今日国外物理(八)

1 B.Kadkhodayan等发现~(253)Md据本刊记者叶云秀报道,LBL的B.Kadkhodayan等人于1991年2月,在88英寸的回旋加速器上,通过~(243)Am(~(13)C,3n)反应,发现了~(253)Md,并测得其半衰期为～6分钟,产生截面为50nb量级.核物理学家认为:自1955年由LawrenceBerkelly实验室的A.Ghiorso等人发现101元素以来,它所有的同位素,从~(247)Md到~(260)Md都被发现,只有~(253)Md例外.因此,发现~(253)Md成为学者感兴趣的话     

受控核聚变——现代物理学的一个重要前沿领域(之二)

 二 核聚变研究的发展历史早在1929年,阿特金森(Atki-nson)和奥特迈斯(Houtermas)从理论上计算了氢在几千万度高温下聚变成氦的可能性.1934年,奥立芬特(Oliphant)发现了第一个D-D反应.1942年施莱伯(Schreiber)和金(King)在美国普渡大学首次发现了D-T核反应.     

非晶、纳米晶材料的历史与现状

 一、非晶金属的发现人类使用了八千多年的金属(从青铜开始)且一直都是多晶态金属,1934年,克拉默在真空中把金属蒸发到冷基底(玻璃)上,经X射线测定,发现这种金属膜中原子的周期性消失了,这是人们第一次发现非晶金属.此后不久,布伦纳(1937)用电解沉积法得到了Ni-P非晶合金.     

M@C_(20)H_(20)(M=Sc,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni)几何结构和电子性质的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的广义梯度近似(GGA)方法对M@C_(20)H_(20)(M=Sc,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni)几何结构和电子性质进行了计算研究.几何结构优化发现,过渡金属原子M内掺到C_(20)H_(20)笼时,都稳定于碳笼中心.能隙和内掺能计算发现,M@C_(20)H_(20)的热力学稳定性随着M原子序数的增大而逐渐减弱,内掺M原子使得其动力学稳定性大幅度下降,但是其中Ni@C_(20)H_(20)结构仍然具有良好的热力学和动力学稳定性,其有望在实验中被成功合成出来.电子性质研究发现,随着M原子序数的逐渐增大,M原子对M@C_(20)H_(20)前线轨道的贡献也越来越大,M@C_(20)H_(20)(M=Sc,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co)都具有一定的磁矩,而Ni@C_(20)H_(20)为闭壳层结构,磁矩为零.     

纳米相氟氧化物玻璃陶瓷中Er3+Yb3+离子对的量子剪裁发光造成的强的光谱调制

研究了纳米相氟氧化物玻璃陶瓷中Er3+Yb3+离子对的量子剪裁发光造成的强的光谱调制现象。测量了Er3+Yb3+双掺纳米相氟氧化物玻璃陶瓷的X射线衍射谱、表面形貌、激发光谱、吸收光谱、和发光光谱;而且也与Tb3+Yb3+双掺纳米相氟氧化物玻璃陶瓷的相对应的光谱参数进行了比较。发现378 nm光激发样品(A) Er(1%)Yb(8.0%)∶FOV和样品(B) Er(0.5%)Yb(3.0%)∶FOV所导致的652.0 nm红色发光强度为522 nm光激发时的680.85倍和303.80倍;我们还发现378 nm光激发所导致的样品(A) Er(1%)Yb(8.0%)∶FOV和样品(B) Er(0.5%)Yb(3.0%)∶FOV的 652.0 nm红色发光强度为样品(C) Er(0.5%)∶FOV 的491.05和184.12倍。我们还发现在378 nm光激发时的样品(A) Er(1%)Yb(8.0%)∶FOV和样品(B) Er(0.5%)Yb(3.0%)∶FOV的{978.0和1 012.0 nm}红外发光强度依次分别为样品(C) Er(0.5%)∶FOV 的{58.00和293.62}倍和{25.11和 67.50}倍。更进一步,对于652.0 nm波长发光的激发谱,发现(A) Er(1%)Yb(8.0%)∶FOV和(B) Er(0.5%)Yb(3.0%)∶FOV的378.5 nm激发谱峰强度是(C) Er(0.5%)∶FOV的大约606.02和199.83倍。同时,也发现样品(A) Er(1%)Yb(8.0%)∶FOV和样品(B) Er(0.5%)Yb(3.0%)∶FOV的一级量子剪裁红外1 012或978 nm发光强度为样品(D) Tb(0.7%)Yb(5.0%)∶FOV的二级量子剪裁红外976 nm发光强度的101.38和29.19倍。发现的该量子剪裁是目前所报道的最强的量子剪裁。因此,相信所发现的氟氧化物纳米玻璃陶瓷中Er3+Yb3+离子对的一级量子剪裁发光是强的可以作为量子剪裁层应用到提高晶硅太阳能电池的发电效率。研究结果也能加速对目前国际热点的下一代环保的光谱调制太阳能电池的探索。     

