电磁发射装置轨道热管理冷却管道的力学设计

为了解决电磁轨道发射器在实际应用中遇到的高热量积累问题,需要对轨道进行冷却。基于多物理场耦合仿真平台Comsol Multiphysics,从轨道结构特性和电气特性两个方面进行分析,提出了在轨道内部设置冷却管道的基本规律。建立发射器的电磁场和结构场耦合模型,利用有限元法对预紧力和电动力作用下的轨道响应进行数值计算。仿真结果表明,设置冷却管道会对轨道造成材料损失,进而影响轨道性能,冷却管道应当尽可能远离肩部与枢-轨接触面连接处,并提出了冷却管道位于轨道不同位置时,轨道的形变规律和电感梯度变化规律,为轨道热管理冷却管道的设置方案提供了理论依据。     

四轨电磁发射器的背场增强仿真分析

针对四轨电磁发射器的背场增强方案的电感梯度进行了仿真分析。根据虚功原理,推导了背场下的四轨电磁发射器电感梯度公式。建立了三维背场仿真模型,分析了不同主、附轨道参数下电感梯度的变化规律。仿真结果表明:添加背场后,增大发射器口径、减小主附轨间距和附轨道截面积均能够实现系统电感梯度的提升;背场增强下,在主轨道高度达到口径的57%时,邻近效应已变得明显;相同附轨道截面积下,为增大系统电感梯度应优先减小附轨道厚度,为缓解电流邻近效应可优先减小附轨道高度;凹形截面附轨道能够明显改善电流邻近效应。     

载流电枢与感应电枢电磁线圈发射器系统特性比较

电枢是电磁线圈发射器的关键能量转换部分,针对感应实体电枢、感应线圈电枢、串联载流线圈电枢和并联载流线圈电枢4种电磁发射器的发射原理和结构特点,推导了4种发射器的系统数学模型。根据等效电路方法,利用MATLAB建立仿真系统,对影响电磁线圈发射器系统特性的电枢尺寸、实体电枢材料、线圈电枢线径、电枢初始位置与初速度、多级发射器电枢位置序列等因素进行了仿真计算和比较分析。结果表明:感应电枢发射器在初级和末级驱动线圈电流下降阶段存在磁力拖拽效应,使得发射体速度在发射管出口处下降明显,而载流电枢发射器不存在拖拽效应;增大感应线圈电枢和串联载流线圈电枢线径,或减小并联载流线圈电枢线径,可以有效提高发射出口速度;载流电枢适用于低速较少级数发射系统。研究方法和结论对电磁发射器电枢结构选择和方案设计具有一定的指导意义。     

脉冲大电流电磁轨道发射装置特性

为获得大电动力、低温升、高结构强度的轨道型电磁发射器,分析了脉冲大电流电磁轨道发射装置的工作性能,对电感梯度、通流能力进行了判定,并分析了重力、电枢电动力与螺栓预紧力共同作用下电磁轨道发射装置的力学特性。结果表明:在导轨长度及截面宽度固定的情况下,截面厚度越小,电感梯度越大;截面厚度越大,温升越低。为了获得大电感梯度、低温升并考虑材料成本,应合理设计各个部件的形状及尺寸。     

混响室发射天线位置优化仿真及实验

 为提高混响室测试区域的场均匀性,在分析发射天线影响场均匀性原理基础上,采用基于矩量法的电磁仿真软件FEKO对混响室仿真模型进行数值计算,通过与遗传算法相结合研究了混响室发射天线的位置对测试区域场均匀性的影响,得到了优化后发射天线位置及相应的表征混响室测试区域场均匀性的电场标准偏差值。优化后,测试区域场均匀性较优化前有所改善,并通过实验验证了该优化仿真方法的正确性。     

螺栓紧固型轨道发射器预紧力

轨道发射器通电轨道要承受很大的电磁扩张力,为了控制发射器口径形变,避免烧蚀,通常要在发射装置的封装层上施加预紧力。针对具体发射装置,运用三维耦合场对不同螺栓预紧力下的口径形变进行了计算,并进行了相关试验。试验结果表明,须将口径形变百分比控制在0.61%以内,方可实现无烧蚀发射。     

