K(5P)与H_2的反应碰撞和电子-振动能量转移

K(5P)与H2反应生成KH(v″=0-3)振动态,测量了各振动态的转动分布,转动玻尔兹曼温度为455K,而振动温度为1604K,这个接近池温的转动温度和很高的振动温度是共线碰撞机制的有力证据.利用高分辨率瞬时吸收技术得到各振动能级上转动态的布居分布,从而得到反应碰撞转移速率系数,对于v″=0、1、2、3,分别为(3.45±0.86)×10-13、(1.35±0.34)×10-13、(6.28±1.57)×10-14和(2.35±0.59)×10-14cm3s-1.同时研究了K(5P)-H2的电子-振动能量转移,利用相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(CARS)探测H2的振动态分布.扫描CARS谱发现v=1、2、3上有布居.由CARS峰值得到H2(0,1)、(1,1)、(2,1)、(3,1)和(3,3)布居之比.H2(0,1)布居由450K的转动分布得到,因而得到(1,1)、(2,1)、(3,1)和(3,3)态的布居,从而获得K(5P)-H2(1,1)、(2,1)、(3,1)和(3,3)的电子-振转速率系数分别是(1.1±0.3)×10-13、(9.3±2.5)×10-14、(4.2±1.1)×10-14和(3.8±1.0)×10-14cm3s-1.     

H2(v=3)+H2(He)碰撞中的转动能量转移

激发态Na2与H2碰撞,使H2(v=3,J=3)得到布居,在H2和He总气压为800Pa及温度为700K的条件下,利用相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射（CARS）光谱技术研究了H2(3,3)与H2(He)间转动能量转移过程。改变CARS激光束与激发Na2的激光之间的延迟时间,测量He不同摩尔配比时H2(3,J)态CARS谱强度的时间演化,得到H2(3,3)的总弛豫速率系数分别为=(21±5)×10-13cm3s-1和=(5.6±1.6)×10-13cm3s-1。测量H2(3,J)各转动态的相对CARS谱强度,由速率方程分析,得到H2(3,3)+H2→H2(3,J)+H2中,对于J=2,4,转移速率系数分别为11±4和8.2±3.1cm3s-1。在H2(3,3)+He→H2(3,J)+He中,对于J=2,4,转移速率系数分别为3.1±1.2和2.1±0.7cm3s-1。对于H2(3,3),单量子弛豫׀∆J׀=1约占该态总弛豫率的90%。     

NaK(61∑+)与H2碰撞传能中的H2的振转态分布

光学-光学双共振激发NaK至61Σ+高位电子态,研究了NaK(61Σ+)与H2的电子-振转能量转移.利用相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(CARS)光谱技术检测H2的振转态分布.扫描CARS谱表明H2在(1,1),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)和(3,5)振转能级上有布居.对于(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)和(3,5)能级,扫描CARS谱峰值直接给出布居数之比.对于(1,1),(2,1),(2,2)和(2,3)能级,扫描CARS谱峰值给出二个可能的布居数之比,利用一个速率方程组,由时间分辨CARS轮廓可以得到真实的比值.用n1～n8分别表示H2的(3,1),(2,1),(1,1),(3,3),(2,3),(2,2),(3,2)和(3,5)能级上布居密度,得到n2/n1～n8/n1分别为0.51,0.97,0.45,0.18,0.10,0.26和0.31.利用Stern-Volmer公式,得到61Σ+态的总退布速率系数为(2.1±0.4)×10-10 cm3 s-1,由H2各振转能级布居数之比,得到61Σ+-(1,1),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)和(3,5)转移速率系数(10-11 cm3·S-1单位)分别为5.4±1.6,2.8±0.8,0.6±0.2,1.0±0.3,5.6±1.7,1.4±0.4,2.5±0.8和1.7±0.5.     

K分子高激发振动能级 （V=46-61）与H分子间的碰撞能量转移

利用相干反斯托克斯拉曼光谱（CARS）探测技术,研究了K2的 （V=46-61）与H2间的电子-振转动能级的碰撞转移,扫描CARS谱确认了仅在H2的V=2,J=0,1,2及V=1,J=2能级上有布居,用n1,n2,n3,n4,分别表示(2,0) ,(2,1) ,(2,2) ,(1,2）上的粒子数密度,从CARS谱峰值得到n1／n4,n2／n4,n3／n4 分别为3.3±0.5,2.2±0.3,2.0±0.3,有88%粒子处在V=2能级上,而在V=1能级上有12%。转移能配置到振动,转动,平动的比例分别为0.53,0.01,0.46,能量主要分配在振动和平动上,在573K和5×103 Pa条件下,通过求解速率方程组和对时间分辨CARS线强度分析得到碰撞转移速率系数k12=(3.3±0.7) ×10-14 cm3s-1和k2=（1.4±0.3）×10-14cm3s-1。     

