The effects of oxygen concentration and gas temperature on coal stream ignition and particle surface temperature in reducing-to-oxidizing environments

In the near-burner region of pulverized coal burners, two zones exist, with very different oxygen concentrations. The first zone is a locally reducing environment, caused by the fast release of volatiles from a region of dense coal particles, and the second zone, which is surrounding the first zone, is a hot oxidizing environment. The transition of coal particles from the reducing zone to the oxidizing zone affects early stage coal combustion characteristics, such as devolatilization, ignition and particle temperature history. In this work, we used a two-stage Hencken flat-flame burner to simulate the conditions that coal particles experience in practical combustors when they transition from a reducing environment to an oxidizing environments. The composition of the reducing environment was chosen to approximate that of a typical coal volatile. Three oxygen concentrations (5, 10 and 15 vol%) in the “ambient” oxidizing environment were tested, corresponding to those at different distances downstream from a commercial burner. The corresponding gas temperatures for the oxidizing environments were adjusted for the different oxygen concentrations such that the “volatile” flame temperatures were the same, as this is what would be expected in a commercial combustor. High speed videography was used to obtain the ignition characteristics, and RGB color pyrometry was used to measure particle surface temperatures. Two different sizes of coal particles were used. It is found that when particles undergo a reducing-to-oxidizing transition at high temperatures, the particles are preheated such that the critical factor for ignition delay is point at which the particle is in the presence of oxygen, not the concentration of oxygen. The ignition delay of large particles is found to be 53% longer than that of small particles due to their higher thermal mass and slower devolatilization. The oxygen concentration in the ambient have a negligible effect on early-stage particle temperatures.     

炉顶平焰炉供热负荷变化对流场的影响

１引言平焰燃烧器自六十年代问世以来,已广泛使用在各种加热炉上。它具有较多的优点,诸如温度场均匀,压力场均匀,可显著降低炉膛高度等。但平焰燃烧器的供热负荷与加热炉的炉型参数的匹配关系,仍是许多设计人员感到棘手的问题之一［１］,有必要从理论上对其进行研究...     

单只水平浓缩煤粉燃烧器在1MW燃烧试验台上的试验研究

单只水平浓缩煤粉燃烧器在１ＭＷ燃烧试验台上的试验研究孙绍增，吴少华，李争起，杨明新，王新雷，陈力哲，庞丽君，邢春礼，朱彤，孙恩召，秦裕琨（哈尔滨工业大学动力工程系哈尔滨１５０００１）关键词：水平浓淡燃烧，煤粉燃烧器，稳燃，低ＮＯ_ｘ一、引言电力工业对?..     

Effect of feedstock water leaching on ignition and PM1.0 emission during biomass combustion in a flat-flame burner reactor

In this work, the effects of feedstock water leaching on ignition and PM_1.0 emission during biomass combustion were studied, for the first time, in a Hencken flat-flame burner reactor (HFFBR). A high-speed video camera and high-resolution electrical low-pressure impactor were respectively employed to diagnose ignition and PM_1.0 along the height of the burner. The mineral composition of PM₁₀₊ was measured as a function of height to demonstrate the potassium release during the early stage of biomass combustion. The results show that water leaching does not change the functional group of the biomass (straw), but increases the BET surface area and pore volume. Water leaching removes 90% of the potassium and all the chlorine, reducing the same amount of PM_1.0 emission. The effect of water leaching on ignition delay observed in the flat-flame burner reactor agrees with the delay of biomass-devolatilization in TGA. Profiles of mineral composition in the PM₁₀₊ with height shows that a large amount of the potassium is released before biomass ignition. This indicates that, at realistic heating rates, the catalytic promotion of water-soluble minerals on biomass ignition is primarily through promoting devolatilization. The ignition delay of biomass particles caused by water leaching is more significant at lower temperature, e.g., ignition is delayed from 20 to 24?ms at 1000?°C, and from 9.2 to 10.2?ms at 1300?°C.     

旋流对煤粉燃烧NO排放影响的数值模拟

本文用基于HCN释放的简化Solomon模型的NO生成湍流反应的统一二阶矩代数模型(AUSM)和煤粉燃烧的双流体模型,对不同旋流数下煤粉燃烧器内两相流动,煤粉燃烧和NO生成进行了数值模拟。模拟结果和文献中实验结果符合很好。模拟结果指出,随着旋流数的增加,NO的排放先减少后增加,燃尽率先增加后减小,和气体燃烧中得到的规律类似。     