内爆驱动式超高速发射技术的初步研究

为获得10 km/s左右的超高速发射能力,以内爆发射器为研究对象,利用AUTODYN 2D软件对口径为8 mm的内爆发射器进行有限元仿真分析,获得了典型状态下的弹丸发射速度。研制了口径为8 mm的内爆发射器,并在压缩管中填充5 MPa氦气进行实验,分别获得了0.55 g铝合金弹丸7.95 km/s和0.37 g镁合金弹丸10.28 km/s的发射速度,与有限元仿真计算结果的速度偏差分别为15.3%和3.7%。结果表明,设计的内爆发射器具备10 km/s发射能力,满足空间碎片撞击和防护研究的超高速发射需求。     

分布储能式电磁轨道炮效率分析

分布储能式电磁轨道炮在长导轨发射中具备高发射效率优势,为实现分布储能式电磁轨道炮的恒流特点,建立可供发射器参数、结构设计参考的仿真模型尤为重要。针对口径为60 mm×80 mm的矩形轨道炮,根据电流波形的平稳性要求,沿导轨方向设置电流馈入点,诊断电枢位置并分时序触发各馈入点电源,以测试分布储能式电磁轨道炮的工作性能。在COMSOL三维磁场中建立矩形导轨-电枢模型,基于电流和磁场的多物理场耦合有限元分析得到磁场和电流的分布,并利用电磁场仿真结果实现电流趋肤效应下轨道电阻梯度计算。基于MATLAB SIMULINK平台对电容储能型脉冲功率电源模块建立电气电路;分析分布储能式电磁轨道炮非线性时变的动态特性并建立轨道及电枢阻抗模型,计算正向电磁力、滑动摩擦力构造电枢的运动方程,并使用信号电路建立电枢-导轨模块,通过Simulink测量模块连接两个隔离的网络,仿真计算得到导轨电流及电枢的出膛速度。设计了总储能为4.16 MJ的分布式储能轨道炮,结果显示,电容预充电压为10.8 kV时,导轨长为3 m的分布式电磁轨道炮可将1 kg的弹丸加速至1.4 km/s,与炮尾集中式电磁轨道炮相比,系统发射效率可提升约3%。     

非绝缘管壁电磁流量计的权重函数仿真分析及实验

电磁流量计权函数的正确求解对测量速度分布极其重要,是电磁流量计基础理论的重要部分。文中采用有限元的方法,对一种特殊电磁流量计-非绝缘管壁电磁流量计的权重函数进行研究。首先用Comsol Multiphysics构建了非绝缘管壁电磁流量计的数值仿真模型并对边界条件进行研究,其次分析了不同电导率以及厚度测量管的权函数,最后从实验的角度验证分析结论。并证明了在有效区域内,当磁场均匀时,虚电流密度的分布与权函数分布的一致性。文中的分析方法在研究电磁流量计管壁污染以及电极污染对权函数的影响都具有非常重要的意义     

一种小口径电磁轨道发射用电枢设计

为了在低储能条件下研究电磁发射过程中的刨削现象,要对电枢进行优化设计,使其在小口径发射试验装置中实现高初速发射。通过计算、仿真,对电枢尺寸、初始预紧力等参数进行优化,并进行预紧力、塑性性能和接触面积等相关参数的测试和实验,最终确定电枢型号,在保持良好电接触的条件下实现了高初速发射。     

Scaling laws for plasma armatures in railguns

A methodology for deriving the electrical and thermodynamic properties of plasma armatures in railgun launchers is presented. The methodology is based on the solution to the one-dimensional, quasi-steady equations for the plasma armature. It is shown that the thermodynamic and transport properties for typical armature materials can be adequately represented by power-law curve fits in the temperature and pressure regimes of interest. To illustrate the methodology, detailed computations for both copper and aluminum armatures are performed. Some discussion is also presented for hydrogen armatures. It is shown that the armature properties predicted by the scaling laws agree very well with those derived from more detailed numerical solutions to the governing differential equations. It is shown that, for both aluminum and copper armatures, the electrical conductivity is a strong function of the current per unit rail height and a weak function of launcher geometry. This dependence is shown to be in reasonable agreement with experimental data compiled over a wide range of gun bore dimensions and operating conditions     

漂移波不稳定性引起的反常电子热导的估计

本文从漂移波引起的湍性磁场出发,考虑了漂移波不稳定性引起的反常电子热导,所得电子热导的数值与实验结果基本符合,并利用所得的反常电子热导,在欧姆加热条件下推导了电子能量约束时间。     

Universal scaling of the conductivity at the superfluid-insulator phase transition

