考虑界面状况时柱状弹性固体的声波散射

导出了求解母材料固体中镶嵌的柱状弹性固体(两固体间存在界面薄层)声波散射系数的一般表达式.根据Flax的共振散射理论,对背向散射谱中的共振模式进行了识别.利用模拟界面薄层的弹簧模型,考察了界面层切向劲度常数K_T对共振模式形态的影响 关键词： 声波散射 共振模式 界面     

流体饱和多孔圆柱体的声波散射

依据BiotStoll的流体饱和多孔媒质声传播理论,考虑了流体粘滞和骨架非弹性损耗引起的衰减因素,研究了多孔圆柱体对平面声波的散射特性.计算了在开孔和闭孔状态下多孔圆柱的背向散射形式函数和散射声强的方向分布,以及边界处的力学状况和声传播中的损耗因素对散射特性的影响.利用宽带超声实验系统测量了多孔圆柱的背向散射谱.实验测量结果与理论预计值符合得较好 关键词：     

固体中多孔媒质球的声共振散射特性

利用Flax等提出的声共振散射模型,以铁中多孔石墨为例数值上研究了平面声纵波入射时固体中多孔媒质球体背向散射纵波和散射横波的频谱以及不同阶分波的共振散射谱,并由此研究了铁中多孔球形石墨不同模式的共振频率随石墨孔隙率的变化。结果表明,球形石墨的背向散射谱及各阶分波中的共振频率均随孔隙率的增加向低频移动,其形态也发生变化。因此,如果用实验测定球墨铸铁样品的超声背向散射谱或各阶分波中共振频率,有可能确定多孔石墨的孔隙率。     

哺乳动物软组织超声背向散射谱研究

本文使用宽带计算机辅助自动测试系统对一系列哺乳动物软组织的超声背向散射谱进行了测试分析。测试结果表明,猪的不同软组织其背向散射大小次序为:肝>心>肾>脾;牛肝的背向散射大于猪肝的背向散射;猪心肌与牛心肌均表现出各向异性的背向散射特性。根据非均匀连续媒质散射理论及有关组织学知识,作者着重讨论分析了各种组织的散射机制,从而对它们各自表现出的散射特性进行了较好的解释。     

超声脉冲法测量固体材料声速实验的扩展与升级

根据声速与材料弹性常量之间满足的克里斯托菲尔方程,利用超声脉冲法测量了超磁致伸缩材料中超声波沿不同方向传播的声速,计算出超磁致伸缩材料的弹性常量.利用电磁铁激发均匀的外磁场,测量了超磁致伸缩材料中超声波沿不同方向传播的声速与外磁场的关系,研究了超磁致伸缩材料的弹性常量随外磁场的变化规律.通过对传统固体介质声速测量实验内容的扩展与升级,不仅加深了学生对超声脉冲法测量声速原理的理解,还使传统的实验项目焕发了新的生命力.     

用布里渊散射研究晶体相变

在研究相变和临界现象中,光散射实验起着十分重要的作用.在晶体的结构相变研究中,高分辨的喇曼和布里渊散射谱能够提供有关“软模”的许多知识.软模是一种对温度有着很强依赖性的晶格振动,其振动频率在相变点变为零.软模的凝聚导致自发对称破缺. 当晶体发生相变时,弹性性质通常表现出反常.由于布里渊散射实验能够探测长波声学模行为,因此在过去的十六年中,布里渊散射光谱学被广泛地应用来研究固体相变.它有力地补充了与此紧密相近的声共振和超声传播测量手段所获得资料.这些实验结果,与喇曼散射、非弹性中子散射和X射线测量结果综合起来,使…     

非弹性中子散射谱仪

非弹性中子散射是利用中子与材料晶格或自旋散射发生能量和动量交换来测量材料动力学性质的实验技术.非弹性中子散射谱仪可以直接测量声子谱、自旋波、晶体场等性质,且能量和动量分辨率高,在物理、材料、化学、生物等领域有广泛应用,是前沿科学研究中重要的实验仪器.本文概述了非弹性中子散射的发展过程、基本理论、散射谱仪及应用范例.     

相方相BaTiO3及BaTiO3：Ge的拉曼散射特性研究

本文报道了在室温下ＢａＴｉＯｅ及ＴｉＯ３：Ｃｅ的拉曼谱的特点，着重讨论了前向散射配置下两个Ａ１（ＴＯ）模（位于２７５ｃｍ＾－１和５１６ｃｍ＾－１左右）出现在Ａ１（ＴＯ）谱中的原因，通过设计特别的前向散射实验得到了此配置下由于晶体出射两对入射光的反射造成的背向散射的强度。在ＢａＴｉＯ３的前向散射谱中扣除了背向散射面对人入射光的反射造成的背向散射的强度。在ＢａＴｉＯ３的前向散射谱中扣除了背向散射信号后     