α粒子散射实验与原子核的发现——"最美丽"的十大物理实验之三

1实验背景 自1897年汤姆孙(J.J.Thomson 1856～1940年)从实验中发现电子;1896年亨利·贝克勒(H.A.Becquere1 1852～1908年)发现铀的放射性现象;1898年居里夫人(M.Curie 1867～1934年)发现镭的放射性现象;1897年卢瑟福(E.Rutherford 1871～1937年,英藉新西兰人)发现放射性中的α射线和β射线;1900年维拉德(P.U.Villard 1860～1934年)发现放射性中第三种射线--γ射线以后,使人们认识到原子是可分的,原子是有结构的.因此,各国物理学家们便开始探索原子的复杂结构.     

氮化硼纳米带功能化碳纳米管的热自旋输运性质

热自旋电子学器件结合了自旋电子学和热电子学各自的优点,对人类可持续发展具有重要作用.本文研究了锯齿形BN纳米带(ZBNRs)共价功能化碳纳米管(SWCNT)的电子结构,发现ZBNRs-B-(6,6)SWCNT为磁性半金属,nZBNRs-B-(6,6)SWCNT(n=2—8)为磁性金属;nZBNRs-N-(6,6)SWCNT(n=1—8)为双极化铁磁半导体;4ZBNRs-B-(4,4)SWCNT和4ZBNRs-N-(4,4)SWCNT为磁性半金属,4ZBNRs-B-(m,m)SWCNT(m=5—9)为磁性金属;4ZBNRs-N-(m,m)SWCNT(m=5—9)为双极化铁磁半导体.然后,基于锯齿形BN纳米带共价功能化碳纳米管设计了新型热自旋电子学器件,发现基于ZBNRs-N-(6,6)SWCNT的器件具有热自旋过滤效应;而8ZBNRs-N-(6,6)SWCNT和nZBNRs-B-(6,6)SWCNT(n=1,8)都存在自旋相关塞贝克效应.这些发现表明BN纳米带功能化碳纳米管在热自旋电子学器件方面具有潜在的应用.     

MgO、SnO_2、TiO_2表面氧空位性质对气体光学传感特性的影响

光学气敏传感器是当今研究领域的一个热门方向.文章采用密度泛函理论(DFT)体系下广义梯度近似(GGA)第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法,分析和计算了光学气敏材料岩盐型MgO、金红石型SnO_2和锐钛矿型TiO_2表面氧空位的特性.以CO作为吸附分子进行微观机理研究,研究不同氧化物表面吸附气体分子的机理.对氧化物表面的几何结构、吸附能、态密度、差分电荷密度、电荷布居、电荷转移、光学性质等进行分析.研究发现:含有氧空位缺陷的MgO(001)、SnO_2(110)和TiO_2(101)能稳定的吸附CO分子,吸附后造成了材料光学性质的变化,可作为光学气敏传感材料.分析发现:氧空位氧化能力的大小是光学性质改变的核心原因.表面吸附CO分子后,发现SnO_2(110)表面对分子的吸附能最大,分子与表面的吸附距离最短.通过差分电荷密度和电荷布居数发现,表面与CO分子间存在电荷转移,其转移电子数目大小为:SnO_2(110)TiO_2(101)MgO(001),由此得出不同氧化物表面氧化性的大小为:SnO_2(110)TiO_2(101)MgO(001);通过对比吸收谱和反射谱发现:吸附气体分子后SnO_2(110)表面的光学性质变化最为明显,是一种较好的光学气敏传感材料.     