K分子高激发振动能级 （V=46-61）与H分子间的碰撞能量转移

利用相干反斯托克斯拉曼光谱（CARS）探测技术,研究了K2的 （V=46-61）与H2间的电子-振转动能级的碰撞转移,扫描CARS谱确认了仅在H2的V=2,J=0,1,2及V=1,J=2能级上有布居,用n1,n2,n3,n4,分别表示(2,0) ,(2,1) ,(2,2) ,(1,2）上的粒子数密度,从CARS谱峰值得到n1／n4,n2／n4,n3／n4 分别为3.3±0.5,2.2±0.3,2.0±0.3,有88%粒子处在V=2能级上,而在V=1能级上有12%。转移能配置到振动,转动,平动的比例分别为0.53,0.01,0.46,能量主要分配在振动和平动上,在573K和5×103 Pa条件下,通过求解速率方程组和对时间分辨CARS线强度分析得到碰撞转移速率系数k12=(3.3±0.7) ×10-14 cm3s-1和k2=（1.4±0.3）×10-14cm3s-1。     

NaK(61Σ+)与H2碰撞传能中的H2的振转态分布

光学-光学双共振激发NaK至61Σ+高位电子态,研究了NaK(61Σ+)与H₂的电子-振转能量转移。利用相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(CARS)光谱技术检测H₂的振转态分布。扫描CARS谱表明H₂在(1,1),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)和(3,5)振转能级上有布居。对于(3,1), (3,2), (3,3)和(3,5)能级,扫描CARS谱峰值直接给出布居数之比。对于(1,1), (2,1), (2,2)和(2,3)能级,扫描CARS谱峰值给出二个可能的布居数之比,利用一个速率方程组,由时间分辨CARS轮廓可以得到真实的比值。用n₁～n₈分别表示H₂的(3,1), (2,1), (1,1), (3,3), (2,3), (2,2), (3,2)和(3,5)能级上布居密度,得到n₂/n₁～n₈/n₁分别为0.51,0.97,0.45,0.18,0.10,0.26和0.31。利用Stern-Volmer公式,得到61Σ+态的总退布速率系数为(2.1±0.4)×10-10 cm3s-1, 由H₂各振转能级布居数之比,得到61Σ+-(1,1), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3)和(3,5)转移速率系数(10-11 cm3·s-1单位)分别为5.4±1.6,2.8±0.8,0.6±0.2,1.0±0.3,5.6±1.7,1.4±0.4,2.5±0.8和1.7±0.5。     

K_2(9~1∑~+_g)高位电子态与H_2碰撞中H_2的能量分布

光学-光学双共振激发K2到91∑+g高位态,研究了K2(91∑+g)与H2的电子-振转碰撞能量转移。利用相干反斯托克斯(CARS)光谱技术探测H2的振转态分布,扫描CARS谱表明H2在(1,1)、(2,1)、(2,2)、(3,1)、(3,2)、(3,3)和(3,5)能级上有布居。由时间分辨CARS轮廓得到H2各振转能级上粒子数之比,得到H2的平均振动能和平均转动能分别为9063cm-1和388cm-1。从91∑+g→11∑+u、11∑+u→11∑+g、33∏g→13∑+u跃迁的时间分辨激光感应荧光(LIF)强度得到它们的自发辐射率和碰撞转移率。在H2压强为3×103Pa时,K2(91∑+g)与H2的碰撞转移能为16930cm-1。H2的平均振转能占平均转移能的56%。     

Raman紫外双共振研究C_2H_2分子的碰撞转动弛豫

本文利用受激Raman抽运,选择性地制备了C_2H_2分子电子基态的红外非激活振动能级的单一转动态(X~1∑~+,v″=1,J″=9,11,13),并从紫外激光诱导的A~1Au(v′=1)←X~1∑~+(v″=1)荧光谱,直接测定上述三个转动态的C_2H_2—C_2H_2碰撞的消激活速率常数,它们分别为(7.96±1.04)×10~(-10),(8.79±0.97)×10~(-10),(8.76±0.88)×10~(-10)cm~3~(-1),以及由这些初始转动态向其它不同转动态(v′=1,J′=1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15)多量子跃迁转移的激活速率常数。     

