小尺度薄油池火沸腾燃烧特性研究

通过对小尺度薄油池火燃烧特性进行实验研究,分析油池不同燃烧阶段的特点,探讨沸腾燃烧对油池燃烧特性的影响。测量了直径分别为0.10 m、0.14 m、0.20 m和0.30 m正庚烷油池火的燃烧速率以及温度分布随时间变化。分析燃烧过程中燃油液面温度和池壁温度的变化规律,研究池壁沸腾传热对油池沸腾燃烧的影响。结果表明:油池沸腾燃烧阶段的燃烧速率明显大于稳定燃烧阶段;燃油液面温度在油池燃烧初期迅速上升至沸点,随后基本保持不变;池壁温度达到并超过燃料的沸点,从而在油池壁面上发生沸腾现象,是油池发生沸腾燃烧的条件。     

大速差射流预燃室煤粉燃烧的颗粒轨道法数值模拟

本文用颗粒轨道模型对流场复杂的二维大速差射流燃烧室内煤粉燃烧进行了数值模拟,给出了包括热态气相流场、温度场和浓度场等在内的各种气相场分布,同时也给出颗粒轨道及其速度、温度、质量等的变化。模拟结果再次揭示了该燃烧室内流动和燃烧的主要物理特征,并着重指出煤粉颗粒在燃烧室内的行为对火焰稳定的重要影响。     

沸腾燃烧锅炉点火过程的热力特性分析

一、特点和方式 要把室温下静止状态的底料转变为沸腾状态正常燃烧着的床料,这是沸腾燃烧首先要解决的一个关键问题。沸腾床的点燃要比煤粉炉中煤粉或层燃炉中煤块的点燃困难得多。这是因为:1)从点燃底料到正常燃烧是一个动态过程;2)从气体动力特性看,点火初期的颗粒和风的温度都较低,同样尺寸的颗粒达到沸腾状态的风量要比热态正常运行时约大一倍;3)从点火时颗粒燃烧和传热的要求,则希望风量小些以减少热损失。 故必须妥善处理各种影响因素,以防止熄火和结焦,使点火过程顺利完成。     

热环境下红外镜头面形变化对成像质量的影响

由于红外镜片材料的温度特性,环境温度的变化会对红外镜头的成像质量造成影响。为了研究不同温度场下镜片的应力状态以及镜面面形变化情况,利用光机热集成分析方法,运用有限元分析软件ANSYS WORKBENCH对设计的红外镜头进行了热结构耦合分析,从分析结果中得到了镜片等效压应力的大小。利用Zernike多项式拟合了变形后的镜面面形,将得到的Zernike系数导入到ZEMAX中建立了多重温度结构,分析了不同温度下镜面变形前与变形后的光学系统离焦量的变化量。结果表明,镜片在低温-40℃时受到较大的等效压应力,最大等效应力81.118MPa,小于材料的断裂强度345MPa;不同温度下由于镜片面形发生变化,导致红外光学系统成像质量以及离焦量发生改变。     

耦合反应器中化学链燃烧的模拟

基于颗粒动理学和化学动力学理论,建立化学链燃烧计算模型,数值模拟了耦合反应器内化学链燃烧过程,获得了反应器内流场特性和各组分分布规律,并很好地捕捉到了空气反应器中颗粒呈现出的非均匀环核流动结构。模拟结果同时给出了反应器中温度分布规律以及各出口颗粒质量流率和各组分浓度随时间的变化,为耦合反应器的设计优化提供了一定的依据。     

隧道内固体与液体燃料火灾特征对比试验研究

本文建立了1/9的缩尺寸隧道火灾模型,对隧道内固体和液体燃料火灾特征的差异及两者之间的相互影响进行了试验研究,分析了隧道内固液体燃料着火时的火场温度、烟气层高度、燃料质量损失速率等特征参数的变化情况,试验结果表明:虽然甲醇与木垛质量相同,且平均火源功率相等,但木垛起火阶段发展较慢,其热释放速率峰值明显较甲醇火的高,且相应的该阶段所引起的隧道顶棚温度也较高,而甲醇起火阶段燃烧较迅速,且到达峰值热释放速率后维持稳定燃烧的时间比木垛要长.同时,木垛火燃烧时隧道内的烟气温度分层较甲醇火的更加明显;当两种火源同时存在时,隧道内温度的最高点偏向于木垛火上方一侧,且此时甲醇油盘火源上方温度下降时间明显提前,而木垛火的燃烧受到的影响较小.     

