一种消除角度响应影响的多波束声强数据自适应改正方法

针对多波束反向散射强度(Backscatter Strength,BS)数据在采集过程中受到声学散射机理而产生的角度响应(Angular Response,AR)影响,而目前声学硬件方面尚未完美解决且现有后处理改正方法在复杂海底底质环境下适应性较差,尤其在高入射角区域的改正效果甚为不理想的问题,为此,给出了一种基于散射强度的自适应角度响应改正模型。首先获取连续脉冲(Ping)平均散射强度数据的角度响应曲线;其次使用高斯拟合方法对角度响应曲线进行平滑拟合处理,进而对其解算二阶导数提取角度响应模型改正参数;最后给出顾及高入射角区域的单Ping反向散射强度数据的分段处理改正模型。实验结果表明,该方法与传统方法相比,整个发射扇区散射强度平均偏差精度约提高30V,尤其在影响较大的高入射角区域,平均偏差精度约提高40V,并且该区域的标准差精度也提高了近30%。该模型较好地解决了多波束在非正射情况下获取海底精准散射声强的问题,削弱了声波散射机理的影响;同时也解决了散射强度过渡不均衡、中央波束区域改正异常等问题。因此,提高了多波束反向散射强度的可靠性,可以真实地呈现出海底实际的地貌。      

联合特征选择与改进集成学习模型的海底底质分类

针对侧扫声呐获取类型复杂的海底底质数据分类问题,提出联合特征选择与改进Stacking模型的数据自驱动分类方法。该方法首先在海底散射数据多域态特征的基础上采用ReliefF算法提取有效的低维度特征,然后将人工鱼群算法与Stacking模型结合形成改进集成学习分类器,完成海底底质分类。海上数据处理结果表明该方法可对多种海底底质类型进行分类,分类准确率、Kappa系数和F1-score分别达到85.55%,0.857和0.887,证明了该方法的有效性。      

深海直达波区卷积神经网络测距方法

深海声场通常可以看作不同掠射角的多途声线在接收器处的叠加,其中经海底反射的声线携带与海底参数有关的声场特征。利用深度卷积神经网络分别学习垂直阵声压域(CNN-Field)和垂直阵波束域(CNN-CBF)特征的方法被用来估计直达波区声源距离。该方法首先对仿真直达波区声场数据做预处理,然后将声压域和波束域的声场数据分别作为训练集训练深度卷积神经网络模型,最后输入测试集数据到训练完成的模型中估计声源距离.实测环境参数的仿真实验表明CNN-Field方法在不同海底参数的测试集下测距结果差异较大,CNN-CBF方法差异较小,而且在16阵元10 m等间距垂直阵的阵元域信噪比大于0dB时估计准确率可以达到97%.海试数据处理结果表明CNN-CBF方法的直达波区内测距准确率高于CNN-Field,在距离10 km以内的平均准确率可以达到93.16%.      

相控阵测量雷达扫描特性及误差补偿方法研究

本文基于相控阵雷达波束扫描原理,分析了在扫描及跟踪状态下波束展宽对天线增益和测角精度的影响,提出了扫描跟踪角度误差补偿方法,提高相控阵雷达测量精度。     

多波束分集深海远程正交频分复用水声通信

针对深海远程信道传播衰减大、多途扩展严重的问题,提出一种单输入多输出（SIMO）模型下的水声正交频分复用（OFDM）多波束空间分集均衡方法。建立了深海远程信道下SIMO-OFDM接收信号模型,对宽带波束形成处理后的多个到达角度的波束输出进行独立的多普勒补偿和稀疏信道估计,最后基于最大比合并实现多波束均衡。相对于远程通信中常用的单波束处理方法,所提方法可获得额外的不同到达角度的多径分集增益;且基于阵列波束形成处理可明显提升各个波束输出信噪比,避免了单阵元信噪比过低导致的信道估计误差增大的问题。所提方法的计算复杂度大于单波束均衡,但低于多阵元最大比合并均衡。基于BELLHOP的数值仿真和中国南海实验结果表明,所提方法的误码率性能明显优于单波束均衡和最大比合并均衡,且在100 km的距离上实现了通信速率199 bps的无误码通信。      