与HBr(Χ1Σ+ 1,12)碰撞的CO2(0000)转动态分布

摘要：利用受激拉曼泵浦激发HBr分子至Χ1Σ+（1,12）激发态,由相干反斯托克斯-拉曼散射(CARS)光谱确定分子的激发。通过测量CARS谱相对强度,得到了HBr分子Χ1Σ+态（1,12）能级的布居数密度为n1=0.54×1013cm-3。在一次碰撞条件下,测量碰撞前后CO2（0000,J）态的激光感应荧光强度比,得到CO2转动态的双指数分布。由二分量指数拟合得到Ta=261K的低能分布和Tb=978K的高能分布。结果表明,碰撞后约有65%的分子处于低J态,属于弹性或近弹性的弱碰撞;约有35%的分子处于高J态,属于非弹性的强碰撞。在振动-转动平动（V-RT）能量转移过程中,CO2（0000,J）态的总出现速率系数为(1.3±0.3)× 10-10 cm3 molecule-1s-1;低转动态的平均倒空速率系数为(2.9±0.8)×10-10cm3molecule-1s-1。总的出现速率系数比平均倒空速率系数小,但在量级上保持一致。对CO2 J =60-74高转动态,随着J值的增加,质心平移温度和质心平移能的平均改变增加。对低转动态,在碰撞过程中,J态既可能出现也可能被倒空,平移能的改变不易确定。     

H_2(v=1)与CO_2碰撞中CO_2的振动和转动激发

利用高分辨率瞬时激光光谱技术,研究了H2(1,1)与CO2碰撞中的能量转移。受激拉曼泵浦把H2(0,1)激发到H2(1,1)能级,H2(1,1)与CO2碰撞,使CO2的振转态得到布居,通过泛频吸收得到CO2(0000)和(0001)的转动态分布,测量H2(0,1)和H2(1,1)的CARS(相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射)谱,得到这二个能级布居数密度之比,而H2(0,1)密度通过在池温300K下H2(v=0)的转动Boltzmann分布得到。碰撞转移速率系数由一个速率方程得到,对于CO2(0000)J=48~76,速率系数ktr从(3.9±0.8)×10-11单调递增到(1.4±0.3)×10-10 cm3·molecule-1·s-1,而对于(0001)J=5~33,速率系数均在(4.3±0.9)×10-12cm3·molecule-1·s-1附近。随H2(1,1)的激发,在0.5μs内测量CO2(0000)和(0001)原生态的转动布居,得到玻尔兹曼转动温度Trot,对于(0000)态,有Trot=1 100K,对于(0001)态有Trot=310K,与池温接近。利用泛频吸收线的多普勒增宽测量,得到CO2各转动态的实验室平移温度Ttran和质心平移温度Trel,对于(0000)J=48和76,Trel分别为454和1 532K,平动能平均变化在231~1 848cm-1之间,而对于(0001)J=5~33,平均平动能基本无变化。     

白光和红绿蓝光LED可调光源研制

为了提高LED光源色温和亮度的调节精度和准确度,结合色温由低向高变化时光色所呈现的渐变特点,提出了一种低色温白光LED灯珠、高色温白光LED灯珠加红绿蓝光LED灯珠补偿式调光的方法.将色温分成三个部分进行调节,每个部分选用不同的LED灯珠组合来进行调光.实验结果表明:不同组合情况下的LED光源的初始输出色温相对于目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;亮度可以在保证色温不变的情况下独立进行调节,初始输出值与目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;经过微调之后可以达到目标值;达到了色温和亮度独立调节的要求;光源发光稳定,不会因为长时间工作而影响调节精度.     

Visualization and interferometry for cylindrical and spherical sample tomography and profilometry

A technique combining image processing and laser interferometry for visualizing and detecting the deformation of transparent cylindrical and spherical sample is proposed. This deformation includes geometric deformation such as volume transition in profilometry and physical deformation such as refractive index change in tomography. Phase contour lines are used for quantitative analysis and graphical representation of the deformation. This method allows us to visually detect the spatial variation of the deformation field and to evaluate the test quality such as misalignment of optical system. A theoretical analysis using phase contour map to characterize the deformation field is described in detail. A method using phase contour map to qualify the interferometric test is proposed. Analysis of test examples is carried out. Suggestions on using phase contour line method to ameliorate test system design are finally discussed.     

