“网格式平行线法”在螺纹参数测量中的应用

在计算机视觉理论基础上发展起来的视觉检测(vision inspection)技术具有非接触、速度快、精度适中、可实现在线等优点，已广泛地应用于工业产品的在线检测。在计算机视觉检测技术中CCD摄像机是一个最关键的器件，其参数是否准确决定了检测的精度。所以，摄像机标定是视觉检测技术中最基本的也是最重要的一步。在比较其他标定方法的基础上，为了解决传统标定方法对螺纹图像测量系统所带来的一系列问题，采用了一种新的图像测量系统的标定方法——网格式平行线标定方法，该方法运用了CCD亚像素细分技术及调焦技术，可直接得到纵横2个方向的像素，经过理论分析及实验结果均表明，采用该方法具有标定简单、精度高、重复性好等优点，是一种较好的螺纹图像测量系统标定方法。     

激光扫描测头视觉系统结构参数优化

线结构光视觉测量系统是激光扫描测头的重要组成部分,为了提高激光扫描测头的测量精度及可靠性,提出一种线结构光视觉系统结构参数优化设计方法。分析了影响该测量系统整体测量精度的因素以及该测量系统的结构误差模型,并建立了应用于激光扫描测头的结构约束条件,通过该约束条件建立了结构参数优化仿真系统,进而得到仿真优化后的结构参数,即最优结构参数,并设计实测实验验证其合理性。测得优化后的线结构光视觉系统测量空间点间距相对误差为0.019 8 mm,本文结果表明优化方法的有效性,并具有较好的精度。     

单摄像机立体视觉测量系统的高精度变焦标定技术

针对现有用于光学测量的双目变焦系统标定方法难度大、测量精度受限于两摄像机内参一致性等问题。提出一种基于单摄像机的平行双目立体视觉系统实现及其高精度变焦标定方法。方法基于三角测量原理采集图像,利用高精度位移台驱动单摄像机进行平移以保证基线精度;求解离散焦距下的预标定结果并利用BP神经网络模型对其进行拟合,以实现任意焦距下系统内外参数动态估计。实验结果表明,系统预标定的重投影误差小于0.1664 pixel,变焦后图像畸变校正平均误差为0.0982 pixel,立体视觉测量尺寸绝对误差小于0.05mm。方法能弥补传统变焦标定方法的不足,消除双目内参不一致引入的误差,提高视觉系统的测量精度。     

基于点阵标定板的视觉测量系统的标定方法EI北大核心CSCD

在应用机器视觉技术进行测量时,测量系统的像素当量、系统误差和光源强度等因素均会对测量精度造成影响,因此必须对像素当量和系统误差进行标定,并分析光源强度对工件图像边缘位置的影响。提出一种基于点阵标定板的视觉测量系统综合标定方法,在提取标定圆圆心坐标的基础上,计算圆心距物理尺寸和像素尺寸的比值,得到像素当量;建立圆心实际坐标和理论坐标的二元三次误差模型,并利用最小二乘法拟合求解误差模型系数;通过确定光源强度引起的图像边缘位置误差补偿量,实现测量系统的综合标定。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效提高系统的测量精度。     

基于点阵标定板的视觉测量系统的标定方法

在应用机器视觉技术进行测量时,测量系统的像素当量、系统误差和光源强度等因素均会对测量精度造成影响,因此必须对像素当量和系统误差进行标定,并分析光源强度对工件图像边缘位置的影响。提出一种基于点阵标定板的视觉测量系统综合标定方法,在提取标定圆圆心坐标的基础上,计算圆心距物理尺寸和像素尺寸的比值,得到像素当量;建立圆心实际坐标和理论坐标的二元三次误差模型,并利用最小二乘法拟合求解误差模型系数;通过确定光源强度引起的图像边缘位置误差补偿量,实现测量系统的综合标定。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效提高系统的测量精度。     

