风电螺栓轴向应力超声测量标定实验研究

针对超声导波法测试螺栓轴向力精度不高的问题,根据双波法测量螺栓轴向应力的基本原理,分析了系统误差和温度误差对测量精度的影响,建立了简便有效的声速标定测试试验系统。通过对10.9级42CrMoA风电螺栓的实际测试和数据处理,实现了基于声弹性效应的螺栓轴向应力标定测试,超声纵波实测误差不大于±2%,纵横波联合测量误差不大于±5%,并在风电领域得到了实际应用,完全满足工程应用需求。     

纵横波测已紧固螺栓轴向应力

本提出了用纵横波声时测已紧固螺栓轴向应力的一种新方法,解决了用超声精确地测已紧固螺栓应力问题,并且利用超声波沿轴向传播的波速同轴向应力以及三阶弹性常数的关系导出了螺栓应力同其材料声速特性、夹紧距离、温度及纵、横波声时的一种新关系,考虑了受应力作用时温度对声速的影响,简化了测量及计算过程,本还介绍了材料的声速特性实验及测量方法;实验结果表明应力低于２５０ＭＰａ,夹紧距离大于３０ｍｍ时,应力超声测     

反照中子剂量计的现场标定

反照中子个人剂量计的体积小, 使用方便, 易于测量, 越来越为人们所乐于采用. 使用反照中子剂量计一般要用标定源进行标定. 但是现场能谱的差异要影响现场测量的精度, 因此必须解决现场标定问题. 本文介绍了现场标定的方法以及利用Bonner柱进行加速器现场的标定技术.     

短源距全波列声波测井的数据处理

本文介绍了用能量相位跳变法和子波逼近法,对短源距(3—4英尺——1英尺=0.3048m)全波列声波测井数据进行的处理,从而确定井壁岩体纵横波声速的方法。用这两种方法处理了人工模型井及12口钻井的全波列声波测井数据。在测井解释图上得到了纵横波声速曲线及多种岩体弹性参数曲线。将数据处理的结果与模型井和700多块岩芯试样的纵横波声速值作了对比,获得了较好的一致性。     

KT—5C托卡马克射频波加热实验用回路天线的负载阻抗测量

针对ＫＴ－５Ｃ托卡马克装置等离子体的射频离子回旋波加热实验，本文给出一种回路天线负载阻抗的简便测量方法和测量结果。该方法的特点是，只涉及射频电流相对比值的测量，不要求专用设备，因此使物理量的标定、数据记录和处理都变得简单易行。     

光笔式双目视觉测量系统标定技术研究

针对光笔式双目视觉测量系统的标定问题,讨论了关于相机内参、双相机外参以及测量笔的相关标定理论,开发了一整套基于LabVIEW的标定系统。运用张氏平面标定法实现了相机内参标定。结合基于标准长度的外部参数标定方法,实现了双相机外参数标定。运用粒子群算法和LM算法相结合,加快了目标函数高维寻优速度。在测量笔标定环节,提出了一种基于最小二乘法的现场校准方法。标定系统完成了后期开展相关测量前的所有准备工作,具有较高的精度和实用性。在测量系统标定结果基础上对直径25 mm标准陶瓷球进行测量,测量结果标准差达到0.019 mm。     

一种大视场相位测量轮廓术系统标定方法

在进行大视场相位测量轮廓术系统参量标定时需要大的标定平面和精密移动台,由于携带不方便,不易进行现场标定。提出了一种用于相位测量轮廓术系统参量的高精度、现场标定方法,采用一块较小的平面标定靶在有效测量体积内不同位置多次摆放,以获取密集的数据点。先标定出摄像机的内参量和外参量,再指定一个全局参考平面和若干辅助参考平面,然后在图像平面上分区计算出每个位置标定靶上每点相对辅助参考平面的高度差和相位差,最后应用极大似然估计法估计出相位高度映射参量。实验中平面高度测量的标准偏差达到0.0433 mm。这种方法只需要较小的平面标定靶,标定过程方便、精度高,完全适合大视场三维测量相位测量轮廓术系统现场标定要求。     

基于点阵标定板的视觉测量系统的标定方法EI北大核心CSCD

在应用机器视觉技术进行测量时,测量系统的像素当量、系统误差和光源强度等因素均会对测量精度造成影响,因此必须对像素当量和系统误差进行标定,并分析光源强度对工件图像边缘位置的影响。提出一种基于点阵标定板的视觉测量系统综合标定方法,在提取标定圆圆心坐标的基础上,计算圆心距物理尺寸和像素尺寸的比值,得到像素当量;建立圆心实际坐标和理论坐标的二元三次误差模型,并利用最小二乘法拟合求解误差模型系数;通过确定光源强度引起的图像边缘位置误差补偿量,实现测量系统的综合标定。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效提高系统的测量精度。     

非平行双目视觉系统水下标定与测量

针对用非平行双目视觉系统进行水下拍摄测量时,由于折射所导致的测量误差较大、精度不高的问题,建立了基于折射光路的水下双目视觉系统测量模型,并以Agrawal方法为基础,在已知两摄像机相对位置关系的前提下,对该测量模型参数标定的方法进行了改进。为验证改进的Agrawal方法的可靠性,与Agrawal方法进行水下标定对比实验。结果表明,相较于Agrawal标定算法得到的防水罩法向量这一模型参数,提出的改进算法的结果与真实值更为接近。在此基础上,应用标定后的水下双目视觉系统测量模型对水下靶标标定点间的标准距离进行测量,测量误差平均值为-0.0134 mm,最大误差为0.2073 mm,与空气中双目视觉系统测量精度相当。     