基于多传感器数据融合的人体运动模式识别研究

针对单一传感器在人体运动姿态监测中误差较大的问题,提出了一种基于加速度传感器和陀螺仪数据融合的人体运动模式识别方法。该方法使用陀螺仪输出的人体运动信息对加速度传感器采集到的姿态角信息进行修正,采用卡尔曼滤波算法实现多传感器信息的融合,有效提高了姿态角度测量的准确度。根据人体日常的活动状态构建了基于人体姿态角度特征的隐马尔可夫模型实现人体运动模式的识别。实验表明,该方法比采用单一传感器方法识别的准确率高,可以有效区分不同的日常活动行为。     

载体姿态对海底混响时空相关特性的影响

讨论了载体姿态对海底混响时空相关特性的影响.考虑载体姿态对相关声呐信号发射的影响,推导理论时空相关函数,得到了时空相关特性与载体姿态之间的关系:载体在某一方向上的摇动越大,在该方向上的相关系数下降越快.将理论推导与仿真结果进行比较,发现在海底不存在大尺度起伏、表面粗糙度各向同性的情况下,二者的时空相关函数吻合得较好。实际海底通常具有大尺度起伏和各向异性的粗糙度,时空相关函数的形状不能由载体姿态和海底大尺度起伏完全确定,但海试数据证明了二者的联合影响。此外,讨论了载体姿态对载体垂向速度测量的影响。      

有限波束作用下掩埋球体的散射声场计算

计算并分析了海底掩埋物体的三维散射声场。采用“等效垂直线列阵”方法来进行有限波束的建模,并将浅海波导中点声源散射声场的波数积分计算方法,推广到有限波束作用下海底掩埋物体的散射场计算,本文导出了物体位于沉积层中的散射声场计算公式。计算结果表明,在波导中垂直面内的散射声场,与沉积层中点源形成的声场非常相似;当距离较远时,散射声波呈柱面波衰减。文章还分析利用海面反射以提高散射能量的可能性,表明波束指向性及波束宽度对散射声场有较大影响。     

基于分组时延预处理的时域波束形成方法*

对于不等强度多目标情况下的弱目标检测问题,依据波束形成归一化指向性函数在目标方向上输出值为1、在非目标方向上输出值为小于1的特性,提出一种基于分组时延预处理的时域波束形成方法。该方法首先对线列阵接收数据进行分组处理;然后,按搜索角度对各组数据进行时延预处理,并对各组预处理结果进行相加,得到一组新数据;最后,对该组新数据按时域波束形成进行处理,得到该搜索角度对应波束值。理论推导、数值仿真和试验数据处理结果均表明：相比常规时域波束形成,该方法所得波束形成指向性函数发生了变化,旁瓣级得到了13dB以上的改善,降低了强目标旁瓣级对弱目标检测的影响。     

波束形成与独立分量分析融合的宽带高分辨方位估计方法

针对波束域高分辨方位估计存在方位估计偏差大等缺点,提出了将波束形成与独立分量分析融合的宽带高分辨方位估计方法:(1)阵元域数据转换到波束域后,对多波束数据利用基于二阶统计量的独立分量分析算法处理,(2)将波束域独立分量分析融合方法输出结果重构回阵元域信号,(3)对重构后的阵元域数据,使用约束最优化方法改进的MUSIC算法做高分辨方位估计。最后利用ICS (Interactre Circuts&System)声呐模拟器数据和海试数据对算法进行了验证。结果表明:本文方法在弱目标检测、观测区域外强干扰抑制、方位分辨率方面都优先于波束域MUSIC和波束MVDR方法。      

Developments in the application of multibeam sonar backscatter for seafloor habitat mapping

Human impacts on the seafloor environment have reached unprecedented levels. To facilitate ocean management and mitigate these impacts, there is a need to improve our understanding of seabed habitats. Recent developments in acoustic survey techniques, in particular multibeam echosounders (MBES), have revolutionised the way we are able to image, map and understand benthic ecosystems. Using MBES, it is now cost-effective to image large areas of the seafloor, and such surveys provide baseline data from which thematic maps of the seabed environment, including maps of benthic habitat, can be derived and interpreted in conjunction with in situ ground-truthing data. This paper provides an overview of recent developments in the application of MBES for seafloor habitat studies, with a focus on the use of backscatter data for surficial geology and habitat mapping. In March 2006, a MBES backscatter workshop brought together a number of international research teams/groups working on novel methods for interpretive/classification routines for segmentation of the backscatter into acoustic classes with the potential to facilitate the delineation of seabed geological and habitat characteristics. This paper introduces the common data set used as part of the workshop, sets out the research context in which the different studies were conducted, and outlines the main themes of the papers presented in Section 6.     

