球面近场声全息中的阵列传声器分布与球面数值积分

球形传声器阵列是实现封闭空间三维声场重构的测量前端,传声器在球形阵列面上的分布对三维声场重构的精度有重要影响。针对球面近场声全息方法,结合I.H.Sloan,Spherical t-designs,J.Fliege等球面数值积分法,检验传声器数目、传声器几何位置分布、积分权重、波数、基函数扩展项数、声场重构半径等参数对声场重构精度的影响。结果表明:Spherical t-designs球面数值积分法与其它积分法相比,在声场重构误差接近的情形下,允许传声器的数目和位置布置有更多的选择,并且在传声器数目一定时,各点积分权重相等,使得球面近场声全息中球面数值积分计算相对简单。     

基于反射系数估算的半空间边界阻抗和声源直接辐射重构

半空间中声源直接辐射声场重构的实施需要构造以边界声阻抗为参量的半空间基函数,边界声阻抗的获取则通常需要借助原位测量方法.基于半空间球面波基函数叠加的声场重构方法,通过在声源近场布置全息测量面和一支参考传声器采集声压,并以参考传声器声压重构误差取得最小值为准则,估算各全息测点的声压反射系数,就能在边界阻抗未知条件下实现声源直接辐射声压的重构,从而摆脱了常规方法对声阻抗原位测量技术的依赖.本文的目的是对这一方法进行详细的参数讨论,并在估算声压反射系数的基础上,进一步对边界声阻抗加以重构,提出一种基于近场声全息的声阻抗测量方法.以球形声源为例,对声阻抗和声源直接辐射声压的重构进行了仿真,定量地分析参考传声器坐标、边界有效流阻率和边界孔隙度随深度的降低率等参数对重构精度的影响.     

基于近场声全息的圆柱壳体内部声场重构效果的影响因素

在Neumann边界条件下基于近场声全息原理(NAH)重构了两端封闭的有限长圆柱壳体内部声场,计算出的结果与基于模态叠加法构建的内部声场进行比较,证明了重构方法的正确性,然后分别讨论了激励频率和全息面选择对NAH重构声场精度的影响以及重构面上不同位置的重构效果。     

基于统计最优和波叠加的联合局部近场声全息

提出了一种基于统计最优近场声全息和波叠加法的联合局部近场声全息技术。首先利用两次统计最优近场声全息的声源定位结果来指导配置等效源,其后利用波叠加法进行局部声场重构。该技术适合于中低频声场的局部重建,计算快速,重建精度高;可以在测量数据有缺失的情况下重建声场。进行了脉动球声源模型的数值仿真,并在半消声室内对电机噪声源进行了实验,仿真实验都准确地重构了声源所辐射的外部声场。该技术可以重建任意类球形声源辐射的声场。      

适用于循环平稳声场的基于波叠加法的近场声全息技术

在原有的平面循环平稳近场声全息基础上,提出一种基于波叠加法的循环平稳近场声全息技术,可以对具有复杂表面的声源进行全息重建,重建的声源表面声压谱相关密度函数能反映出调制信号的信息.声源表面声压谱相关密度函数全息图形象地反映了调制信号在表面的强弱分布情况,可由此确定调制信号源的产生位置.仿真分析和实验验证表明,基于波叠加法的循环平稳近场声全息技术可以更准确地反映循环平稳声场的调制特性.该方法继承了波叠加法的优点,无需计算边界奇异积分,计算效率高、精度好. 关键词： 近场声全息 循环平稳信号 波叠加     

单层传声器阵列重建相干声场的近场声全息方法研究

针对传声器阵列两侧存在相干声源的非自由声场重建问题,提出基于球面谐波函数扩展近场声全息理论的相干声场重建方法。该方法在已知测量面两侧声源几何位置时,使用单层传声器阵列获取测量面处的声压分布,通过最小二乘法获得与目标声源和干扰噪声源响应对应的最优球波函数扩展项数和最优系数向量,结合测点位置的空间坐标进行声波分解,并分别重建出各声源在测量面上的声压分布。为了验证方法的有效性,分别给出了相干噪声源为球形声源和非球形声源的仿真验证,并在全消声室内对双扬声器产生的相干声场的重建进行了实验验证。结果表明:该方法对球形声源和非球形声源干扰下的声场重建都具有较好的效果,球形声源干扰下的重建精度更高。      

基于波束形成和波叠加法的复合声全息技术

近场声全息是一种准确的噪声源识别技术.然而,由于存在测量要求严格、测点数多等缺点,一定程度上限制了它在工业现场的广泛应用.基于此,提出一种基于波束形成和波叠加法的复合声全息技术.首先利用传声器阵列获取声压场信息;再通过波束形成对声源进行定位;然后在这些声源位置附近配置等效源;最后应用波叠加法进行声场重构.该技术的优点是只需要少量传声器,在中、远距离测量,可以方便快速地实现声场重构.采用两个脉动球的声源模型进行了数值仿真,并在半消声室内采用音箱模拟噪声源进行了实验,都准确地重构了模型的外部声场.这表明,该技术可以准确地对辐射体进行声场重构,为其在工业现场中的应用奠定了基础.     

