涡轮机匣内部冷却结构换热特性的实验研究

为获得涡轮机匣内部冷却结构的换热特性,利用瞬态液晶技术测量了动力涡轮机匣中环腔及机匣后腔内表面的换热系数,获得了进口雷诺数(Re=3.0×10~4～9.5×10~4)和出流比(M=0.5～2.0)影响下机匣内表面的换热规律。结果表明:机匣内表面换热系数随射流雷诺数的增大而升高,冲击射流在轴向及周向的发展使得环腔表面形成三角形和圆形高换热区。射流冲击倾斜靶面后,贴壁射流对后腔上表面形成二次冲击,提升了局部换热系数。对后腔下表面而言,随着出流比的增加,冲击靶面上游区域平均努塞尔数逐渐增加,最大增幅分别为8.5%和12.3%,而靶面下游区域平均努塞尔数逐渐减小,最大降幅分别为18.5%、26.3%和34.6%。对后腔上表面而言,出流比的增大对换热系数影响很小。     

束腰结构扰流柱通道的传热和阻力特性

本文对涡轮叶片尾缘中具有束腰结构扰流柱的冷却通道的传热和流动阻力特性进行了实验研究,重点研究了雷诺数、扰流柱的束腰比以及不同组合的影响.结果表明:(1)通道平均努塞尔数随着Reynolds的增加而增大,而当Reynolds数较大时,与圆柱通道相比,束腰结构扰流柱通道的换热效果稍低;(2)通道内平均努塞尔数随着束腰比的增大先增大后降低,然后有所变缓,而其压力损失却曲折波动;(3)在三排扰流柱中,第Ⅱ排束腰结构扰流柱对换热效果影响最大,第Ⅰ排影响最小.当第Ⅰ排和第Ⅲ排为束腰结构扰流柱时,其换热减弱,而压力损失系数却增大.     

具有微小针肋阵列靶板表面冲击传热性能研究

本文对具有微小针肋阵列的粗糙靶板表面冲击传热性能进行了稳态实验和数值模拟研究,并与平板冲击传热进行了比较分析。射流雷诺数范围是15000～30000,冲击间距比分别为1.5、3和5。通过稳态实验获得了总体平均冲击传热性能和压力损失,数值计算采用k-ωSST湍流模型分析了冲击传热系统中的流场和传热特性。结果表明:微小针肋结构明显提高了冲击冷却系统总换热量,而压力损失增幅很小;相比于平板冲击传热,冲击间距比为1.5的微小针肋靶板冲击传热量提升幅度最大。数值计算还发现,微小针肋阵列弱化了端壁传热,冲击间距比为1.5、3和5时,微小针肋靶板端壁努塞尔数分别为平板的56.3%、53.0%和46.8%。     

冲击冷却对燃气轮机尾缘双流程内冷通道传热和压损的影响

燃机内部冷却的目标是采用更小的流量和压力损失实现通道对流传热系数的提高,并利用均匀的冷却减小热应力。本文采用数值模拟手段,研究了局部冲击冷却对带侧向出流的尾缘双流程通道传热和压损的影响。研究表明:动叶尾缘通道由于侧向出流,在页顶出现一个显著的大回流涡,当地传热系数低,易造成叶片局部温度和热应力偏高。通过在U型通道的隔板布置冲击子孔,可以有效地减小通道中分离涡的影响,提高通道末端的传热,并在对通道平均传热系数影响不大的前提下,显著降低通道阻力。使射流与靶面尽量垂直有助于达到最好的冷却效果。     

旋转对带冲击孔的叶片前缘流动和换热的影响

本文采用数值模拟方法,对带有供气腔和冲击腔的旋转通道内的流动和换热进行了研究,获得了旋转时叶片前缘冲击孔流量系数以及冲击靶面平均Nu数的变化规律.计算结果表明,旋转作用所产生的哥氏力改变了冲击孔的流量系数值,转速越大,哥氏力作用就越明显.流量系数随着旋转雷诺数和出流比的增加而增加,随着入口雷诺数的增加而降低.旋转对冲击靶面的平均Nu数的影响不明显,只有在较高转速时, Nu数才随着转速的增加而稍有增加.     