超低浓度甲烷流态化催化燃烧特性与模型验证

采用实验研究和理论分析相结合的方法研究了体积分数为0.15~3%超低浓度甲烷在0.5%Pd/Al_2O_3(质量分数)催化颗粒鼓泡流态化状态下的催化燃烧特性,根据其在密相区和稀相区的流动及反应特点,建立了低浓度甲烷催化燃烧反应模型,并在不同温度、进气甲烷浓度、床层高度等工况下进行了模型预测及与实验数据的对比分析。研究结果表明:考虑了稀相区中催化颗粒飞溅,模型计算数据与实验数据吻合较好,误差在5%以内;反应器出口无量纲甲烷浓度随着床层温度的升高、进气甲烷浓度的降低以及床层高度的升高而降低;通过与活塞流,全混流反应模型的对比分析,进一步验证了所建立的数学模型能够较好地反映超低浓度甲烷在鼓泡流态化状态下的催化燃烧特性。     

半焦燃烧特性的热重试验研究

针对目前提倡的煤部分气化燃烧系统集成优化联合生产煤气和热能的新概念,在不同温度下制得四种煤的半焦,通过热天平燃烧试验研究了半焦的燃烧特性,考察了煤种和制备温度对半焦燃烧特性的影响.试验结果表明:煤种不同,所制得半焦燃烧特性不同;相同煤种制得半焦,随制备温度升高,半焦着火温度上升,燃烧活化能增加,燃烧反应活性降低.     

基于热泳的气相合成纳米颗粒多场联合测量

在气相燃烧合成纳米颗粒过程中,温度分布对化学反应、颗粒的团聚和烧结有重要作用;速度分布对前驱体和颗粒的输运、颗粒的温度经历效应和停留时间有不可忽视的影响。为了研究纳米颗粒在火焰中形成和演变的过程以及化学反应和颗粒运动所依赖的温度分布、速度分布,本文在传统热泳取样的基础上提出了一种新的热泳取样-电镜分析方法。该方法在火焰内部同一测点采用热电偶测温和两次时间间隔不同的热泳取样,通过电子显微镜对样品的颗粒沉积状态进行统计和分析,能够得到火焰的温度分布、流动速度分布、颗粒体积分数和颗粒尺度分布。     

惰性颗粒流化床中低浓度煤层气燃烧特性实验

采用实验的方法,在鼓泡流化床燃烧装置中研究了低浓度煤层气在床内的流动和燃烧特性,考察了床层温度、气体浓度、流化风速及床料颗粒特性等操作条件变化对甲烷转化率和燃烧产物的影响。研究表明:床层温度升高,甲烷转化率显著增加;增加流化风速及进气甲烷浓度,甲烷转化率减小;颗粒粒径增加,甲烷转化率增加;CO排放浓度随床层温度的升高先增加后降低,并在床层温度约850℃时达到其最大峰值,沿流化床轴向高度CO的排放浓度先增加后降低,呈钟型分布。     

Combustion characteristics and liquid-phase visualisation of single isolated diesel droplet with surface contaminated by soot particles

The combustion generated soot contamination effect on a single diesel droplet ignition and burning was investigated experimentally for the first time. Diesel droplet flame was used to contaminate the droplet to be investigated prior to ignition. Distinct differences in lifetime and stability of the burning of the neat and contaminated droplet samples were observed in their heating, boiling and disruptive phases. For a soot-contaminated droplet surface, the evaporation rate became weaker as a result of slower mass transfer thus contracted the flame formation. Contrary to the burning rate enhancement of droplet with stable and uniform suspension of particles observed by other researchers, the slightest contamination of soot particles in a fuel droplet surface can significantly reduce the burning rate. Denser agglomeration of soot can form a shell on the droplet surface which blocks the flow of gas escaping through the surface thus distort the droplet even further. At late combustion stage, bubbles are observed to rapture on the surface of the soot-contaminated droplet. Strong ejections of volatile liquid and vapour that would explode shortly after parting from the droplet are observed. It seems that the explosion and burning of ejected mixture have little interactions with the enveloped flame surrounding the primary droplet. Enhanced visualisation of droplet liquid-phase has clearly indicated the cause of declining trend in the burning rate and flame stand-off ratio of soot-contaminated diesel droplet. These insights are of significance for understanding the effect of fuel droplet contamination by combustion generated soot particles.     

