对准二维狭缝燃烧系统,进行了扩散燃烧、预混燃烧、空气部分预混燃烧以及稀氧部分预混/富氧补燃(ODPP/OESC)等燃烧技术的排放特性对比;并进行了稀氧部分预混/富氧补燃技术中不同预混氧浓度、不同补燃氧浓度、不同预混当量比以及不同补燃位置火焰的燃烧特性以及污染物的生成特性的对比分析。研究结果表明,ODPP/OESC的燃烧工艺,能够有效地实现燃烧过程中高效率和低排放的双优化,随着预混当量比的增大以及后期补燃位置的增大,快速型NO_x生成比重明显增大。     

富氧燃烧详细机理评估及机理简化

在富氧燃烧中,反应物被大量CO_2稀释,其反应动力学发生明显变化。本文系统地研究了甲烷富氧燃烧的详细机理和骨架机理.为此,首先对6个详细机理在典型富氧燃烧实验下的氧化性能进行评估.然后将预测精度最好的详细机理与不同NO_x机理进行耦合与验证,找出对NO预测最好的机理。最后将预测氧化和NO都最好的详细机理进行了机理简化,并进行了系统验证。结果表明,USC-MechⅡ机理在富氧燃烧工况下具有最好的氧化预测精度,且有效考虑了富氧燃烧下CO_2化学影响引起的CO浓度变化;USC-MechⅡ机理耦合GRI-Mech 2.11中NO_x机理对NO排放预测精度最好;本文简化得到的38组分、180步反应的骨架机理在点火延迟时间、火焰传播速度以及PSR中温度和NO排放预测等方面和详细机理具有很好的一致性。     

甲烷/富氧扩散火焰燃烧区域的分层特性研究

本文对甲烷／富氧扩散火焰燃烧区域的分层特性进行了数值模拟和实验研究,结果表明氧化剂中氧浓度的增加加剧了火焰的分层现象(黄焰层与蓝焰层),使蓝色火焰变厚,并且使NOx生成大量增加;火焰面上的速度梯度主要影响黄色火焰厚度,蓝色火焰随着速度梯度的增加而减小, NOx生成也随之较少。对比温度及火焰结构还表明,研究中所采用的数值模拟方法可以正确地预测对向流扩散火焰特性。     

水蒸气对CO_2/H_2O气氛下煤焦结构的影响研究

本文研究了水蒸气对富氧燃烧初始阶段煤焦结构的影响。在固定床上制取不同CO_2/H_2O气氛下煤焦,运用FT-IR/Raman对煤焦结构进行了表征。研究结果表明:水蒸气在富氧燃烧的初始阶段会增加煤焦的质量损失,但其影响程度有限,明显低于其单独存在下的影响;对于煤焦结构,水蒸气的加入会使富氧燃烧初始阶段煤焦芳香化程度明显增加,煤焦的结构更加有序;此外水蒸气的加入会使煤焦中含氧官能团先减少后增加。     

加压富氧燃烧下SO_3生成特性的动力学机理研究

加压富氧燃烧技术由于受燃烧压力和烟气再循环富集SO_2的影响,烟气中SO_3的形成存在加剧的风险。本文通过详细化学反应机理和热力学平衡计算,对0.1~2.5 MPa范围内加压富氧燃烧条件下一些关键因素对SO_3形成的影响进行分析。研究结果表明;加压燃烧显著缩短2SO_2+O_2→2SO_3总包反应体系达到平衡的时间,并促进了SO_3的生成量,压力从0.1 MPa.提高到1.5MPa,对应的SO_3浓度升高到4倍,酸露点温度升高71℃。在高温火焰区(T≥1473K),0.1~2.5 MPa压力范围下,反应体系的平衡时间在1~100 mS的量级,SO_3的生成率在0~6.5%;而在后火焰区(T≤1273 K),反应速率较慢,反应体系的平衡时间在1~1000 s的数量级。通过对火焰区SO_3生成特性的热力学平衡评估发现SO_3的生成量分别与SO_2和O_2的浓度呈1和0.5次方的关系。     

加压富氧燃烧模式下SOx/NOx强耦合促进SO3形成的机理研究

加压富氧煤粉燃烧技术由于净发电效率高被认为是最有可能得到应用的燃煤CO2控制技术之一,但受燃烧压力影响,烟气中的酸性气体(SOx/NOx)分压显著提高,导致腐蚀风险加剧,而目前对该问题相关的基础研究很少。本文利用详细反应机理(72组分,428反应),基于实验数据对照,揭示了加压富氧模式下SOx/NOx强耦合促进SO3和NO2形成的协同效应。动力学机理计算结果表明:SOx/NOx的交互作用可促进SO2和NO向SO3和NO2的转化,并且该促进效应在一定的温度和加压条件下十分显著。基于反应路径和敏感性分析,本文最终发展了一个能用于准确预测加压富氧燃烧模式下SO3和NO2在后火焰区形成特性的9步骨架反应机理。     

煤的清洁利用技术的现状与发展

文章针对中国一次能源以煤为主的特点,深入分析了几种主要的煤的洁净利用技术的现状及存在的主要问题和发展趋势,其中包括大容量、高参数的超(超)临界燃煤发电技术、燃煤烟气净化技术、循环流化床燃烧技术(CFBC)、整体煤气化联合循环技术(IGCC)和煤的洗选技术.在此基础上,给出了中国煤的清洁利用方式的建议:近期仍以超(超)临界燃煤发电机组+燃煤烟气净化技术和循环流化床燃烧技术为主;整体燃气化联合循环技术、富氧燃烧技术(特别是加压富氧燃烧技术)以及二氧化碳的捕集和封存技术(CCS),具有广阔应用前景,值得长期大力发展.     