High resolution 3-D shapes of fish schools: A new method to use the water column backscatter from hydrographic MultiBeam Echo Sounders

The Multi-Beam Echo Sounder (MBES) is a tool that allows getting information about bathymetric, morphological and compositional characteristics of the seabed surface. Although this is still one of the most important features in hydrography, MBES can now also discriminate the acoustic imaging of the water mass by recording sampled reflectivity measurements along each beam. In this paper, two MBES, namely the Kongsberg Simrad EM3002D (300 kHz) and the Reson Seabed8125-H (455 kHz), which are generally employed to study seafloor characteristics, have been used for the identification of fish schools in the water column at very high resolution. In particular, a methodology to identify and analyse fish schools through the Water Column Backscatter (WCB) is presented. This methodology made it possible to obtain a wide variety of fish schools shape in 3-D (in our case, anchovies and sardines), which allowed a first study on the ecological behaviour of the schools according to their shape. All data were collected along with Kongsberg Simrad EK60 scientific echo sounder, allowing also a comparison of different approaches to fish schools identification. The data presented in this paper were collected during two oceanographic surveys within the project MEDIAS (MEDiteranean International Acoustic Survey), Ancheva 2010 and Ancheva 2011. Beyond the mere visualization of school shapes, we also attempted to gain numerical values of the school volumes and to realize a more detailed study of anchovies and sardines school shapes. In line with the current literature, this study showed that there are three main factors influencing the shape of a school, namely the depth of the bottom, the time of the day when data are acquired and the density of individuals in the investigated area.     

A Bayesian approach to seafloor classification using multi-beam echo-sounder backscatter data

Seafloor classification using acoustic remote sensing techniques is an attractive approach due to its high-coverage capabilities and limited costs. The multi-beam echo-sounder (MBES) system provides high-resolution bathymetry and backscatter information with 100% coverage. In this paper, we present a seafloor classification method that employs the MBES backscatter data. The method uses the averaged backscatter data per beam. It, therefore, is independent on the quality of the MBES calibration. Also, its performance is insensitive to seafloor type variation along the MBES swathe and corrections for the angular dependence of the backscatter are not needed. The method accounts for the ping-to-ping variability of the backscatter intensity. It estimates both the number of seafloor types present in the survey area and the probability density function for the backscatter strength at a certain angle for each of the seafloor types. Application of the method to MBES backscatter data acquired in a well-known test area in the North Sea shows very good agreement with available ground truth. The method’s discriminatory performance for this area is demonstrated to be comparable to that of taking samples of the sediment. All seafloor types known to be present in the area are resolved for. Application of the method to the Stanton bank data set shows clearly separable areas that differ in seafloor composition.     

利用传播损失反演海底单参数

根据地声反演复杂性随着待反演参数的个数减少不断降低的原理,提出一种利用传播损失反演海底单个参数的方法。通过对海底声阻抗的推导,利用声速、密度和衰减系数拟合出海底反射损失对掠射角的斜率F。基于简正波理论推导了用F描述声场的公式,并据此设计出对传播损失数据进行最小二乘法处理的反演方法。得益于将待反演参数减少至一个,该方法只需单个水听器,避免了复杂测量及多维寻优。对东海实验数据进行了实际反演,并介绍了利用反演结果F进行传播损失预报和海底性质估计的步骤。所获结果与多参数混合反演方法及实测真值进行比较,其一致性验证了方法的有效性。      