激光点火煤粒着火的模型分析

本文对颗粒煤在激光加热条件下的着火和燃烧进行了数值模拟。采用的是一个简单的煤粒着火与燃烧的一维模型。该模型采用了热解和双平行反应模型,考虑了煤粒表面的多相反应和气相的基元反应以及气相中的传热与传质。从获得的煤粒表面和气相空间的温度随时间的变化规律,可以判断不同煤种的着火方式。     

堵塞和煤粉浓缩器对旋流两相流动影响的研究

旋流煤粉燃烧器加进口堵塞和煤粉浓缩器可以影响湍流,燃烧温度以及煤粉浓度的分布,从而影响NO的生成与排放。本文用三维相位多普勒颗粒测速仪(PDPA)测量和双流体模型数值模拟研究了堵塞和煤粉浓缩器对旋流煤粉燃烧器内两相流动的影响。实验结果和数值模拟结果基本符合。实验和模拟结果都表明,无论是进口堵塞还是煤粉浓缩器都会增加旋流燃烧器的进口湍流度,同时增加进口轴线附近的颗粒浓度,后者将有利于降低NO排放。     

Single-shot laser-induced fluorescence imaging of formaldehyde with XeF excimer excitation

Single-shot formaldehyde laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) imaging measurements in a technical scale turbulent flame have been obtained using XeF excimer laser excitation in the ?¹A₂-˜X¹A₁ transition at 353.2 nm. Measurements have been carried out in a 150 kW natural gas swirl burner where formaldehyde distribution fields have the potential, in combination with OH concentration fields, to visualize the heat release distribution and therefore give an optimal visualization of flame-front positions. The extended areas where formaldehyde was detected in the swirl flame indicates the presence of low temperature chemistry in preheated gas pockets before ignition. Received: 31 January 2000 / Revised version: 2 March 2000 / Published online: 5 April 2000     

Effect of fuel ratio of coal on the turbulent flame speed of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion at atmospheric pressure

This study aims to clarify the effect of fuel ratio of coal on the turbulent flame speed of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion at atmospheric pressure under various turbulence intensities. High-fuel-ratio coals are not usually used in coal-fired thermal power plants because of their low flame stability. The expectation is that ammonia as a hydrogen-energy carrier would improve the ignition capability of coal particles in co-combustion. Experiments on spherical turbulent flame propagation of co-combustion were conducted for various coal types under various turbulence intensities, using the unique experimental apparatus developed for the co-combustion. Experimental results show that the flame speed of co-combustion with a low equivalence ratio of ammonia/oxidizer mixture for bituminous coal case was found to be three times faster than that of pure coal combustion and two times faster than that of pure ammonia combustion. On the other hand, the flame speed of co-combustion for the highest-fuel-ratio coal case is lower than that of the pure ammonia combustion case, although the flame propagation can be sustained due to the ammonia mixing. To explain the difference of tendencies depending on the fuel ratio of coal, a flame propagation mechanism of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion was proposed. Two positive effects are the increases of local equivalence ratio and the increases of radiation heat flux, which increases the flame speed. In opposite, a negative effect is the heat sink effect that decreases the flame speed. The two positive effects on the flame speed of co-combustion overwhelm a negative effect for bituminous coal case, while the negative effect overcomes both positive effects for the highest-fuel-ratio coal case. The findings of the study can contribute to the reduction of solid fuel costs when the ammonia is introduced as CO₂ free energy carrier and can improve the energy security through the utilization of high-fuel-ratio coals.     

径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器气流湍流特性的冷态试验研究

本文利用ＩＦＡ３００型一维热膜风速仪系统对径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器单相冷态湍流流场进行了试验研究,测量了流场内不同位置瞬时速度的数值,同时测量了脉动速度均方根、湍流度、平坦因子和偏斜因子在流场内的分布,得到了新型旋流燃烧器气流湍流特性参数的分布规律,可以用于研究径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器的燃烧特性。     

LES based investigation of autoignition in turbulent co-flow configurations

The impact of turbulence on the autoignition of a diluted hydrogen jet in a hot co-flow of air is studied numerically. The LES combustion model used is successfully validated against experimental measurements and 3D DNS. Parametric studies are then carried out by separately varying turbulent intensity and integral length scale in the co-flow, while keeping all other boundary conditions unchanged. It is found that the impact of turbulence on the location of autoignition is non-trivial. For weak to mild turbulence, with a turbulent time scale larger than the minimum ignition delay time, autoignition is facilitated by increased turbulence. This is due to enhanced mixing between fuel and air, creating larger most reactive mixture fraction regions. On the other hand, for turbulent time scales smaller than the ignition delay time, the increased scalar dissipation rate dominates over the effect of increased most reactive mixture fraction regions, which leads to a rise in the autoignition length. Turbulence–chemistry interaction mechanisms are analysed in order to explain these observations.     