涡轮叶片冷却通道高性能微小肋湍流传热的数值研究

为了提高涡轮叶片内冷通道的换热性能,针对分别带有直肋、斜肋、V肋和W肋这四种微小结构肋的冷却通道进行了数值计算并。通道宽高比为6,肋间距与肋高比为10,肋高与水力直径比为0.029。采用低雷诺数AKN k-ε模型研究了雷诺数范围从36700到60000时四种带肋通道的换热与流动特性并与实验结果相比较,发现通道换热性能和压力损失与稳态实验结果较一致。研究表明,W肋换热性能最优,其平均努塞尔数是流动充分发展的光滑通道的2.2到2.4倍,摩擦因子是光滑通道的3.7～4.0倍。其次是V肋、直肋,斜肋最低。分析流场发现直肋下游回流区最大,壁面努塞尔数在横向上较均匀,而斜肋、V肋和W肋因为二次流的存在回流区较小,壁面努塞尔数沿着肋展方向降低。     

叶片冲击/气膜复合冷却的数值研究

应用数值方法研究了燃气轮机透平叶片冲击/气膜复合冷却特性。首先对湍流模型进行了考核,根据与已有试验数据的比较,数值计算选用与试验结果吻合最好的SST k-ω模型进行。然后分析了不同吹风比下叶片前缘内部冲击冷却和外部气膜冷却的流动和换热特性。结果表明:冲击室内,平均努塞尔数在叶根处最低,沿叶高方向逐渐增大,从某一叶高处开始在一定的范围内波动。随着吹风比的提高,冲击室内周向平均努塞尔数及其峰值都增大,气膜孔附近的气膜冷却效率降低,气膜孔下游的气膜冷却效率增加。     

微通道冷却器内流动和传热特性的数值模拟

为满足固体激光器用微通道冷却器的换热要求, 根据冷却器结构分别建立了二维和三维物理模型, 利用计算流体力学方法首先对比研究两者的流动特性, 然后考察雷诺数和玻片生热量对微通道流动和传热特性的影响。结果表明:对于类似大平板间的矩形微通道层流流动区域, 其流动及传热特性可直接采用二维简化模型进行模拟分析;对于重点关注的转捩区, 采用三维模型模拟分析更好;当雷诺数增大到转捩点, 流体的传热效果得到明显增强;随着雷诺数的增大, 玻片生热量对通道内最低压力需求的影响逐渐减小;不同玻片生热量对微通道流动影响不可忽略, 对努赛尔数和通道总压降基本无影响。     

微通道-微槽群中间换热器特性实验研究

 对用于固体激光介质冷却的组合式中间换热器的流动与传热特性进行了实验研究。实验研究结果表明：努塞尔数随雷诺数的增加而增加，总热阻随微通道侧蒸馏水流量的增加而减小，总换热量随微通道侧蒸馏水流量的增加而增加，且换热器的传热系数可以达到1.5×104 W/(m²·K)，总热阻小于0.3 K/W，能较好地解决当前固体激光介质冷却系统中间换热器所存在的问题。     

嵌入式微通道散热器实验与数值研究

针对高热流密度固体激光器的散热问题,借助微机电系统(MEMS)技术,利用微通道/热源协同设计方法,换热器采用连续S型微通道,并利用歧管形成分层分段流动,研制出了一套微型紧凑的嵌入式歧管S型微通道散热器,并开展了实验研究。使用HFE-7100作为冷却工质,在发热面局部最高温度小于100℃、平均温升小于45℃的情况下,两相时可带走625 W/cm²的热通量,相比传统的歧管矩形微通道散热器提高了12%,但流阻增大了约56%;利用数值模拟方法,通过改变S型的振幅和波长,根据发热面平均温度、换热面平均努塞尔数、压降和综合性能因子来评估S型微通道散热器的结构参数对其散热能力和流动阻力的影响,寻找S型微通道的最优结构设计参数组合。结果表明该散热器的综合性能因子在一个特定的S型形状下存在最佳值。     

Heat transfer and flow characteristics of turbulent slot jet impingement on plane and ribbed surfaces