Effect of stoichiometric mixture fraction on soot fraction and emission spectra with application to oxy-combustion

Many proposed oxy-combustion concepts for carbon capture incorporate the recycling of flue gas which is used as a dilution gas to aid in the control of temperature and heat flux. Improvements in efficiency may be realized by significantly reducing the recycle flue gas (RFG), however, in application, care must be taken to avoid excessive radiant heat flux and gas temperature. One of the features oxy-combustion, unlike air-fired combustion, is that the oxygen and dilution gases are initially separated. RFG can, for example, be strategically blended with either the fuel stream, or oxidizer stream, or both, which affects the stoichiometric mixture fraction, Z_st. In this work, the effects of the amount of dilution, or RFG, and Z_st on soot fraction are experimentally investigated in a laminar coflow flame. Carbon dioxide is employed as the dilution gas to simulate the recycling of dry flue gas. Soot fraction and temperature are quantitatively determined by a flame image processing technique. In addition, the visible and near-IR emission spectra are given. When dilution, or RFG, is reduced, while holding Z_st constant, soot formation and thermal radiation increase due to higher temperature. However, high temperature flames with reduced or zero soot are achieved by increasing Z_st via the combination of fuel dilution and oxygen enrichment. This study highlights the inherent flexibility of oxy-fuel combustion, which offers the opportunity to control flame temperature and gas volume while independently controlling soot formation and radiant heat transfer.     

Pressurized oxy-fuel combustion of a char particle in the fluidized bed combustor

Pressurized oxy-fuel combustion of coal in fluidized bed (FB) holds the potential to realize low-cost CO₂ capture. However, the fundamental study in this manner is still rare due to the difficult access to the pressurized oxy-FB combustion tests. In this work, the experimental study of single char combustion was firstly conducted in a visualized pressurized FB combustor under various operating conditions. Then an experimentally verified particle-scale char combustion model was developed to reveal the dependence of char combustion on parameters. Results showed that the char conversion was accelerated with the increase of pressure, mainly due to the high oxygen diffusion and char gasification. The gasification played a non-negligible role in pressurized oxy-fuel combustion, especially under high oxygen concentration and bed temperature. Increasing oxygen concentration and bed temperature not only promotes the char oxidation rate and particle temperature, but also increases the gasification rate and the share of char conversion via gasification, resulting in shortening the burnout time of char. In addition, a higher fluidization number lowered both the burnout time and peak temperature of char particle, due to the simultaneous improvement of mass and heat transfer. The influences of char size and fluidization number on char gasification conversion ratio are very weak. In addition, the quantitative analysis of the influence of different operating parameters on the combustion process was obtained by model sensitivity analysis.     

氧化铁浆液脱硫的实验研究与理论分析

本文实验研究了氧化铁浆液在酸性环境下脱除烟气中的二氧化硫气体。实验在一自制的脱硫塔中进行。通过燃烧液化石油气来产生烟气,将氧化铁的超细粉加入水中作为脱硫介质。实验中研究了二氧化硫初始浓度、水气比对脱硫效率的影响。从实验结果可以看出,脱硫率随着水气比的增加而增大;随二氧化硫的初始浓度的增加,其脱硫率呈降低趋势。在文中同时分析了氧化铁浆液的脱硫机理和此方法脱硫的优点以及目前存在的问题。     

Effect of CO2 gasification reaction on oxy-combustion of pulverized coal char

For oxy-combustion with flue gas recirculation, as is commonly employed, it is recognized that elevated CO₂ levels affect radiant transport, the heat capacity of the gas, and other gas transport properties. A topic of widespread speculation has concerned the effect of the CO₂ gasification reaction with coal char on the char burning rate. To give clarity to the likely impact of this reaction on the oxy-fuel combustion of pulverized coal char, the Surface Kinetics in Porous Particles (SKIPPY) code was employed for a range of potential CO₂ reaction rates for a high-volatile bituminous coal char particle (130 μm diameter) reacting in several O₂ concentration environments. The effects of boundary layer chemistry are also examined in this analysis. Under oxygen-enriched conditions, boundary layer reactions (converting CO to CO₂, with concomitant heat release) are shown to increase the char particle temperature and burning rate, while decreasing the O₂ concentration at the particle surface. The CO₂ gasification reaction acts to reduce the char particle temperature (because of the reaction endothermicity) and thereby reduces the rate of char oxidation. Interestingly, the presence of the CO₂ gasification reaction increases the char conversion rate for combustion at low O₂ concentrations, but decreases char conversion for combustion at high O₂ concentrations. These calculations give new insight into the complexity of the effects from the CO₂ gasification reaction and should help improve the understanding of experimentally measured oxy-fuel char combustion and burnout trends in the literature.     