Quantum and Classical Disparity and Accord

Discrepancies and accords between quantum (QM) and classical mechanics (CM) related to expectation values and periods are generally found for both the harmonic oscillator (SHO) and a free particle in a box (FPB), which may apply generally. These indicate non-locality is expected throughout QM. The FPB energy states violate the Correspondence Principle. Previously unexpected accords are found and proven that 〈x ²〉 _CM =〈x ²〉 _QM and τ _CM =τ _QMb (beat period i.e. beats between the phases for adjoining energy states) for the SHO for all quantum numbers, n. However, for the FPB the beat periods differ at small n. It is shown that a particle’s velocity in an infinite square well varies, no matter how wide the box, nor how far the particle is from the walls. The quantum free particle variances share an indirect commonality with the Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects in that there is a quantum action in the absence of a force. The concept of an “Expectation Value over a Partial Well Width” is introduced. This paper raises the question as to whether these inconsistencies are undetectable, or can be empirically ascertained. These inherent variances may need to be fixed, or nature is manifestly more non-classical than expected.     

黑克、布劳、及伯曼-温采尔代数的诱导及分导系数和量子经典李代数的耦合与重新耦合系数

本文总结了计算黑克、布劳、及伯曼 温采尔代数在各种工数链下诱导及分导系数的线性方程方法(LEM)。特别强调了关于A,B,C,D型李代数及其量子情形与其中心代数之间的舒尔 魏尔 布劳双关性关系。这一关系使我们能够利用相应中心代数的诱导及分导系数计算出经典李代数及其量子情形的耦合与重新耦合系数。讨论了从该方法得到B,C,D型李代数不可约表示克罗内克积分解的应用。基于LEM还得到了处理对应于置换群CG系列问题的黑克代数张量积的方法。     

Rapid and flexible laser marking and engraving of tilted and curved surfaces

We present a novel method for rapid and flexible laser marking and engraving of tilted, curved and freeform work-piece surfaces. The method is based on integrating a three-dimensional (3D) laser measurement system into a 3D laser marking system. We use the same laser source and optics for measurement and processing with a minimum of additional hardware components. A low power CW laser regime is used to measure the 3D shape of a work-piece surface while a high-peak power-pulsed laser regime is used for processing. The acquired 3D surface data are used to determine the 3D trajectory of the processing beam focus. Neither the 3D shape of the work-piece nor its orientation needs to be known in advance as long as the processed surface lies within the working range of the 3D laser processing system. This eliminates the need for exact work-piece positioning before processing and substantially improves processing flexibility (allowing, e.g. variations in work-piece shape or/and orientation from mark to mark). This paper discusses key issues concerning an implementation of the method and presents typical examples of markings and engravings, which demonstrate the advantages of the method with respect to the existing industrial 2D and 3D laser marking and engraving methods. The method can also be applied to flexible laser structuring and microprocessing of curved surfaces.     

国外超导材料技术研究政策和方向

超导材料技术是21世纪具有战略意义的高新技术,极具发展潜力和市场前景。世界各发达国家纷纷制定研发计划,给予高度重视和大力支持,加快超导材料技术的基础研究和产业化发展。主要从美国、日本、欧洲国家、韩国等国家的相关研发计划、政策以及主要科研机构的研发概况出发,阐明目前国外超导材料技术的研究政策和方向。     

Spectroscopy and Photophysics of Iso- and Alloxazines: Experimental and Theoretical Study

We present a systematic study of the effect of methyl substitution on iso- and alloxazines in acetonitrile solutions. Substitution patterns have profound effects on both spectral and photophysical properties, with fluorescence quantum yields varying by more than an order of magnitude. TD-DFT calculation were used for the first time to correlate electronic structure changes with the substitution patterns, with good agreement between calculated and theoretical band positions and oscillator strengths. Both n-pi* and pi-pi* states in these compounds are predicted, with the oscillator strengths indicating that only the pi-pi* states should be observable in the absorption spectra. Substitution patterns are shown to be responsible for energy order inversion between these states.     

Nano and micro-scale fluid and plasma dynamics: present and future applications

In this letter, we illustrate the importance of fluid dynamics research by considering two particular areas of study: nano- and micro-scale fluid and plasma dynamics. We show how improved scientific knowledge of nano- and micro-fluid dynamics can significantly enhance our future. Application is also discussed regarding environmental aspects.     

Divergence- and Curl-Preserving Prolongation and Restriction Formulas

We present new second-order prolongation and restriction formulas which preserve the divergence and, in some cases, the curl of a discretized vector field. The formulas are suitable for adaptive and hierarchical mesh algorithms with a factor-of-2 linear resolution change. We examine both staggered and collocated discretizations for the vector field on two- and three-dimensional Cartesian grids. The new formulas can be used in combination with numerical schemes that require a divergence-free solution in some discrete sense, such as the constrained transport schemes of computational magnetohydrodynamics. We also obtain divergence-preserving interpolation functions which may be used for streamline or field line tracing.