近场声全息扫描仪的制作和验证

以基于格林函数的近场声全息理论为基础,用模块化结构设计方法组合40路硅咪采集模块、步进电机扫描模块和单片机控制存储模块,制作了近场声全息扫描仪.编写Matlab程序,正向和逆向重构空间不同位置处声波的声压和相位分布.测量单声源的复声压分布,声场全息重构符合实验测量结果.     

单层传声器阵列重建相干声场的近场声全息方法研究

针对传声器阵列两侧存在相干声源的非自由声场重建问题,提出基于球面谐波函数扩展近场声全息理论的相干声场重建方法。该方法在已知测量面两侧声源几何位置时,使用单层传声器阵列获取测量面处的声压分布,通过最小二乘法获得与目标声源和干扰噪声源响应对应的最优球波函数扩展项数和最优系数向量,结合测点位置的空间坐标进行声波分解,并分别重建出各声源在测量面上的声压分布。为了验证方法的有效性,分别给出了相干噪声源为球形声源和非球形声源的仿真验证,并在全消声室内对双扬声器产生的相干声场的重建进行了实验验证。结果表明:该方法对球形声源和非球形声源干扰下的声场重建都具有较好的效果,球形声源干扰下的重建精度更高。     

适用于循环平稳声场的基于波叠加法的近场声全息技术

在原有的平面循环平稳近场声全息基础上，提出一种基于波叠加法的循环平稳近场声全息技术，可以对具有复杂表面的声源进行全息重建，重建的声源表面声压谱相关密度函数能反映出调制信号的信息.声源表面声压谱相关密度函数全息图形象地反映了调制信号在表面的强弱分布情况，可由此确定调制信号源的产生位置.仿真分析和实验验证表明，基于波叠加法的循环平稳近场声全息技术可以更准确地反映循环平稳声场的调制特性.该方法继承了波叠加法的优点，无需计算边界奇异积分，计算效率高、精度好.     

Near field acoustic holography with microphones on a rigid sphere (L)

Spherical near field acoustic holography (spherical NAH) is a technique that makes it possible to reconstruct the sound field inside and just outside a spherical surface on which the sound pressure is measured with an array of microphones. This is potentially very useful for source identification. The sphere can be acoustically transparent or it can be rigid. A rigid sphere is somewhat more practical than an open sphere. However, spherical NAH based on a rigid sphere is only valid if it can be assumed that the sphere has a negligible influence on the incident sound field, and this is not necessarily a good assumption when the sphere is very close to a radiating surface. This Letter examines the matter through simulations and experiments.     

Recovery of the free field in noisy environment by using the spherical wave superposition method

To remove the scattering effect of the disturbing sound on the target source when implementing nearfield acoustic holography in a non-free field, a free field recovery technique based on the spherical wave superposition method is proposed. In the method, the sound field separation technique based on the spherical wave superposition method is first used to separate the incoming and outgoing fields, and a further step for separating the radiated and scattered fields is performed by utilizing the surface admittance of the target source as the boundary condition. The technique makes it possible to correctly identify noise sources in a non-free sound field. The basic principle of the technique is described firstly, a method for choosing the optimal number of spherical wave expansion terms is given, and two numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the validity of this technique. It is shown that, for the lower frequency, the scattering effect can be neglected, and the radiated field of the target source can be obtained by the sound field separation technique, however, as the increasing of the frequency, the scattering effect cannot be neglected, and the free field recovery technique has to be used to obtain the radiated field of the target source.     

采用球面波叠加法还原自由声场的方法

为解决非自由声场中近场声全息重建时,干扰声在目标声源表面产生的散射影响,提出一种基于球面波叠加法的自由场还原技术。该技术首先采用基于球面波叠加法的声场分离技术获得向内和向外传播的声场,然后以目标声源的表面导纳作为边界条件,实现目标声源辐射声和散射声的分离,从而获得等效于自由声场的测量条件。该技术为准确实现非自由声场中的噪声源识别创造了条件。文中首先详细描述了该技术的基本原理,并提出一种最优球面波展开项数选取方法,最后通过数值仿真说明了该技术的有效性。结果表明:在频率较低时,散射声影响较小,采用声场分离技术和自由场还原技术效果相当;但随着频率升高,散射声影响逐步增强,必须采用自由场还原技术才能准确获得目标声源辐射声。      

Approximate reconstruction of sound fields close to the source surface using spherical nearfield acoustical holography

This paper presents an investigation of the reconstruction of sound field parameters close to the surface of arbitrarily shaped sound sources. The field is reconstructed using nearfield acoustical holography (NAH) in spherical coordinates. Of particular interest are source shapes where the Rayleigh hypothesis is violated. To overcome the limitation of the minimal sphere given by the validity restriction of the Rayleigh hypothesis an algorithm is proposed for extracting local information from the nonconvergent NAH solution. For the assessment of the results an appropriate virtual test rig is developed employing the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral theorem.     