基于宏微复合标定的跨尺度零件测量方法

为了实现对跨尺度零件微小结构的尺寸精度和定位精度的同时测量,提出一种基于宏微复合标定的测量方法。建立不同尺度传感器组合式测量的标定模型,利用变焦扫描显微系统测量零件微尺度特征,利用双目系统测量定位显微设备,从控制坐标转换精度的角度设计加工特殊的标定块,将其作为跨尺度中转坐标系,标定变焦扫描显微重建点云坐标系与测头坐标系的空间转换关系,从而将局部测量点云统一至一个数据集中以完成所有局部区域的整体拼接。与理论模型对比分析,所提测量方法的各孔圆心坐标分布圆度误差为0.0438 mm,平面度误差为0.0252 mm,对喷注器各孔位姿的点误差值小于0.029 mm,孔轴向误差小于0.1140°。与面结构光传感器重建结果对比分析,所提模型能够在保证高精度重建三维形貌的情况下,更加正确地获取跨尺度零件的尺寸和位置。     

一种即时平面标定的二维视觉测量方法

在二维视觉测量过程中,测量平面与标定平面的重合度是影响测量精度的重要因素。现有的二维视觉测量方法将平面标定过程及测量过程分步进行,测量平面与标定平面存在离面位移,通常需要精密的约束装置对标定靶标及待测物进行校准操作。为简化二维视觉测量过程并抑制离面位移,提出一种即时平面标定的二维视觉测量方法,通过在待测物上直接投射标定的激光点阵,建立待测平面与成像平面的映射关系,再根据该映射关系对待测物表面的特征点进行测量计算。该方法仅需对系统参数进行一次标定,与无离面误差校正的传统二维视觉测量方法相比,提高了测量精度,简化了测量过程。     

非平行双目视觉系统水下标定与测量

针对用非平行双目视觉系统进行水下拍摄测量时,由于折射所导致的测量误差较大、精度不高的问题,建立了基于折射光路的水下双目视觉系统测量模型,并以Agrawal方法为基础,在已知两摄像机相对位置关系的前提下,对该测量模型参数标定的方法进行了改进。为验证改进的Agrawal方法的可靠性,与Agrawal方法进行水下标定对比实验。结果表明,相较于Agrawal标定算法得到的防水罩法向量这一模型参数,提出的改进算法的结果与真实值更为接近。在此基础上,应用标定后的水下双目视觉系统测量模型对水下靶标标定点间的标准距离进行测量,测量误差平均值为-0.0134 mm,最大误差为0.2073 mm,与空气中双目视觉系统测量精度相当。     

基于机器视觉的高精度测量与装配系统设计

在对某些精密产品实现自动化生产过程中,存在难以对装配该产品所需的多种装配小零件进行高精度自动测量与装配的问题。针对该问题,搭建了基于机器视觉技术的自动化测量与装配系统。基于Halcon图像处理软件平台,对零件图像进行了中值滤波、图像增强等预处理;采用了Canny算法对零件求取像素精度的边缘,并运用椭圆曲线拟合法获取了亚像素精度边缘;建立了两种相机镜头畸变模型,采用径向排列约束(RAC)标定法与张正友标定法对相机进行了标定,并对标定精度进行了对比;实验结果表明：本系统的装配同轴度精度能达到0.05mm,零件尺寸测量标准差低于3.8μm,满足工业需求,可以解决工业实际问题。     

基于柔性靶标定位实现图像拼接的多相机三维测量系统

提出一种基于柔性靶标定位实现图像拼接的多相机三维测量系统,采用一个激光投影仪投影大幅条纹,多相机分布式采集的方法扩展视觉三维测量系统的测量范围。标定过程首先使用小型平面靶标标定基准相机二维图像坐标和相位值到三维世界坐标的映射关系,之后在相邻相机部分视场(FOV)重合的前提下,利用柔性靶标定位标定相邻相机图像坐标的转换关系,最后将各个相机的图像坐标全部转化到基准相机的图像坐标系下完成图像拼接,由基准相机图像坐标到世界坐标的映射完成全局三维测量。实验结果表明,使用图像拼接方法的测量精度略低于相机单视场测量的精度,但精度损失较小,满足工业在线测量的要求。该方法避免使用昂贵的辅助测量仪器和加工高精度大型靶标,为多相机视觉测量提供了成本低、使用方便的解决方案。     