反射后激光(光子)螺旋性改变的量子论解释和信息论意义

基于近年来王顺金提出的处理螺旋光纤中激光(光子)传播时的螺旋性变化的理论方法和所得结果,分析了激光(光子)在反射后螺旋性(左旋与右旋)互换这一实验事实,发现激光(光子)反射的瞬息过程会产生一个极高的激光束回转频率,它与激光园偏振(光子自旋)发生科式惯性力耦合,进而改变激光(光子)的螺旋性.还发现当激光束回转频率达到极大时,将发生激光(光子)螺旋性(左旋与右旋)互换.讨论了激光反射后螺旋性互换的信息论含义及其应用.     

超导简史

 超导现象最初是1911年由荷兰物理学家昂内斯(Onnes)发现的。1908年,昂内斯首次获得液化的氦,并且在液氦温度(4.2K)下研究各种物质的电学特性。他发现,在温度为4.2K时,汞的电阻突然消失。1933年,迈斯纳(Meissner)和奥森菲尔德(Os-chenfeld)发现,处于弱磁场中的超导体会将磁场从内部排斥出来(见图1),这就是迈斯纳效应。1945年,俄罗斯物理学家阿卡迪也夫(Arkadiev)利用这一特性首次演示了将一块小的条形磁铁悬浮于超导体的上方的实验(见图2)。随后而来的几十年,其他超导材料--金属、合金、化合物的超导材料相继找到。     

AC losses dependence on a CuNi layer location in NbTi CICC

In the frame of the ITER fusion program, large Cable In Conduit Cables (CICC) made with NbTi superconductors are foreseen for the poloidal field system. These coils are pulsed and so subjected to fast variations in magnetic field. Superconductors have then to be designed in order to reduce AC losses to an acceptable level. A solution could be to insert a copper nickel resistive barrier in the copper stabilizer surrounding the filamentary area of the composite. The purpose of this barrier is to reduce interstrand coupling currents. In order to predict the effect of this barrier on AC losses, a modeling of a 36 strands CICC has been realized. According to this code, the ability of the resistive barrier to reduce coupling currents is dependent on its location. For this study, three CICC with three barrier locations, from the inner to the outer diameter of the copper crown stabilizer, have been produced. AC losses have been measured and compared to our numerical model.     

A model for the evaluation of systemic risk in stock markets

Systemic risk refers to the possibility of a collapse of an entire financial system or market, differing from the risk associated with any particular individual or a group pertaining to the system, which may include banks, government, brokers, and creditors. After the 2008 financial crisis, a significant amount of effort has been directed to the study of systemic risk and its consequences around the world. Although it is very difficult to predict when people begin to lose confidence in a financial system, it is possible to model the relationships among the stock markets of different countries and perform a Monte Carlo-type analysis to study the contagion effect. Because some larger and stronger markets influence smaller ones, a model inspired by a catalytic chemical model is proposed. In chemical reactions, reagents with higher concentrations tend to favor their conversion to products. In order to modulate the conversion process, catalyzers may be used. In this work, a mathematical modeling is proposed with bases on the catalytic chemical reaction model. More specifically, the Hang Seng and Dow Jones indices are assumed to dominate Ibovespa (the Brazilian Stock Market index), such that the indices of strong markets are taken as being analogous to the concentrations of the reagents and the indices of smaller markets as concentrations of products. The role of the catalyst is to model the degree of influence of one index on another. The actual data used to fit the model parameter consisted of the Hang Seng index, Dow Jones index, and Ibovespa, since 1993. “What if” analyses were carried out considering some intervention policies.     