光纤分子背向散射的温度效应与分布光纤温度传感网络

本文讨论了光纤分子瑞利（Rayleigh）背向散射精细结构谱和光纤分子喇曼（Raman）背向散射光谱及其温度效应。作者从实验中发现1550nm光纤分子瑞利（Rayleigh）背向散射的温度效应强于905nm;光纤分子瑞利（Rayleigh）背向散射强度与温度近似成正比关系;作者讨论了光纤分子背向Raman散射温度效应在分布式光纤温度传感网络上的应用。     

离子交换法中熔盐成分与波导参数的关系

本文用AgNO_3+NaNO_3混合熔盐的离子交换法制作了多模掩埋玻璃波导,采用White法和扫描电镜的背向散射谱研究了AgNO_3浓度对波导参数的影响。提出了一种制作与多模光纤有较佳匹配的波导结构的方案。     

Effect of texture and grain shape on ultrasonic backscattering in polycrystals

An ultrasonic backscattering model is developed for textured polycrystalline materials with orthotropic or trigonal grains of ellipsoidal shape. The model allows us to simulate realistic microstructures and orthotropic macroscopic material textures resulting from thermomechanical processing for a broad variety of material symmetries. The 3-D texture is described by a modified Gaussian orientation distribution function (ODF) of the crystallographic orientation of the grains along the macroscopic texture direction. The preferred texture directions are arbitrary relative to the axes of the ellipsoidal grains. The averaged elastic covariance and the directional anisotropy of the backscattering coefficient are obtained for a wave propagation direction arbitrary relative to the texture and grain elongation directions. One particular application of this analysis is the backscattering solution for cubic crystallites with common textures such as Cube, Goss, Brass and Copper. In our analysis, in the texture-defined coordinates the matrix of elastic constants for cubic crystallites takes the form of orthotropic or trigonal symmetry. Numerical results are presented, discussed and compared to the experimental data available in the literature illustrating the dependence of the backscattering coefficient on texture and grain shape.     

空间频率域超声背散射参量用于骨质状况的评价*

在超声背散射骨质评价中,不同测量感兴趣区域(ROI)的超声背散射信号会有波动,致使诊断准确度降低。该文目的是研究超声背散射信号随测量区域的变化规律。采用空间扫描方法离体测量了35块骨样本,将超声背散射参数从空间域变换到空间频率域。结果表明,超声背散射参数的主要空间频率成分集中于低频部分;空间频率域超声背散射参量最大值(MASF)与骨矿密度等参数具有中高度显著相关性(R2=0.45~0.83,p0.001);空间频率域超声背散射参量衰减系数(AC)也与松质骨密度及结构特征有显著相关性(R2=0.41~0.72,p0.001)。研究表明空间频率域变换方法有助于明确超声背散射信号随测量ROI的变化规律,空间频率域的超声背散射相关新参量评价松质骨状况具有可行性。     

有监督学习的超声背散射方法在骨质评价中的应用

在超声背散射方法评价骨质的实际应用中,如何更为准确地判断测量对象是否为骨质疏松是一个重要问题。提出一种有监督学习的超声背散射评价方法,根据超声背散射离体实验的信号处理结果,对松质骨样本使用支撑向量机和自适应增强的有监督学习算法进行预测和分类。研究结果表明,有监督学习的超声背散射评价方法分类的准确率为80.00%~82.86%,并且对骨质疏松的样本具有较高的特异性(特异度>92.3%)。因此有监督学习的超声背散射评价方法具有有效性,评价效果优于现有的其它定量超声方法,对超声背散射方法的在体应用有一定帮助。      

High-frequency ultrasound backscattering by blood: analytical and semianalytical models of the erythrocyte cross section

This paper proposes analytical and semianalytical models of the ultrasonic backscattering cross section (BCS) of various geometrical shapes mimicking a red blood cell (RBC) for frequencies varying from 0 to 90 MHz. By assuming the first-order Born approximation and by modeling the shape of a RBC by a realistic biconcave volume, different scattering behaviors were identified for increasing frequencies. For frequencies below 18 MHz, a RBC can be considered a Rayleigh scatterer. For frequencies less than 39 MHz, the general concept of acoustic inertia tensor is introduced to describe the variation of the BCS with the frequency and the incidence direction. For frequencies below 90 MHz, ultrasound backscattering by a RBC is equivalent to backscattering by a cylinder of height 2 microm and diameter 7.8 microm. These results lay the basis of ultrasonic characterization of RBC aggregation by proposing a method that distinguishes the contribution of the individual RBC acoustical characteristics from collective effects, on the global blood backscattering coefficient. A new method of data reduction that models the frequency dependence of the ultrasonic BCS of micron-sized weak scatterers is also proposed. Applications of this method are in tissue characterization as well as in hematology.     