Ignition and devolatilization of pulverized bituminous coal particles during oxygen/carbon dioxide coal combustion

Oxygen/carbon dioxide recycle coal combustion is actively being investigated because of its potential to facilitate CO₂ sequestration and to achieve emission reductions. In the work reported here, the effect of enhanced oxygen levels and CO₂ bath gas is independently analyzed for their influence on single-particle pulverized coal ignition of a U.S. eastern bituminous coal. The experiments show that the presence of CO₂ and a lower O₂ concentration increase the ignition delay time but have no measurable effect on the time required to complete volatile combustion, once initiated. For the ignition process observed in the experiments, the CO₂ results are explained by its higher molar specific heat and the O₂ results are explained by the effect of O₂ concentration on the local mixture reactivity. Particle ignition and devolatilization properties in a mixture of 30% O₂ in CO₂ are very similar to those in air.     

Stability characteristics and flowfields of turbulent non-premixed swirling flames

A simple, yet representative, burner geometry is used for the investigation of highly swirling turbulent unconfined, non-premixed, flames of natural gas. The burner configuration comprises a ceramic faced bluff-body with a central fuel jet. The bluff-body is surrounded by an annulus that delivers a swirling primary flow of air. The entire burner assembly is housed in a wind tunnel providing a secondary co-flowing stream of air. This hybrid bluff-body/swirl burner configuration stabilizes complex turbulent flames not unlike those found in practical combustors, yet is amenable to modelling because of its well-defined boundary conditions. Full stability characteristics including blow-off limits and comprehensive maps of flame shapes are presented for swirling flames of three different fuel mixtures: compressed natural gas (CNG), CNG–air (1:2 by volume) and CNG–H₂ (1:1 by volume).

It is found that with increased fuel flow, flame blow-off mode may change with swirl number, S_g. At low swirl, the flame remains stable at the base but blows off in the neck region further downstream. At higher swirl numbers, the flames peel off completely from the burner's base. Swirling CNG–air flames are distinct in that they only undergo base blow-off. In the low range of swirl number, increasing S_g causes limited improvement in the blow-off limits of the flames investigated and (for a few cases) can even lead to some deterioration over a small intermediate range of S_g. It is only above a certain threshold of swirl that significant improvements in blow-off limits appear. Six flames are selected for further detailed flowfield and composition measurements and these differ in the combination of swirl number, primary axial velocity through the annulus, U_s, and bulk fuel jet velocity, U_j. Only velocity field measurements are presented in this paper. A number of flow features are resolved in these flames, which resemble those already associated with non-reacting swirling flows of equivalent swirl obtained with the present burner configuration. Additionally, asymmetric flowfields inherent to some flames are revealed where the fluidic centreline of the flow (defined in the two-dimensional (U–W velocity pair) velocity field by the ?ω? = 0 tangential velocity contour), meanders strongly on either side of the geometric centreline downstream by about one bluff-body diameter. Flow structures revealed by the velocity data are correlated to flame shapes to yield a better understanding of how the velocity field influences the flames physical characteristics.     

一种低湍流扬尘方法的实验研究

对一种新型扬尘方法在垂直管道中形成的扬尘湍流特性进行了测量,在此基础上,观察和测量了玉米粉尘火焰向上传播的过程,讨论了湍流对火焰特性的影响。新方法产生的扬尘湍流强度相当低,随时间衰减缓慢,扬尘湍流的积分尺度随着时间增大,约为2 cm到3 cm。实验中观察到两种粉尘火焰:湍流火焰和层流火焰,火焰形态转变对应的点火延迟时间约等于1．1 s,即粉尘云湍流运动强度为10 cm／s,湍流火焰传播速度明显大于层流火焰。     

Mechanism on the contribution of coal/char fragmentation to fly ash formation during pulverized coal combustion

In this paper, the correlations between coal/char fragmentation and fly ash formation during pulverized coal combustion are investigated. We observed an explosion-like fragmentation of Zhundong coal in the early devolatilization stage by means of high-speed photography in the Hencken flat-flame burner. While high ash-fusion (HAF) bituminous and coal-derived char samples only undergo gentle perimeter fragmentation in the char burning stage. Simultaneously, combustion experiments of two kinds of coals were conducted in a 25?kW down-fired combustor. The particle size distributions (PSDs) of both fine particulates (PM_1-10) and bulk fly ash (PM₁₀₊) were measured by Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) and Malvern Mastersizer 2000, respectively. The results show that the mass PSD of residual fly ash (PM₁₊) from Zhundong coal exhibits a bi-modal shape with two peaks located at 14?µm and 102?µm, whereas that from HAF coal only possesses a single peak at 74?µm. A hybrid model accounting for multiple-route ash formation processes is developed to predict the PSD of fly ash during coal combustion. By incorporating coal/char fragmentation sub-models, the simulation can quantitatively reproduce the measured PM₁₊ PSDs for different kinds of coals. The sensitivity analysis further reveals that the bi-modal mass distribution of PM₁₊ intrinsically results from the coal fragmentation during devolatilization.     

