多光子过程中相位退相干时两原子布局数反转

利用全量子理论的方法,研究了存在相位退相干时多光子T-C模型中两个二能级原子与二项式光场相互作用系统中两原子的布居数反转。讨论了相位退相干系数、二项式光场系数、最大光子数、跃迁光子数对原子布居数反转的影响。结果表明：相位退相干减少了原子布居数反转的振幅、破坏了原子的量子特性。改变跃迁光子数,可以改变原子间布居数反转演化周期及演化强度。当二项式光场的最大光子数增大时,原子布居差的崩塌-回复现象就会逐渐消失。相位退相干因子不变时, 二项式光场从相干态过渡到数态过程中,原子布居的振荡频率由大变小,周期性的崩塌与回复现象逐渐消失。     

多光子过程中相位退相干时两原子布局数反转

利用全量子理论的方法,研究了存在相位退相干时多光子T-C模型中两个二能级原子与二项式光场相互作用系统中两原子的布居数反转。讨论了相位退相干系数、二项式光场系数、最大光子数、跃迁光子数对原子布居数反转的影响。结果表明：相位退相干减少了原子布居数反转的振幅、破坏了原子的量子特性。改变跃迁光子数,可以改变原子间布居数反转演化周期及演化强度。当二项式光场的最大光子数增大时,原子布居差的崩塌-回复现象就会逐渐消失。相位退相干因子不变时, 二项式光场从相干态过渡到数态过程中,原子布居的振荡频率由大变小,周期性的崩塌与回复现象逐渐消失。     

少周期脉冲在稠密V型三能级介质中传播时的粒子布居演化

利用由预估计校正-时域有限差分(PC-FDTD)法求解Maxwell-Bloch方程得到的数值解,研究少周期激光脉冲在稠密V型三能级原子介质中传播时各能级粒子数布居的演化特性.结果表明,两跃迁偶极矩的比值(γ)对稠密介质中粒子数布居反转出现的时间和振荡的次数具有显著的影响,γ=1时,考虑洛仑兹局域场修正(LFC)时,粒子数反转出现的较晚,近偶极-偶极(NDD)相互作用延缓了粒子数的反转;γ>1时,考虑LFC时,粒子数反转出现的较早,NDD相互作用加快了粒子数的反转;电偶极矩不同时,粒子数布居振荡的次数比相同时多.粒子数布居在稠密介质中的演化特性与稀疏介质中显著不同,在入界处,稀疏介质中粒子数布居可以实现长时间的反转;随着介质密度的增大,粒子数布居产生准周期性的振荡,但考虑LFC时,振荡的次数比不考虑LFC时少.     

颗粒气体团簇行为实验研究

颗粒体系由于非弹性碰撞和摩擦等内秉的能量耗散特性,由宏观粒子形成的颗粒气体体系经常会有局部凝聚现象,这是颗粒气体体系与分子气体体系的最大区别之一.理解和预测这一现象的发生将有助于人们对远离平衡态体系的复杂现象,如有序结构、斑图和团簇形成的认知.这种局部凝聚现象可以类比于分子气体中亚稳分解形成的液滴,将气液相分离用于解释和寻求局部凝聚现象的此模型得到了分子动力学模拟的校验.但是实验的校验却由于宏观粒子运动受重力作用的影响难以在实验室中实现.作为实践十号卫星的前期实验,本文利用国家微重力实验室落塔装置,以水平激振装有不同尺寸和数目的颗粒样品,在短时微重力条件下,成功观察到颗粒气体团簇的形成;并将实验结果与颗粒气体类范德瓦耳斯气体分子相分离模型对比,由形成团簇样品的颗粒数密度条件,来实验确定了所选颗粒的恢复系数,得到直径为0.5 mm的钛珠颗粒的恢复系数在0.6—0.8之间,直径为1 mm的钛珠颗粒的恢复系数约为0.8,直径为2.5 mm的钛珠颗粒的恢复系数应大于0.8.     

非旋波近似下频率变化的场与原子的相互作用

研究了非旋波近似下频率随时间变化的相干态光场与二能级原子的相互作用，主要讨论了光场频率随时间作正弦和方波变化两种典型情况下，原子布居数反转随时间的演化特性. 当光场频率随时间作正弦变化时，原子布居数反转的崩塌-回复过程和由虚光子过程引起的快速振荡均会受到影响. 当光场频率随时间以方波形式变化时，脉冲调制不仅在原子布居数反转随时间演化过程中诱导出新的崩塌-回复过程，而且可以引起虚光子快速振荡的突变. 关键词： Jaynes-Cummings模型 非旋波近似 原子布居数反转     