骨小梁材料特性对超声背散射信号的影响

基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)建立了松质骨的超声背散射仿真系统,研究了骨小梁材料特性对超声背散射信号的影响。首次得到松质骨中的超声背散射系数(BSC)和积分背散射系数(IBC)随骨小梁材料参数(密度、拉梅常数、黏度系数及声阻抗系数)的变化关系。研究结果表明,IBC随骨小梁密度的增加而增加;BSC和IBC随拉梅常数的增加而增加、随第一黏度系数的增加而近似线性地减小,第二黏度的变化对背散射信号的影响很小;背散射参数随阻抗系数的增加而减小。说明松质骨中的超声背散射特性不仅受骨矿密度(BMD)和骨微结构的影响,还与骨小梁的材料参数密切相关。研究结果有利于理解松质骨中超声的背散射特性,对松质骨骨质状况的评价有一定帮助。      

Modeling elastic wave forward propagation and reflection using the complex screen method.

Formulation for calculating forward propagation and reflection in a 3D elastic structure based on the complex-screen method is given in this paper. The calculation of reflections is formulated based on the local Born approximation. When using a small angle approximation, the backscattering operator reduces to a screen operator which is similar to the forward screen propagator. Combining the forward propagator and backscattering operator together, the new method can properly handle the multiple forward scattering and single backscattering in a 3D heterogeneous model. Using a dual-domain technique, the new method is highly efficient in CPU time and memory savings. For models where reverberation and resonance scattering can be neglected, this method provides a fast and accurate algorithm. Synthetic seismograms for two-dimensional elastic models are calculated with this method and compared with those generated by the finite-difference method. The results show that the method works well for small to medium scattering angles and medium velocity contrasts.     

1.30-2.21MeV质子在硅上的160°散射截面测量

采用薄靶对能量 1.30 - 2 .2 1MeV质子在纯度为 99.99%硅上的非卢瑟福弹性背散射截面(16 0°背散射角 )进行了测量 .质子束由 2× 1.7MV串列加速器提供 ,测量仪器采用金硅面垒探测能谱仪 .实验中最低能区进入卢瑟福弹性散射能区 ,测量结果与以前发表的结果进行了比较 .所测量数据可供从事背散射分析技术的有关人员参考 . The elastic backscattering cross sections of H + from silicon for a wide energy range are very useful parameters in the proton backscattering analysis for investigating silicon content and distribution profiles in the films. It is necessary to measure the scattering cross sections with good accuracy at a large scattering angle for the applications of proton backscattering analysis. The present paper reports our measured results of differential elastic backscattering cross sections of 1.30-2.21 MeV...     

Backscattering enhancements from Rayleigh waves on the flat face of a tilted solid cylinder in water

When the face of a finite solid elastic cylinder is ensonified by an acoustic wave, a variety of backscattering contributions associated with acoustic wave coupling into elastic waves are observed. A significant backscattering enhancement is observed for tilts such that the acoustic wave is incident on the face of the cylinder in the vicinity of the coupling angle for launching Rayleigh waves across the face. The observed backscattering indicates that the Rayleigh waves are reflected at the edge of the face and subsequently radiate acoustic waves in the backscattering direction. The measured backscattering is compared to an approximate theoretical prediction. Approximating the focusing of the Rayleigh wave after reflection at the (circular) edge by a Gaussian beam pressure distribution on the cylinder's face yields simple expressions for the amplitude which are consistent with the measurements. In the vicinity of end-on incidence, other backscattering contributions due to the reflection of waves traveling down the length of the cylinder are observed. There is also evidence of a face-traversing longitudinal wave for slightly tilted cylinders.     

Signal-to-noise ratio enhancement based on wavelet filtering in ultrasonic testing

In ultrasonic non-destructive testing of materials with a coarse-grained structure the scattering from the grains causes backscattering noise, which masks flaw echoes in the measured signal. Several filtering methods have been proposed for improving the signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper we present a comparative study of methods based on the wavelet transform. Experiments with stationary, discrete and wavelet packet de-noising are evaluated by means of signal-to-noise ratio enhancement. Measured and simulated ultrasonic signals are used to verify the proposed de-noising methods. For comparison, we use signal-to-noise ratio enhancement related to fault echo amplitudes and filtering efficiency specific for ultrasonic signals. The best results in our setup were achieved with the wavelet packet de-noising method.     

Raman-Mie方法反演气溶胶后向散射系数

传统的Klett和Fernald反演气溶胶法依赖于消光系数和后向散射系数的假设关系,给反演结果带来误差。根据纯转动拉曼后向散射系数仅是大气温度和压强的函数,设计的Raman-Mie方法用米散射和纯转动拉曼回波信号结合探空温度和大气压强共同反演气溶胶后向散射系数。不仅消除了Klett和Fernald方法引入假设带来的误差,还可避免因几何因子修正带来的影响。最后将该方法用于实验室自行研制的拉曼-米散射激光雷达,反演出了大气气溶胶后向散射系数廓线,实验结果与Klett(Fernald)方法分别进行了比较。