A computational study is carried out to assess the suitability of various RANS based turbulence models for slot jet impingement on flat and ribbed surfaces with various values of Reynolds number and jet to plate spacing. The com-puted results are compared with the reported experimental data. It was observed that none of the turbulence models considered predicted the heat transfer data accurately. However, some models predicted the experimental data with good trends, e.g., secondary peak and several spikes in Nusselt number for ribbed surface, with a precise computation of the stagnation point Nusselt number. Further, the effects of slot width, rib pitch and jet to ribbed surface spacing were investigated for jet impingement on a ribbed surface. It was observed that the local Nusselt number increased with slot width and rib to plate spacing. It was also observed that increasing Reynolds number had a positive effect on the local heat transfer. With increasing rib pitch the local Nusselt number increased near the stagnation zone but de-creased downstream. The observed flow pattern was different for jet impingement on a ribbed surface than that on a flat surface.     

Influence of Streamwise Pitch on Local Heat Transfer Distribution for In-Line Arrays of Circular Jets with Spent Air Flow in Two Opposite Directions

Abstract

The effect of streamwise jet-to-jet spacing on local heat transfer distribution due to an in-line rectangular array of confined multiple circular air jets impinging on a surface parallel to the jet plate are experimentally studied. The length-to-diameter ratio of nozzles of the jet plate is 1.0. The flow, after impingement, is constrained to exit in two opposite directions from the confined passage formed between the jet plate and target plate. Mean jet Reynolds numbers based on the nozzle exit diameter (d) covered are 3,000, 5,000, 7,500, and 10,000; jet-to-plate distances studied are d, 2d, and 3d. Streamwise jet-to-jet distances of 3d, 4d, and 5d, and a constant spanwise pitch of 4d, are considered. The jet plates have ten spanwise rows in the streamwise direction and six jets in each spanwise row. The flat heat transfer surface is made of thin stainless-steel metal foil. Local temperature distribution on a target plate is measured using a thermal infrared camera. Wall static pressures in the streamwise direction are measured midway between the spanwise jets to estimate cross-flow velocities and individual jet velocities. The streamwise distribution of the jet flow and the cross flow is found to be least influenced by the streamwise pitch variation for the range of parameters considered during the present study. Heat transfer characteristics are explained partially on the basis of flow distribution. The cooling performance, based on the strip-averaged Nusselt number per unit mass flow rate of coolant per unit area of cooled surface, indicates deterioration for lower streamwise pitch and higher jet-to-plate distance.     

气膜孔角度对动叶前缘冲击/气膜复合冷却的影响

本文针对GE-E3第一级动叶前缘的冲击/气膜复合冷却结构进行了热流耦合数值研究。采用标准k-ω湍流模型,分析了前缘气膜孔对称布置时,其角度对透平动叶前缘冲击/气膜复合冷却特性的影响;在五种冷气质量流量比(MFR=0.005,0.010,0.016,0.020,0.025)下,研究了气膜孔在不同角度(β=20°,25°,30°,40°,50°,60°)时的透平动叶前缘冷却换热效果。研究结果表明:在本文研究范围内,气膜孔角度越小,透平动叶前缘的平均综合冷却效率越高;随着冷气质量流量比增大,透平动叶前缘的平均综合冷却效率逐渐提高。     

Stagnation Region Heat Transfer for Circular Jets Impinging on a Flat Plate

The heat transfer characteristics in a stagnation region were investigated experimentally for five circular free jets impinging into a heated flat plate. The local temperature distributions are estimated from the thermal images obtained from an infrared camera. To get a precise heat transfer data over the plate, fully developed straight pipe jets were used in this study. Mean jet Reynolds number varied from 1,000 to 45,000, jet-to-plate vertical non-dimensional distance H/D varied from 2 to 6, and the spacing distance jet-to-jet S/D varied from 2 to 8. A geometrical arrangement of one jet surrounded by four jets an in-line array was tested. The results show that the stagnation point Nusselt number is correlated to a jet Reynolds number as Nu_st∝Re^0.61. The average Nusselt number is higher at a separation distance of 2D for three cases of spacing distances, S/D = 2, 4, and 6.     

HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IMPINGING BUTANE/AIR FLAME JET OF LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER

An experimental study was performed to determine the heat transfer characteristics of a premixed butane/air round flame jet, of low Reynolds number, impinging upwards normally on a flat rectangular plate. The effects of the exit Reynolds number and equivalence ratio of the flame jet, and the distance between the nozzle and the impingement plate, on the thermal performance of the jet were examined. The range of Reynolds numbers was selected to cover the laminar to the transitional flow conditions. The investigations were conducted with equivalence ratios corresponding to the fuel-rich, stoichiometric, and fuel-lean conditions. The nozzle-plate distance was varied from 1d to 8d. Within the range of Reynolds numbers investigated, the highest Nusselt numbers were obtained at the equivalence ratio of φ = 0.85 when the nozzle-plate distance was maintained at 5d. At the stoichiometric condition, the highest Nusselt number was obtained at the nozzle- plate distance of 6d. Nondimensional correlations were obtained from the experimental results and presented to predict the maximum Nusselt number and average Nusselt number for laminar flame jets as a function of the nozzle-plate distance, Reynolds number, and equivalence ratio.     

An experimental study on convective heat transfer performance of steam and air flow in V-shaped rib roughened channels

An experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of steam and air flows in a V-shaped ribbed channels was conducted. The effects of Reynolds numbers and rib angles on heat transfer of steam and air were obtained. The area-averaged Nusselt numbers of steam flow at a Reynolds number of 12,000 were 13.9%, 20.6%, 27.1%, and 27.9% higher than those of air flow for rib angles of 90°, 75°, 60°, and 45°, respectively. The correlations for Nusselt number in terms of Reynolds number and rib angle for steam and air in V-shaped ribbed channels were developed.     

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Coefficient from the Impingement of a Slot Jet Using Conjugate Gradient Method with Adjoint Equation

The convective heat transfer coefficients resulting from a slot jet on a plane surface have been estimated by using the real measured temperatures in the plate and inverse method. In this study, the inverse method used the conjugate gradient method with an adjoint equation. Distributions of the local heat transfer coefficient on the impingement surface were determined for various Re and H/Dh. It was found the heat transfer coefficients generally tended to decrease with increasing separation distance and to increase with an increase in Reynolds number. This presented method is able to estimate the variation of the local Nusselt number with time.     

旋转射流冲击换热液晶显示实验研究

采用热色液晶测温技术对以二氧化碳为工质的稳态射流冲击换热和管内插入扭转带方式的旋转射流冲击换热进行了实验研究。与普通射流相比,旋转射流导致驻点附近区域的换热趋于均匀化。其换热系数在大于某一半径之后高于普通射流,但在驻点附近相对较低。旋转射流对换热的此种影响随雷诺数的增大而减弱。     

An Experimental Investigation of Liquid Jet Impingement and Single-Phase Spray Cooling Using Polyalphaolefin

Experiments on triangular and rectangular array jet impingement and single-phase spray cooling have been performed to determine the effect of both cooling techniques on heat transfer coefficient (h) and the coolant mass flux required for a given cooling load. Experiments were performed with circular orifices and nozzles for different H/D values from 1.5 to 26 and Reynolds number range of 219 to 837, which is quite lower than the ranges employed in widely used correlations. The coolant used was polyalphaolefin. The experiments simulated the boundary condition produced at the surface of the stator of a high power low-density generator or motor. For the custom fabricated orifices, commercial nozzles, and conditions used in this study, both cooling configurations showed enhancement of heat transfer coefficient as H/D increases to a certain limit after which it starts to decrease. The heat transfer coefficient always increases with Reynolds number. In keeping with previous studies, single-phase spray cooling technique can provide the same heat transfer coefficient as jets at a slightly lower mass flux, but with much higher-pressure head. Special Nu_d correlations that account for the range of parameters and coolant studied in this work are derived.     

旋转状态半受限冲射流流动和换热特性研究

利用数值模拟的方法,通过改变冲击雷诺数Rej(20000-35000)、旋转数Ro(0-0．0117)等参数,分析旋转条件下半受限单孔冲击射流的流动和换热特性,讨论了旋转对冲击射流的流场结构和换热特性的影响．研究结果表明:冲击射流在离心力和哥氏力的共同作用下发生弯曲,造成冲击靶面上的冲击斑随着旋转数Ro的增加而不断偏移,显著影响了冲击的冷却效果．冲击靶面的平均Nu数随着冲击雷诺数Rej的增加而增加;当旋转数Ro增加时,冲击靶面的平均Nu数先增加,后减小,然后再增加．计算结果和试验结论基本一致．