上喷淋上进气喷淋塔换热性能数值研究

上喷淋上进气喷淋塔是降低燃煤电厂烟气含湿量的最合适方案。引入用户自定义函数来解决和揭示ST-UD内部的复杂过程,特别是利用已发表的实验数据和其他数值模拟结果对FLUENT模型进行了验证。在此基础上,进行了正交仿真试验,对操作参数的重要性进行了评价,分析了液滴直径、喷淋速度、喷淋水流量和喷淋水温度四个因素与塔效率和冷凝率两个评价指标之间的关系。通过极差分析,在有限的仿真数据内获得了不同评价指标的最优运行条件。喷淋液滴直径和流量是影响塔效率的主要因素,喷淋液滴直径、流量和温度是影响冷凝率的主要因素。通过趋势分析,探讨了不同操作因素对塔效率和冷凝速率的影响。本文的结论可为其它喷淋塔的性能优化提供参考。     

预混式双流体静电喷嘴喷雾特性及荷电性能

为实现高湿环境下脱硫塔内复杂烟气的高效除尘,设计了一种预混式双流体静电雾化喷嘴,并对其喷雾特性及荷电性能进行了试验研究。试验测量了喷雾粒径、锥角和荷质比等参数,通过量纲分析,得到了该喷嘴粒径分布与雷诺数Re的数学模型。试验结果表明:喷雾粒径随气液比(GLR)的增加呈指数减小,当气液比小于0.1时,喷雾粒径随气液比增加迅速减小,当气液比大于0.1时,喷雾粒径减小幅度趋于平缓;喷雾粒径随雷诺数的增加呈线性减小。喷雾锥角随着气液比增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,当气液比为0.1时喷雾锥角最大。气液比增加,喷雾荷质比增加,荷电效果逐渐增强。荷电电压的升高使得喷雾的单分散性提高,弥散空间逐渐增加。     

Evaluation of solution methods for radiative heat transfer in gaseous oxy-fuel combustion environments

The exact solution to radiative heat transfer in combusting flows is not possible analytically due to the complex nature of the integro-differential radiative transfer equation (RTE). Many different approximate solution methods for the solution of the RTE in multi-dimensional problems are available. In this paper, two of the principal methods, the spherical harmonics (P₁) and the discrete ordinates method (DOM) are used to calculate radiation. The radiative properties of the gases are calculated using a non-gray gas full spectrum k-distribution method and a gray method. Analysis of the effects of numerical quadrature in the DOM and its effect on computation time is performed. Results of different radiative property methods are compared with benchmark statistical narrow band (SNB) data for both cases that simulate air combustion and oxy-fuel combustion. For both cases, results of the non-gray full spectrum k-distribution method are in good agreement with the SNB data. In the case of oxy-fuel simulations with high partial pressures of carbon dioxide, use of gray method for the radiative properties may cause errors and should be avoided.     

轧钢加热炉燃烧工况在线测控系统

针对某大型钢厂轧钢加热炉系统在线实时性不强,采集数据不足,现场管理不便等问题,提出了构建加热炉燃烧工况在线测控系统。利用烟道气分析仪,在加热炉加热段增设多个燃烧气氛采集点,结合PLC和上位机组态软件,可以在线测量炉内不同区段残氧量与可燃物浓度,实现空气过剩系数的在线调整优化。同时,开发了节能量与氧化烧损两个模块,可用于实时估算可实现节能量与钢坯氧化烧损量。项目实施结果表明,炉燃烧工况在线测控系统可以实现加热炉内燃烧状况精确控制,有效降低燃气消耗。     

Output power analyses for the thermodynamic cycles of thermal power plants

Thermal power plant is one of the important thermodynamic devices, which is very common in all kinds of power generation systems. In this paper, we use a new concept, entransy loss, as well as exergy destruction, to analyze the single reheating Rankine cycle unit and the single stage steam extraction regenerative Rankine cycle unit in power plants. This is the first time that the concept of entransy loss is applied to the analysis of the power plant Rankine cycles with reheating and steam extraction regeneration. In order to obtain the maximum output power, the operating conditions under variant vapor mass flow rates are optimized numerically, as well as the combustion temperatures and the off-design flow rates of the flue gas. The relationship between the output power and the exergy destruction rate and that between the output power and the entransy loss rate are discussed. It is found that both the minimum exergy destruction rate and the maximum entransy loss rate lead to the maximum output power when the combustion temperature and heat capacity flow rate of the flue gas are prescribed. Unlike the minimum exergy destruction rate, the maximum entransy loss rate is related to the maximum output power when the highest temperature and heat capacity flow rate of the flue gas are not prescribed.