掺铒光纤中亚稳态粒子振荡和慢光时间延迟关系研究

由于光纤慢光在实际中的应用价值引起广泛关注. 技术手段上利用相干布居振荡效应实现光速可控更具有优势. 本文主要介绍了利用相干布居振荡效应 (CPO) 实现掺铒光纤中的光速减慢传输, 通过改变掺杂浓度、光纤长度、入射信号光及抽运光功率等参量, 具体研究了亚稳态粒子振荡和时间延迟的关系. 研究结果表明: 选择高浓度光纤、增加光纤长度、关闭抽运光源, 选择适当强度的信号光可以有效地增大时间延迟. 关键词： 掺铒光纤 时间延迟 相干布居振荡 慢光     

一个特殊模型中的相干布居俘获

外场作用下,对称双势阱中将发生相干布居俘获现象. 在氨分子模型中,当分子初始处在较低的本征态时,在一定的条件下激发态上将没有粒子数布居,外加光场强烈地使较低的双重态耦合在一起,且粒子数布居总保持为1,尽管此时外场与|2〉→|3〉接近共振. 这是一般模型所不能得到的结论. 关键词： 相干布居俘获 Ξ型三能级系统 双势阱     

垂直振动颗粒混合气体的振荡现象研究

运用事件驱动算法研究颗粒混合物在垂直振动容器中的振荡现象.容器被具有一定高度的隔板分成相等大小的两个小室,并采用半径相差一倍的两种颗粒.研究结果表明,颗粒振荡周期随两种颗粒密度比的减少而急剧增加.通过计算在垂直方向上两种颗粒高度之比随颗粒密度的变化关系,说明决定颗粒振荡与否的主要因素并不是"巴西坚果效应"或"反巴西坚果效应".通过计算颗粒温度,发现颗粒振荡取决于颗粒混合气体的小颗粒温度.当小颗粒温度大于一定值时,颗粒混合气体发生颗粒振荡现象.根据Viridi等提出的流体动力学模型,文中对该模型做出相应的修改,加入密度因子,从而可以解释颗粒振荡周期与颗粒密度比的关系.     

Bell态原子与双模纠缠相干光场双光子相互作用的原子布居数演化特性

运用全量子理论研究了Bell态原子与双模纠缠相干光场双光子相互作用过程中的原子粒子布居差的时间演化规律.结果表明:原子初始处于|β11＞时,原子粒子布居差恒为零;原子初始处于其他三个Bell态时,随着初始光场平均光子数的增加,原子粒子数布居差时间演化曲线的振荡频率明显增大,振荡幅度明显减小;双模光场纠缠程度的大小对曲线的振荡频率及整体曲线的位置都没有影响.随着原子间偶极相互作用的增强,当原子初态处在|β01＞时,曲线的Rabi振荡频率明显增大;而两原子初始处于|β10＞或|β00＞态时,曲线的崩塌-回复现象逐渐消失.     

海-气耦合动力系统的改进变分迭代解法

研究了一个描述厄尔尼诺和南方涛动振荡物理机理的海-气耦合动力系统.利用改进变分迭代方法 (MVIM)简捷地得到了该非线性模型近似解的展开式.通过与特殊情形下模型精确解的比较,说明获得的MVIM 近似解具有非常好的准确度.     

Competitive clustering in a bidisperse granular gas

A bidisperse granular gas in a compartmentalized system is experimentally found to cluster competitively: Depending on the shaking strength, the clustering can be directed either towards the compartment initially containing mainly small particles or to the one containing mainly large particles. The experimental observations are quantitatively explained within a flux model.     

Spontaneous ratchet effect in a granular gas

The spontaneous clustering of a vibrofluidized granular gas is employed to generate directed transport in two different compartmentalized systems: a granular fountain in which the transport takes the form of convection rolls, and a granular ratchet with a spontaneous particle current perpendicular to the direction of energy input. In both instances, transport is not due to any system-intrinsic anisotropy, but arises as a spontaneous collective symmetry breaking effect of many interacting granular particles. The experimental and numerical results are quantitatively accounted for within a flux model.     

Phase Space Portraits of an Unresolved Gravitational Maxwell Demon

In 1885, during initial discussions of J. C. Maxwell's celebrated thermodynamic demon, Whiting ⁽¹⁾ observed that the demon-like velocity selection of molecules can occur in a gravitationally bound gas. Recently, a gravitational Maxwell demon has been proposed which makes use of this observation [D. P. Sheehan, J. Glick, and J. D. Means, Found. Phys. 30, 1227 (2000)]. Here we report on numerical simulations that detail its microscopic phase space structure. Results verify the previously hypothesized mechanism of its paradoxical behavior. This system appears to be the only example of a fully classical mechanical Maxwell demon that has not been resolved in favor of the second law of thermodynamics.     