Experimental study of impact of lubricant-derived ash on oxidation reactivity of soot generated in diesel engines

The objective of the present study was to understand how the lubricant-derived ash-loaded diesel particulate filter (DPF) impacted the soot oxidation reactivity during the regeneration process. Four major commercial lubricant additives (i.e. Ca, Zn-P, Ca-Zn-P, and Mo-P) were heated up in a muffle furnace to generate ash particles, which were mixed with diesel soot in a loose-contact pattern for further analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed for both non-isothermal and isothermal conditions to examine the oxidation reaction parameters, including ignition temperature, peak temperature and burnout temperature. In the meantime, the sizes and nanostructures of the primary soot particles during the oxidation process were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Results showed that lubricant-derived ashes accelerated the oxidation of soot particles as indicated by the reduced oxidation characteristic temperatures and increased oxidation rate. Based on the analysis of HRTEM images, both surface and internal burning phenomena existed in the oxidation processes of pure soot conditions and soot-ash mixtures conditions. The structures of shell-core, onion- and capsule-like, hollow and carbonization fragments appeared sequentially through the entire oxidation processes. Comparing to the pure soot conditions, the tendency of surface burning of the soot particles was notably increased by the lubricant-derived ashes. It was thus concluded that, the lubricant-derived ash components played the role as catalyst to promote soot oxidation and favor the whole regeneration process, even though the ashes may deteriorate performance of DPF by increased backpressures.     

Effect of unsteady pressure rise on flame propagation and near-cold-wall ignition

Thermodynamic pressure rise during combustion is a key feature in internal combustion engines. Yet, hardly any studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of transient pressure rise on flame propagation as well as on the ignition of the unburned gas. In this study, the effects of unsteady pressure rise were parametrically studied using a one-dimensional reacting flow model in which the thermodynamic pressure variation is an independent variable and thus its rate of rise can be controlled. It was determined that large rates of pressure rise can significantly increase the mass burning flux of a laminar flame and that this modification becomes more pronounced at higher pressure and temperature conditions. Furthermore, it was shown that the development of ignition near a cold wall, for mixtures that exhibit negative temperature coefficient behavior, is very sensitive to rate of change of pressure. The near-wall ignition behavior was found also to be rather sensitive to the prevailing pressures and temperatures whose values control whether ignition will occur in the main-gas or within the thermal boundary layer.     

Particle temperature and potassium release during combustion of single pulverized biomass char particles

This work investigated the combustion characteristics of single pulverized biomass-derived char particles. The char particles, in the size range 224–250 µm, were prepared in a drop tube furnace at pyrolysis temperatures of 1273 or 1473 K from four types of biomass particles – wheat straw, grape pomace, kiwi branches and rice husk. Subsequently, the char particles were injected upward into a confined region of hot combustion products produced by flat flames stabilized on a McKenna burner, with mean temperatures of 1460, 1580 and 1670 K and mean O₂ concentrations of 4.5, 6.5 and 8.5 vol%. The data reported include particle temperature, obtained using a two-color pyrometry technique, and potassium release rate, measured using a laser-induced photofragmentation fluorescence imaging technique. In addition, particle ignition delay time and burning time, obtained from the temporal evolution of the thermal radiation intensity of the burning char particles, are also reported. The results indicated that ignition of the char particles occurs simultaneously with the starting of the potassium release, then the particle burning intensity increases rapidly until it reaches a maximum, after which both the particle temperature and the potassium release rate remain approximately constant until the end of the char oxidation process. The char ignition process is temperature controlled, and the char oxidation process is oxygen diffusion controlled, with the total potassium release being independent of the oxygen concentration and the temperature of the combustion products. The combustion behavior of the chars studied is more affected by the char type than by the conditions used to prepare them.     

Ignition and combustion of a falling, single sodium droplet

Ignition and combustion of a single sodium droplet has been studied experimentally, by use of a falling droplet. It is found that the ignition delay time increases first gradually and then rapidly, with decreasing initial temperature and/or oxygen concentration, and reaches the limit of ignitability, because of the suppression of surface reaction in the ignition stage. It is also found that with decreasing droplet diameter, the ignition delay time first decreases gradually, because of the decrease in the droplet mass to be heated, and then increases steeply, because of the enhancement of heat loss from the droplet surface. As for the effect of the relative speed, it is found that the ignition delay time increases with increasing relative speed, because of the enhanced heat loss. Experimental comparisons with the analytical results have also been conducted to elucidate dominant parameters, and it is confirmed that a set of comprehensive parameters in the literature can be useful in correlating dominant parameters that influence the ignition delay and/or the limit of ignitability. Furthermore, the analysis has been extended to determine the critical size for the ignition and that for the minimum ignition delay time. Combustion behavior after the ignition has also been examined, and it is found that d²-law can hold for the sodium droplet combustion. In addition, it is found that the burning rate-constant without forced convection has nearly the same value as those for usual hydrocarbon droplets, while the sodium combustion in air is quite similar to that of the usual hydrocarbon fuel in an oxidizer-rich environment.     