Investigating particle and volatile evolution during pulverized coal combustion using high-speed digital in-line holography

Devolatilization is an important process in pulverized coal combustion because it affects the ignition, volatile combustion, and subsequent char burning and ash formation. In this study, high-speed digital in-line holography is employed to visualize and quantify the particle and volatile evolution during pulverized coal combustion. China Shanxi bituminous coal particles sieved in the range of 105–154 µm are entrained into a flat flame burner through a central tube for the study. Time-resolved observations show the volatile ejection, accumulation, and detachment in the early stage of coal combustion. Three-dimensional imaging and automatic particle extraction algorithm allow for the size and velocity statistics of the particle and stringy volatile tail. The results demonstrate the smaller particle generation and coal particle swelling in the devolatilization. It is found that the coal particles and volatiles accelerate due to the thermal buoyancy and the volatiles move faster than the coal particles. On average, smaller particles move faster than the larger ones while some can move much slower possibly because of the fragmentation.     

Structure and stability characteristics of turbulent planar flames with inhomogeneous jet in a concentric flow slot burner

Turbulent flames with compositionally inhomogeneous mixtures are common in many combustion systems. Turbulent jet flames with a circular nozzle burner were used earlier to study the impact of inhomogeneous mixtures, and these studies showed that the nozzle radius affects the flame stability. Accordingly, planar turbulent flames with inhomogeneous turbulent jet are created in a concentric flow slot burner (CFSB) to avoid this effect in the present study. The stability characteristics, the mixing field structure, and the flame front structure were measured, and the correlations between stability and the mixing field structure were investigated. The mixture fraction field was measured in non-reacting jets at the nozzle exit using highly resolved Rayleigh scattering technique, and the flame front was measured in some selected turbulent flames using high-speed Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) of OH technique. The data show strong correlations between flame stability and the range of mixture fraction fluctuations. The flames are highly stabilized within a mixing field environment with the range of fluctuation in mixture fraction close to the range of the flammability limits. The mixing field structure is also illustrated and discussed using a mixing regime diagram and showed that the scatter of the data of the different cases is consistent with the classified mixing regimes. Lean flames are stabilized in the current slot burner. The flame front structure topology varies consistently from thin, small curvature at the low level of turbulence and higher equivalence ratio to more wrinkled, larger curvature, but a thicker structure at a higher level of turbulence and lower equivalence ratio.     

旋流数对湍流燃烧中NO生成影响的研究

通过实验和用湍流燃烧二阶矩概率密度模型对不同旋流数下甲烷-空气湍流燃烧和NO生成进行了研究。在燃料中加入少量氨模拟燃料氮。研究结果表明,随旋流数的增大（由0到1）,热NO排放先上升后下降,而总NO和燃料NO排放则先下降后上升。旋流数增大使湍流强度先下降然后稍有上升,使进口附近温度先上升然后稍有下降。热NO的生成受温度的影响更大而燃料NO的生成受湍流的影响更大。     

Ignition of single coal particle in a hot furnace under normal- and micro-gravity condition

An experimental study on ignition and combustion of single particles was conducted at normal gravity (1-g) and microgravity (μ-g) for three high volatile coals with initial diameter of 1.5 and 2.0 mm, respectively. The non-intrusive twin-color pyrometry method was used to retrieve the surface temperature of the coal particle through processing the images taken by a color CCD camera. At the same time, a mathematical model considering thermal conduction inside the coal particle was developed to simulate the ignition process.Both experiments and modeling found that ignition occurred homogeneously at the beginning and then heterogeneously for the testing coal particles burning at μ-g. Experimental results confirmed that ignition temperature decreased with increasing volatile content and increasing particle size. However, contradicted to previous studies, this study found that for a given coal with certain particle size, ignition temperature was about 50–80 K lower at μ-g than that at 1-g.The model predictions agreed well with the μ-g experimental data on ignition temperature. The criterion that the temperature gradient in the space away from the particle surface equaled to zero was validated to determine the commence of homogeneous ignition. Thermal conduction inside the particle could have a noticeable effect for determining the ignition temperature. With the consideration of thermal conduction, the critical size for the phase transient from homogeneous to heterogeneous is about 700 μm at ambient temperature 1500 K and oxygen concentration 0.23.