Maxwell’s demon and the management of ignorance in stochastic thermodynamics

It is nearly 150 years since Maxwell challenged the validity of the second law of thermodynamics by imagining a tiny creature who could sort the molecules of a gas in such a way that would decrease entropy without exerting any work. The demon has been discussed largely using thought experiments, but it has recently become possible to exert control over nanoscale systems, just as Maxwell imagined, and the status of the second law has become a more practical matter, raising the issue of how measurements manage our ignorance in a way that can be exploited. The framework of stochastic thermodynamics extends macroscopic concepts such as heat, work, entropy and irreversibility to small systems and allows us explore the matter. Some arguments against a successful demon imply a second law that can be suspended indefinitely until we dissipate energy in order to remove the records of his operations. In contrast, under stochastic thermodynamics, the demon fails because on average, more work is performed upfront in making a measurement than can be extracted by exploiting the outcome. This requires us to exclude systems and a demon that evolve under what might be termed self-sorting dynamics, and we reflect on the constraints on control that this implies while still working within a thermodynamic framework.     

Directed segregation in compartmentalized bi-disperse granular gas

A bi-disperse granular gas in an asymmetrical two-compartment system is studied experimentally. The presence of asymmetry within the range of our experimental parameters results in a directed segregated state and a directed clustering state. This deterministic system does not depend on the initial conditions. A modified flux model based on Lohse's flux model for bi-disperse granular gases is derived. The modified flux model explains qualitatively the experimental results.     

The Szilard engine revisited: Entropy,macroscopic randomness,and symmetry breaking phase transitions

The role of symmetry breaking phase transitions in the Szilard engine is analyzed. It is shown that symmetry breaking is the only necessary ingredient for the engine to work. To support this idea, we show that the Ising model behaves exactly as the Szilard engine. We design a purely macroscopic Maxwell demon from an Ising model, demonstrating that a demon can operate with information about the macrostate of the system. We finally discuss some aspects of the definition of entropy and how thermodynamics should be modified to account for the variations of entropy in second-order phase transitions. (c) 2001 American Institute of Physics.     

Stress fluctuations in monodisperse and bidisperse rapid granular shear flows

Local stress fluctuations are measured in annular rapid shear flows of granular medium made of steel spheres with 2 and 3 mm in diameter. Both monodisperse packing and bidisperse packing are investigated to reveal the influence of size diversity on intermittent features of granular materials. Experiments are conducted in an annulus that can contain up to 15 kg of the spherical steel balls. Shearing of granular medium takes place via the rotation of the upper plate which compresses the material loaded inside the annulus. Fluctuations of compressive force are locally measured at the bottom of the annulus based on piezoelectric phenomenon. Rapid shear flow experiments are pursued at different compressive forces and shear rates and the sensitivity of fluctuations is then investigated by different means through monodisperse and bidisperse packings.     

Temperature oscillations in a compartmentalized bidisperse granular gas

A granular clock is observed in a vertically vibrated compartmentalized granular gas composed of two types of grains with the same size. The dynamics of the clock is studied in terms of an unstable evaporation or condensation model for the granular gas. In this model, the temperatures of the two types of grains are considered to be different, and they are functions of the composition of the gas. Oscillations in the system are driven by the asymmetric collisions properties between the two types of grains. Both our experiments and model show that the transition of the system from a homogeneous state to an oscillatory state is via a Hopf bifurcation.     

Relating Maxwell's demon and quantitative analysis of information leakage for practical imperative programs

Shannon observed the relation between information entropy and Maxwell demon experiment to come up with information entropy formula. After that, Shannon's entropy formula is widely used to measure information leakage in imperative programs. But in the present work, our aim is to go in a reverse direction and try to find possible Maxwell's demon experimental setup for contemporary practical imperative programs in which variations of Shannon's entropy formula has been applied to measure the information leakage. To establish the relation between the second principle of thermodynamics and quantitative analysis of information leakage, present work models contemporary variations of imperative programs in terms of Maxwell's demon experimental setup. In the present work five contemporary variations of imperative program related to information quantification are identified. They are:(i) information leakage in imperative program,(ii) imperative multithreaded program,(iii) point to point leakage in the imperative program,(iv) imperative program with infinite observation,and(v) imperative program in the SOA-based environment. For these variations, minimal work required by an attacker to gain the secret is also calculated using historical Maxwell's demon experiment. To model the experimental setup of Maxwell's demon, non-interference security policy is used. In the present work, imperative programs with one-bit secret information have been considered to avoid the complexity. The findings of the present work from the history of physics can be utilized in many areas related to information flow of physical computing, nano-computing, quantum computing,biological computing, energy dissipation in computing, and computing power analysis.