基于连续光谱光源的单色仪标定方法

单色仪在加工和安装过程中不可避免的存在误差,必须对其进行标定后才能使用。传统上采用汞灯的标定方法,波长数量有限,限制了单色仪的标定精度。在研究光栅单色仪原理的基础上,提出了一种基于连续光谱光源的单色仪标定方法,设计并搭建了标定实验系统,系统由宽波段光源、光源电源、滤光片、单色仪、光谱仪及计算机构成。采用卤钨灯作为光源,用光谱仪分别测量卤钨灯经单色仪后的辐射、直接测量卤钨灯的辐射,二者相比得到单色仪透过率函数,消除了卤钨灯辐射以及光谱仪响应函数的影响。在刻度盘的某一读数位置,获得单色仪透过率函数并进行归一化,并计算峰值波长,得到一组峰值波长和刻度盘读数的数据。该方法共采集了22组波长数据,用于单色仪的标定。分别采用8点、14点、18点、22点,采用线性拟合和二次拟合,得到了单色仪的波长与刻度盘读数的关系式。标定点数从8个(8点标定类似于汞灯特征谱标定)增加到22个,误差减小明显,将22点二次拟合的结果作为单色仪最终的标定结果。实验结果表明,采用连续光谱光源的单色仪标定方法获得的标定点数更多,标定结果优于传统的采用汞灯的标定方法。     

低轨空间目标地基偏振成像系统偏振定标方法

针对地基大口径望远镜的机上自适应光学系统构建的低轨空间目标偏振成像系统,提出一种基于非偏振标准星和机上起偏装置的宽带偏振定标方法。该方法以非偏振标准星作为光源,并在望远镜系统的一次像面处加入起偏装置对入射光的偏振态进行调制,再结合基于非线性最小二乘拟合的偏振定标方法分两步对整个偏振成像系统进行宽带偏振定标。为验证该偏振定标方法的效果,利用Matlab软件基于相干矩阵和偏振追迹构建了相应的模型进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明该偏振定标方法可以有效减小望远镜系统偏振效应对偏振探测准确性的影响,并且偏振定标元件的初始角度误差在±5°范围内时对偏振定标准确性的影响极小。     

A self-adaptive correction method with eliminating the influence of angular response for multi-beam acoustic intensity data

The multibeam backscatter strength(BS) is greatly affected by acoustic scattering mechanism among the process of multibeam acoustic data acquisition, which is the so-called angular response(AR). While, the AR effect has not been weakened by the acoustic hardware perfectly. There isn't a post-processing method to correct the BS on the complex seabed sediment correctly, especially in the high-incident-angle domain. An improved self-adaptive angular response correction model for the multibeam backscatter strength data was proposed.Firstly, the mean of the BS for continuous pings data at each resample angle was calculated to obtain the AR curve. Secondly, the AR model correction parameters were extracted by means of the second derivative approach on the fitting AR curve generated from the mean BS data curve using gauss fitting method. Finally, the BS segment processing correction model for a single Ping was present, which takes the high-incidence-angle domain into account. The experimental results indicated that the mean deviation among entire transmitting section was decreased by about 30% compared with the traditional model. Especially, in the high-incidencedomain, the mean deviation reduced by nearly 40% compared with traditional model, the standard deviation reduced by approximately 30% as well. The proposed method not only can weaken the influence of scattering mechanism, but also it can avoid these troubles such as BS inhomogeneity, abnormal correction in the central domain which suffered from the AR effect.Therefore, the reliability of multibeam backscatter strength is improved, and what is more, it can present the actual geomorphology of the seabed as much as possible.     

短波红外平场光谱仪的波长定标

针对自行研制的短波红外平场光谱仪,讨论了波长定标的原理和方法.短波红外平场光谱仪由两个分光探测单元组成,探测单元以平场凹面光栅分光,处于焦平面上的线阵列探测器探测,波长定标分为两个波段进行.为了实现准确的波长定标,针对短波红外平场光谱仪的特点设计了波长定标步骤.双单色仪可以输出光谱仪波长范围内任意波长单色光,选用双单色仪作为光谱定标光源,双单色仪的输出单色光光潜分辨力为1.5 nm,经过光谱仪的分光会聚后成像在线阵列探测器像元上,采用重心法计算出给定波长对应的像元精确位置,通过多项式拟合得出两个探测单元的波长定标系数.定标结果表明,在900～2400 nm波长范围内,定标曲线拟合误差小于0.5 nm,波长定标不确定度优丁0.6 nm.