Inactivation of the enveloped virus phi6 with hydrodynamic cavitation

The COVID −19 pandemic reminded us that we need better contingency plans to prevent the spread of infectious agents and the occurrence of epidemics or pandemics. Although the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in water has not been confirmed, there are studies that have reported on the presence of infectious coronaviruses in water and wastewater samples. Since standard water treatments are not designed to eliminate viruses, it is of utmost importance to explore advanced treatment processes that can improve water treatment and help inactivate viruses when needed. This is the first study to investigate the effects of hydrodynamic cavitation on the inactivation of bacteriophage phi6, an enveloped virus used as a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate in many studies. In two series of experiments with increasing and constant sample temperature, virus reduction of up to 6.3 logs was achieved. Inactivation of phi6 at temperatures of 10 and 20 °C occurs predominantly by the mechanical effect of cavitation and results in a reduction of up to 4.5 logs. At 30 °C, the reduction increases to up to 6 logs, where the temperature-induced increased susceptibility of the viral lipid envelope makes the virus more prone to inactivation. Furthermore, the control experiments without cavitation showed that the increased temperature alone is not sufficient to cause inactivation, but that additional mechanical stress is still required. The RNA degradation results confirmed that virus inactivation was due to the disrupted lipid bilayer and not to RNA damage. Hydrodynamic cavitation, therefore, has the potential to inactivate current and potentially emerging enveloped pathogenic viruses in water at lower, environmentally relevant temperatures.     

宽波段单色仪多级谱高精度波长定标

通常利用单色仪输出的单色光对空间遥感光谱仪进行波长定标。提出以空间遥感光谱仪的置信度为标准,来评价宽波段单色仪高精度波长定标精度的方法。通过对仪器精度的分析,分别求出单色仪的波长的重复性误差和偏差。应用高压汞灯的本征谱和光栅衍射多级谱作为定标谱线,避免更换灯源带来的误差。通过粗细定标相结合的方法,缩短扫描时间,并且运用高斯拟合对波峰进行精确定位,缩小误差。最后利用高次拟合得到的关系式,测出单色仪波长精度,计算出空间遥感光谱仪定标的置信度。以1.5 M单色仪为例,单色仪在200～840 nm波段内波长精度±0.016 nm,则空间遥感光谱仪的波长精度达到±0.050 nm的置信度为99.82%。     

近红外光谱丸剂关键辅料炼蜜水分的快速测定

用近红外光谱法实现嫩,中,老三种炼蜜含水量的快速测定及不同炼制程度蜂蜜的快速分级。过程化控制是中药质量稳定的关键因素,但由于检测手段的滞后而无法实现,因而影响中药质量。蜜丸是具广阔应用市场的剂型;炼蜜工艺是影响蜜丸质量的关键工序;在炼蜜过程中,蜂蜜从嫩蜜炼制到中蜜仅需几至几十秒,变化迅速,传统检测手段不能对蜂蜜炼制过程进行实时监测,进而无法保证炼蜜质量的均一性。力求采用近红外光谱法（NIRS）对炼蜜过程进行实时检测,准确控制嫩蜜、中蜜的炼制程度,并对其含水量进行定量测定。实验通过Rudolph折光仪测定不同炼蜜的含水量,并快速测定样品的近红外光谱,结合偏最小二乘法（PLS）建立并优化88批炼蜜水分的定量模型,利用校正模型决定系数（R2）、校正模型均方根误差（RMSEE）;内部交叉验证决定系数（R2）,内部交叉验证均方根误差（RMSECV）;预测模型的相关系数（r）、预测均方根误差(RMSEP)对校正模型进行评价,其中RMSECV主要用来筛选建立模型的最佳主成分数,RMSEE和RMSEP分别对所建立校正集和验证集进行误差分析。同时采用鉴别分析法建立定性模型用来区分炼蜜等级。经不断优化,图谱经矢量归一化法（SNV）预处理后,在7 201.2~5 446.2 cm-1波段内选取9个主成分建立水分模型。建立的最佳模型中,校正集R2, RMSEE分别为99.43,0.299,内部交叉验证R2,RMSECV分别为99.05,0.348;预测集R2,RMSEP分别为98.19,0.347;定量模型显示,NIRS可快速、准确、无损的对炼蜜含水量进行测定。同时按照含水量测定结果对炼蜜嫩、中、老3个等级进行划分,进而采用鉴别分析法对炼蜜进行定性分析,结果显示嫩、中、老3种炼蜜有明显的聚类现象,表明因子化法是鉴别炼蜜程度的一种有效方法;综上所述,NIRS可望实现对炼蜜过程实时监测,准确控制嫩蜜,中蜜的炼蜜程度并对炼蜜含水量进行快速实时定量测定,为不同炼蜜等级划分提供参考,保证炼蜜质量的均一性,最终保证蜜丸质量的稳定性。     