一种现场大尺寸测量精度的评价方法

针对现场全面评价大尺寸测量仪器精度的特殊性,提出了一种采用多仪器站多控制点的精度评价方法.基于四元数的空问数据配准,将多仪器站的测量数据统一到全局坐标系下,基于控制点坐标不变约束,对测量值进行统计得到测量不确定度,并从中提取仪器内部各传感器单元分量的不确定度.利用多传感器信息融合技术求得最优控制点,减小坐标转换误差对结果的影响.以激光跟踪仪为例进行了仿真和现场实验,结果表明,该方法评价测距和测角小确定度的误差可分别降至1 μm和0.1'以内.     

基于激光片光成像的脉冲防暴水炮粒度测量

根据PIVS方法,搭建了适用于脉冲射流的粒度测量系统,提出了相应的粒度测量算法.利用计算机生成的标准粒子图像,进行了算法验证.分别利用该系统和激光粒度仪对小型喷壶的稳态流场进行了比较测量.结果表明:该系统能够得到瞬时粒度图像,可以实现非稳态流场的粒度测量.     

Performance of a PIV system for a combusting flow and its application to a spray combustor model

The performance of PIV system for combusting flow was evaluated by using artificial images generated from computer graphics and experimental data. The influences of shutter speed, filter, laser power and the PIV algorithms on the measurement uncertainty were studied for optimizing the performance of the PIV system. This system was applied to the spray combustor model for boiler, and the flow patterns with and without combustion were elucidated. Results showed that the burner flow generates complex three-dimensional flow pattern, which contributes to highly mixed fuel flow in the combustor. Although the flow pattern with and without combustion is similar, the growth of burner flow area and an increase in velocity magnitude are found in the flow field by the influence of chemical reactions in combustion.     

辐射热波图像平整度实验研究北大核心CSCD

理论计算了诊断系统空间分辨对辐射热波烧穿图像平整度的影响,发现它会显著降低图像平整度。优化了三色谱仪诊断系统空间分辨并在神光Ⅱ装置上开展了验证性实验,结果表明420eV能区29μm空间分辨设置下测量到的热波图像平整区域有了明显改进,热波前沿涨落不超过4.7ps,远小于X光条纹相机约20ps的测量不确定度。在此改进下,热波烧穿图像平整度已经不是影响数据分析可靠性的主要因素。     

Quantum correlation and entropic uncertainty in a quantum-dot system

We explore the dynamical behaviors of the measurement uncertainty and quantum correlation for a vertical quantum-dot system in the presence of magnetic field, including electron-electron interaction and Coulomb-blocked systems. Stemming from the quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty relation, the uncertainty of interest is associated with temperature and parameters related to the magnetic field. Interestingly, the temperature has two kinds of influences on the variation of measurement uncertainty with respect to the magnetic-field-related parameters. We also discuss the relation between the lower bound of Berta et al. and the quantum discord. It is found that there is a natural competition between the quantum discord and the entropy min_Πi^BS_Πi^B(ρ_A|B). Finally, we bring in two improved bounds to offer a more precise limit to the entropic uncertainty.     