基于特征基函数的球面共形微带天线阵列分析

采用全波分析法对球面共形微带天线阵列进行了分析.相比体-面积分方程,采用球并矢格林函数的面积分方程法可以大幅减少未知量的数目,进而缓解计算机内存压力.微带天线阵列表面采用曲面三角形剖分,可较精确地模拟球面特性.首先,引入边界电荷以及半Rao-Wilton-Glisson基函数,成功实现了探针馈电,并采用镜像法解决了馈电边处线积分奇异问题.然后,采用特征基函数法降低了阻抗矩阵的阶数,并采取有效措施进一步节省内存和计算时间.最后,分析计算了不同尺寸的球面共形微带天线阵列的输入阻抗及远区场特性.与文献和仿真软件结果进行比较,证明了所提出的处理方法的正确性和有效性.     

Efficient and accurate rotation of finite spherical harmonics expansions

Spherical harmonics are employed in a wide range of applications in computational science and physics, and many of them require the rotation of functions. We present an efficient and accurate algorithm for the rotation of finite spherical harmonics expansions. Exploiting the pointwise action of the rotation group on functions on the sphere, we obtain the spherical harmonics expansion of a rotated signal from function values at rotated sampling points. The number of sampling points and their location permits one to balance performance and accuracy, making our technique well-suited for a wide range of applications. Numerical experiments comparing different sampling schemes and various techniques from the literature are presented, making this the first thorough evaluation of spherical harmonics rotation algorithms.     

采用振速测量的改进统计最优近场声全息方法

针对常规统计最优近场声全息在空间多源声场重建过程中所需波函数项数多、重建精度不理想的问题,本文提出了一种基于振速测量的改进统计最优近场声全息算法。与常规算法不同,改进算法主要根据声源特点选取合适的波函数组合来计算声场传递矩阵。通过数值仿真初步验证了该方法的准确性和有效性,并与常规算法进行了详细的对比分析。仿真结果表明,改进算法重建精度高,随频率的变化相对误差波动较小,且随着频率的增大相对误差有逐渐减小的趋势;此外,不同的波函数组合,重建效果差异很大,当选取的波函数与声源共形且数量一致时重建效果最好。     

A hybrid approach to reconstruct transient sound field based on the free-field time reversal method and interpolated time-domain equivalent source method

A hybrid approach is presented in the current work, which reconstructs the transient sound field radiated from the two-dimensional sources with unknown locations and sizes, by combining the free-field time reversal method and the interpolated time-domain equivalent source method (TDESM). In the first step of the proposed method, the time reversal focusing algorithm is performed to estimate the source locations on the source plane. And then, the interpolated TDESM is applied to reconstruct the transient sound field on the reconstruction plane by assuming that the equivalent sources are located near the estimated source locations found in the previous step. The proposed technique, in principle, requires fewer microphones in the measurement since the equivalent sources are only placed in the vicinity of the ‘real’ sound sources. Reconstruction of the transient sound field radiated from the dual-planar-piston model is studied by numerical simulation for feasibility demonstration. A measurement of the sound fields radiated from two baffled loudspeakers is performed in the anechoic chamber, which shows that a better reconstruction result can be achieved by using the proposed hybrid scheme than the original interpolated TDESM with relatively the same number of sampling channels.     

采用分布式球形阵列的球谐波域声场分离方法

为从测得的混合声场信号中提取出需要的目标声场,提出一种基于分布式球形传声器阵列的声场分离方法。该方法依据声场的球谐波分解,利用阵列各传声器采集到的声场声压信号,获得目标声场与干扰声场的球谐波展开系数,进而估计目标声场。该方法利用声场以不同中心展开的球谐波系数之间的变换关系,直接建立传声器测量声压信号与整体坐标系下声场展开系数的方程,与传统的分布式球形阵列声场分离方法,即先求解局部坐标系下声场展开系数,再变换为整体展开系数的方法,进行比较。分别通过数值仿真和实验说明了提出方法的有效性。结果表明:该方法能够从混合声场中较准确地估计出目标声场,并且在干扰声场能量增大时,保持了较小的声场估计误差,相比于传统方法误差增加更少。     

球形阵列自适应网格分层定位算法

刚性球形传声器阵列可以在无空间模糊的条件下进行球谐域数据处理,基于球形阵列的可控波束形成器导向响应功率(SRP)算法定位精度高,但是计算量大,计算效率低。通过将球面致密的全局网格搜索替换为分层搜索策略可以有效减小SRP算法的计算量。提出MRE-SRP算法保持球形阵列SRP定位精度的同时降低计算量,首先通过球谐域MUSIC(SH-MUSIC)算法判断入射声源的数量减小搜索区域;其次将相对熵模型引入球谐域SRP(SH-SRP)定位算法中,提取网格分层前后的信息增益,设计自适应网格选择判据,实现分层多分辨率网格的精准再细分,从而降低计算量。实验验证了所提出算法的性能,结果显示在单双声源定位中,该算法可以实现较高的定位精度,精准选择分层网格,计算量减少75%以上。