The complexity and robustness of metro networks

Transportation systems, being real-life examples of networks, are particularly interesting to analyze from the viewpoint of the new and rapidly emerging field of network science. Two particular concepts seem to be particularly relevant: scale-free patterns and small-worlds. By looking at 33 metro systems in the world, this paper adapts network science methodologies to the transportation literature, and offers one application to the robustness of metros; here, metro refers to urban rail transit with exclusive right-of-way, whether it is underground, at grade or elevated. We find that most metros are indeed scale-free (with scaling factors ranging from 2.10 to 5.52) and small-worlds; they show atypical behaviors, however, with increasing size. In particular, the presence of transfer-hubs (stations hosting more than three lines) results in relatively large scaling factors. The analysis provides insights/recommendations for increasing the robustness of metro networks. Smaller networks should focus on creating transfer stations, thus generating cycles to offer alternative routes. For larger networks, few stations seem to detain a certain monopole on transferring, it is therefore important to create additional transfers, possibly at the periphery of city centers; the Tokyo system seems to remarkably incorporate these properties.     

结合Levenberg-Marquardt算法的垂直视差消减方法

垂直视差的存在是影响立体视频观视舒适度的主要因素。为了在不影响水平视差的条件下实现对垂直视差的消减,本文引入Levenberg-Marquardt(L-M)非线性算法实现变换矩阵的精确求解。首先用抗缩放、旋转及仿射变换的SIFT(Scale-invariant feature transform)特征匹配算法检测出双目图像对的特征匹配点,然后根据匹配点的坐标位置运用L-M算法计算可消减垂直视差的变换矩阵,将变换矩阵作用于目标图像,计算出该视图每个像素点的新坐标位置。实验结果表明:与利用线性算法求解二维射影变换矩阵的垂直视差消减方法相比,本文提出的求解方法在垂直视差消减上比该算法提高了约0.029 1~0.323 2个像素,对水平视差的影响比该算法降低了约0.118 7~1.139 1个像素。因此本文提出的方法对垂直视差的消减起到了优化作用。     

Influence of structural variability upon sound perception: Usefulness of fractional factorial designs

The present paper introduces an efficient and time-saving approach for the evaluation of the consequences of structural uncertainties on sound perception. Its aim is to validate the use of fractional factorial designs for perceptual assessment of a model system. A test bench was used, which allowed to accurately control the variability of several structural design parameters. Sounds emitted by the bench were recorded with a dummy head and submitted to listeners during two experiments, in which they had to evaluate the dissimilarity of each sound to a reference, representing the nominal state of the device. In the first experiment, six factors, assumed to be independent, were used to define a fractional factorial design. As an analysis of variance showed that two interactions between factors should have been taken into account, a second experimental design was developed to quantify these interactions. These two experiments allowed to define an accurate model of sound perception, describing the effect of each factor on the perceived dissimilarity. Thus, it was possible to relate the variability of the structure to the perception of the sound emitted with few experimental effort.     

Data mining techniques for scientific computing: Application to asymptotic paraxial approximations to model ultrarelativistic particles

We propose a new approach that consists in using data mining techniques for scientific computing. Indeed, data mining has proved to be efficient in other contexts which deal with huge data like in biology, medicine, marketing, advertising and communications. Our aim, here, is to deal with the important problem of the exploitation of the results produced by any numerical method. Indeed, more and more data are created today by numerical simulations. Thus, it seems necessary to look at efficient tools to analyze them. In this work, we focus our presentation to a test case dedicated to an asymptotic paraxial approximation to model ultrarelativistic particles. Our method directly deals with numerical results of simulations and try to understand what each order of the asymptotic expansion brings to the simulation results over what could be obtained by other lower-order or less accurate means. This new heuristic approach offers new potential applications to treat numerical solutions to mathematical models.