Uncertainty in the evaluation of occupational exposure to whole-body vibration

Uncertainties associated with field assessments of daily exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV) have been investigated in four categories of work vehicles (fork lift trucks, wheel loaders, garbage trucks, buses) in different working conditions. A total of 50 vehicles were included in the study. WBV exposures were measured in different field conditions in marble quarries, marble laboratories, dockyards, paper mills, transportation and public utilities: over 700 individual vibration measurements were analysed to quantify relevant uncertainty components due to changes in the operators’ working methods, variations in the characteristics and conditions of the machines, changes in the characteristics of the travelling surface, uncertainty in the evaluation of exposure duration, and systematic errors due to measurement equipment. The methods used in the study to calculate measurement uncertainties are in accordance with the ISO publication “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement”. The study made it possible to isolate major sources of uncertainty in field assessment of daily exposures to WBV. The investigation revealed that, in all the field conditions, differences in the characteristics of the machines and/or in working cycles were the most relevant uncertainty components. The overall relative uncertainty p in WBV field assessment was in the range 14% <p<32%, whereas the relative uncertainty caused by transducer and measurement equipment in a correctly calibrated system is less than 4%.     

微小深度尺寸现场测量系统的研究

针对目前微小深度尺寸现场测量难的问题,设计开发了一种基于光切原理的现场视觉检测系统,应用自主开发的基于Directshow和VC++的图像采集和处理软件,能快速、准确地检测被测工件表面的微小深度尺寸.实验结果表明,该测量系统景深达700μm,可测量20～990μm的深度尺寸,系统整体的测量不确定度优于3％;在200～5...     

一种小型化高功率微波辐射场功率密度测试系统

为解决现有高功率微波辐射场功率密度测量系统测量环节多、系统复杂以及长电缆无法适应复杂电磁环境测量等问题,研制了一款小型化、一体化辐射场功率密度测量系统。系统采用天线-耦合器-转换器作为接收前端,后端采用同轴信号处理单元,在屏蔽箱内完成信号衰减、功率探测及电光转换,可实现系统远程测量与监控,可用于连续波、单次脉冲、连续脉冲辐射场功率密度测量。同时,系统采用模块化校准,可有效降低测量系统不确定度。该系统具备30 dB动态,最小可测脉宽50 ns,可测辐射场功率密度100 MW/m^2,系统结构紧凑,简便易携,采用光纤传输,抗电磁辐射,可实现X波段GW级高功率微波辐射场功率密度快速测量。     

Versatile image-based measurements of granular flows and water wave propagation in experiments of tsunamis generated by landslides

Landslides falling into water bodies can generate destructive waves, which can be classified as tsunamis. An experimental facility to study this phenomenon has been set up. It consists of a landslide generator releasing gravel at high-speed into a wave basin. A non-intrusive system has been designed ad-hoc to be able to measure the high velocity and the geometry of the landslide as well as the generated waves characteristics. The measurement system employs the treatment of images captured by a high-speed camera which records the launched granular material illuminated by a laser sheet. A grid of laser sheets marks the basin water surface. The water has been filled by a small amount of kaolin to properly reflect the laser light at water surface. Thus, by filming with high definition cameras the perturbed water surface and successively processing the resulting images, it has been possible to measure the generated waves. The measurement framework employs a versatile camera calibration technique which allows accurate measurements in presence of: (1) high lens distortions; (2) pronounced non-parallelism condition between camera sensor and plane of measurement coincident with the laser sheet. The maximum resolution of the measurement tool is 0.01 mm, while the maximum uncertainty due to systematic error has been estimated to be 15% for the worst-case scenario. This work improves the suitability of image-based measuring systems in granular flows and free surface hydraulics experiments.     

Fiber-optic reflex sensor for in-line production measurement

The paper describes experiments concerning distance measurement with fiber-optic sensor and improvement of the measurement principle. The sensor probe was well-designed with a small structure and multi-function. The novel optical fiber probe arrangement as well as the possibilities of use for complex measurement problems are explained using the measurement of an internal screw thread as an example. The experimental results show that the measurement uncertainty of the thread minor diameter can reach ±10 μm, and the stability of the measurement system is better than 0.07%.