基于点阵标定板的视觉测量系统的标定方法

在应用机器视觉技术进行测量时,测量系统的像素当量、系统误差和光源强度等因素均会对测量精度造成影响,因此必须对像素当量和系统误差进行标定,并分析光源强度对工件图像边缘位置的影响。提出一种基于点阵标定板的视觉测量系统综合标定方法,在提取标定圆圆心坐标的基础上,计算圆心距物理尺寸和像素尺寸的比值,得到像素当量;建立圆心实际坐标和理论坐标的二元三次误差模型,并利用最小二乘法拟合求解误差模型系数;通过确定光源强度引起的图像边缘位置误差补偿量,实现测量系统的综合标定。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效提高系统的测量精度。     

Bolt axial stress measurement based on a mode-converted ultrasound method using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer

A method is proposed to measure the stress on a tightened bolt using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). A shear wave is generated by the EMAT, and a longitudinal wave is obtained from the reflection of the shear wave due to the mode conversion. The ray paths of the longitudinal and the shear wave are analyzed, and the relationship between the bolt axial stress and the ratio of time of flight between two mode waves is then formulated. Based on the above outcomes, an EMAT is developed to measure the bolt axial stress without loosening the bolt, which is required in the conventional EMAT test method. The experimental results from the measurement of the bolt tension show that the shear and the mode-converted longitudinal waves can be received successfully, and the ratio of the times of flight of the shear and the mode-converted longitudinal waves is linearly proportional to the bolt axial tension. The non-contact characteristic of EMAT eliminates the effect of the couplant and also makes the measurement more convenient than the measurement performed using the piezoelectric transducer. This method provides a promising way to measure the stress on tightened bolts.     

螺栓拉应力超声无损检测方法

本文依据声弹性原理中超声波传播速度与应力之间的对应关系,利用横波与纵波联合测量的办法,给出栓体长度未知的紧固螺栓轴向应力测量办法。针对螺栓在低载荷与高载荷不同情况下的栓体轴向应力测量系数不同的状况,分类进行了讨论,并给出对应载荷条件下应力测量系数的计算办法。文章讨论了A2-70奥氏体不锈钢与强度等级4.8低碳钢两种不从材质螺栓的轴向应力测量结果,实际测量与理论测量平均误差小于2.9367%,提高了横纵波轴向应力测量的精度。     

具微结构地壳中非线性地震波的演化

非线性地震波在地壳中传播及演化规律的研究具有重要实际意义.利用有限差分方法, 对非线性地震纵波和横波在具微结构地壳中的演化过程进行了详细的数值模拟.结果表明,非线性地震纵波和横波在具微结构地壳中可以逐渐演化成一个孤立波或两个孤立波或孤立波列或消失.地震波的初始幅度、频散系数和体力因子对演化过程和结果都有重要影响.研究结果揭示了非线性地震波在一种微结构地壳中的演化规律,这有助于在理论上解释一些特殊地震波现象.     

Near-field characteristics of highly non-paraxial subwavelength optical fields with hybrid states of polarization

The vectorial structure of an optical field with hybrid states of polarization(So P) in the near-field is studied by using the angular spectrum method of an electromagnetic beam. Physical images of the longitudinal components of evanescent waves are illustrated and compared with those of the transverse components from the vectorial structure. Our results indicate that the relative weight integrated over the transverse plane of the evanescent wave depends strongly on the number of the polarization topological charges. The shapes of the intensity profiles of the longitudinal components are different from those of the transverse components, and it can be manipulated by changing the initial So P of the field cross-section. The longitudinal component of evanescent wave dominates the near-field region. In addition, it also leads to three-dimensional shape variations of the optical field and the optical spin angular momentum flux density distributions.     

Band structures and localization properties of aperiodic layered phononic crystals

The band structures and localization properties of in-plane elastic waves with coupling of longitudinal and transverse modes oblique propagating in aperiodic phononic crystals based on Thue-Morse and Rudin-Shapiro sequences are studied. Using transfer matrix method, the concept of the localization factor is introduced and the correctness is testified through the Rytov dispersion relation. For comparison, the perfect periodic structure and the quasi-periodic Fibonacci system are also considered. In addition, the influences of the random disorder, local resonance, translational and/or mirror symmetries on the band structures of the aperiodic phononic crystals are analyzed in this paper.     

Transition radiation of seismic waves at the atmosphere-earth interface

The method of contour integration is used for solving the problem of transition radiation of elastic waves by a mass source, which travels uniformly in a gas normal to the interface between homogeneous gaseous and elastic halfspaces and disappears at the time it touches the solid surface. We have obtained asymptotic formulas for the field of transition radiation, which hold true near the fronts of longitudinal and transverse spherical waves and a conical wave. An exact analytical expression for the field of transition radiation has been obtained for the observation points located on the source trajectory extension in a solid. The influence of interaction between longitudinal and transverse waves, which occurs on the surface of elastic medium, on the space distribution of the field of transition radiation is analyzed. Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 1210–1223, October, 1997.     

超声波波型转换与表面波的检测

分析了超声波纵波、横波、表面波3种波型的产生条件和声速关系,检测了超声波在固体表面的波型转换,并测量了声表面波的速度,讨论了声表面波在超声延迟线方面的应用.