镁颗粒群非稳态着火过程数值模拟

建立了镁颗粒群着火的一维非稳态有限影响体模型, 数值模拟颗粒群中镁颗粒的着火过程. 研究表明, 当镁颗粒表面反应加剧之后,颗粒相温度急剧上升, 迅速达到着火, 而其周围气相的温升速率却远小于颗粒的温升速率; 在着火过程中气相温度只在颗粒表面附近升高比较明显, 整体温度升高不大. 分析了颗粒群内部参数和环境参数对镁颗粒群着火的影响. 随颗粒浓度的增加, 颗 粒群变得易于着火, 其着火时间变短, 但颗粒浓度增大到一定程度后, 继续增大该值将对颗粒群的着火起消极作用. 环境压力对颗粒群着火的影响比较小,在1-5 atm范围内颗粒群的着火性能基本不变. 气相中氧气浓度对颗粒群的着火性能影响也不显著, 但当氧气浓度过小时, 对着火过程的影响将大大增强.颗粒粒径、气相/颗粒相初温、辐射源温度对颗粒 群着火的影响巨大,小粒径、高温度促使颗粒群快速着火.数值模拟与文献中试验 结果的变化趋势相一致.     

Ignition of single coal particle in a hot furnace under normal- and micro-gravity condition

An experimental study on ignition and combustion of single particles was conducted at normal gravity (1-g) and microgravity (μ-g) for three high volatile coals with initial diameter of 1.5 and 2.0 mm, respectively. The non-intrusive twin-color pyrometry method was used to retrieve the surface temperature of the coal particle through processing the images taken by a color CCD camera. At the same time, a mathematical model considering thermal conduction inside the coal particle was developed to simulate the ignition process.Both experiments and modeling found that ignition occurred homogeneously at the beginning and then heterogeneously for the testing coal particles burning at μ-g. Experimental results confirmed that ignition temperature decreased with increasing volatile content and increasing particle size. However, contradicted to previous studies, this study found that for a given coal with certain particle size, ignition temperature was about 50–80 K lower at μ-g than that at 1-g.The model predictions agreed well with the μ-g experimental data on ignition temperature. The criterion that the temperature gradient in the space away from the particle surface equaled to zero was validated to determine the commence of homogeneous ignition. Thermal conduction inside the particle could have a noticeable effect for determining the ignition temperature. With the consideration of thermal conduction, the critical size for the phase transient from homogeneous to heterogeneous is about 700 μm at ambient temperature 1500 K and oxygen concentration 0.23.     

Fusion burning waves in degenerate plasmas

The outcome of fusion burning waves in non-degenerate plasmas is limited by the strength of ion–electron Coulomb collisions and subsequent energy loss mechanisms as electron heat conduction and radiation emission. In this Letter, an analysis is presented on the degeneracy effects in the stopping power of suprathermal charged particles and in the energy transmitted from ions to electrons by Coulomb collision. Main results of this analysis is that very powerful fusion burning waves can be launched into previously compressed degenerate plasmas. This can be specially suitable for proton–boron fusion, but it also applicable to any type of fusion reaction, where ignition can be triggered by an incoming ion beam or another external source of energy deposited in a small fraction of the compressed plasma (fast ignition).     

On the scale of “simultaneous” influence of several “hot” particles on the conditions of heat and mass transfer at ignition of liquid condensed substance

Processes of heat and mass transfer at igniting a film of a typical liquid burning substance—kerosene—by several small-size hot particles are investigated numerically. Characteristics of ignition by several particles are compared with similar parameters in a system of single hot particle-liquid fuel film-air. It is found out that a value of the interparticle distance affects characteristics of the process. Three possible regimes of ignition in a system of two hot particles-liquid fuel film-air, depending on the distance between the heat sources, are revealed.     

Combustion of alane and aluminum with water for hydrogen and thermal energy generation

The combustion of alane and aluminum with water in its frozen state has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Both nano and micron-sized particles are considered over a broad range of pressure. The linear burning rate and chemical efficiency are obtained using a constant-pressure strand burner and constant-volume cell, respectively. The effect of replacing nano-Al particles by micron-sized Al and alane particles are examined systematically with the additive mass fraction up to 25%. The equivalence ratio is fixed at 0.943. The pressure dependence of the burning rate follows the power law, r_b = aPⁿ, with n ranging from 0.41 to 0.51 for all the materials considered. The burning rate decreases with increasing alane concentration, whereas it remains approximately constant with cases containing only Al particles. The chemical efficiency ranged from 32% to 83%, depending on the mixture composition and pressure. Thermo-chemical analyses are conducted to provide insight into underlying causes of the decreased burning rate of the alanized compositions. A theoretical model is also developed to explore the detailed flame structure and burning properties. Reasonably good agreement is achieved with experimental observations.