The scaling of the conductivity at the superfluid-insulator quantum phase transition in two dimensions is studied by numerical simulations of the Bose-Hubbard model. In contrast to previous studies, we focus on properties of this model in the experimentally relevant thermodynamic limit at finite temperature T. We find clear evidence for deviations from omega k scaling of the conductivity towards omega k/T scaling at low Matsubara frequencies omega k. By careful analytic continuation using Padé approximants we show that this behavior carries over to the real frequency axis where the conductivity scales with omega/T at small frequencies and low temperatures. We estimate the universal dc conductivity to be sigma* = 0.45(5)Q2/h, distinct from previous estimates in the T = 0, omega/T > 1 limit.     

ac conductivity spectra of alkali tellurite glasses: composition-dependent deviations from the Summerfield scaling

We report, for the first time, deviations from the Summerfield scaling in the ac conductivity spectra of single ion conducting glasses. In contrast to the extensively studied borate and germanate glasses, the conductivity isotherms of alkali tellurite glasses do not superimpose upon application of the Summerfield scaling. The deviations depend on the alkali oxide content as well as on the type of the alkali ion. Remarkably, our experimental findings differ considerably from theoretical results describing the hopping dynamics of charge carriers in random barrier landscapes.     

Delocalization in weakly coupled disordered wires: application to conjugated polymers

It is well known that even for minimal disorder one-dimensional wires are insulators: all 1D electron states are localized. Here, the influence of interwire coupling on delocalization of 1D states is examined. Based on perturbation theoretic arguments for the formation of 3D states in coupled wires and subsequent scaling analysis, practical expressions for the microscopic conditions of electronic delocalization and coherent conductivity of coupled 1D wires are obtained. The model quantitatively explains the temperature dependent dc conductivity in conducting polymers at both sides of the metal-insulator transition and links the experimental data to microscopic material parameters.     

Application of the high-resolution Godunov method to the multi-fluid flow calculations

In this paper, we have numerically solved the multi-fluid problems using an operator-split two-step high-resolution Godunov PPM (parabolic piecewise method) for the flow in complex geometries. By using the front capturing method,the PPM integrator captures the interface in the solution process. The basic multi-fluid integrator is coupled to a Cartesian grid algorithm where a VOF (volume of fluid) representation of the fluid interface is also used. As an application of this method, we test the 2D interracial advection example and simulate an experimental hypervelocity launcher model from Sandia National Laboratories. The computational design of the hypervelocity launcher is also given in the paper.     

Phase transitions in experimental systems

Scaling functions of the support and of the measure have been used to characterize the scaling behavior of a dynamical system. While scaling functions for the scaling of the measure, ƒ(), have been calculated for a number of experimental systems, examples of scaling functions φ(λ) for the scaling of the support are difficult to obtain. In this contribution, we report on a phase-transition-like effect of an experimental p-doped germanium semiconductor sample. It is found that the results obtained from the dynamical scaling function agree with those obtained by Horita et al. from model maps, indicating that scaling functions for the scaling of the support are a powerful method of characterizing experimental dynamical systems.     

New paradigm for the isotope scaling of plasma transport paradox

Most tokamak experimental results [Nucl. Fusion 33, 1205 (1993)]] and basic physics experiments [Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 095001 (2002)]] in the Columbia Linear Machine indicate dependence of the ion thermal conductivity on the isotopic mass close to chi( perpendicular ) approximately A(-0.5)(i), i.e., inverse gyro-Bohm. This is in stark contradiction to most present theoretical models predicting Bohm (A(0)(i)) or gyro-Bohm (A(0.5)(i)) scaling. A series of experiments designed to explore the physics basis of this scaling appears to lead to a new model for this scaling based on 3-wave coupling of two ion temperature gradient radial harmonics and an ion acoustic wave.     

An improved design for quasi-optical mode conversion of whispering gallery mode gyrotron radiation

Results are reported of a theoretical and experimental investigation of a quasi-optical mode converter for the transformation of whispering gallery mode gyrotron output into a linearly polarized Gaussian like beam. The mode converter consists of a helically cut waveguide launcher, similar to that originally proposed by Vlasovet al, followed by a focusing mirror. Theoretical results using aperture field methods indicate that the length of the waveguide launcher is of critical importance in providing a confined radiation pattern. Experimental results on the radiation pattern were obtained for several launcher lengths using a 0.6 MW, 149 GHz pulsed gyrotron operating in the TE_16,2 mode. Radiation pattern results for the optimum launcher length agree well with theoretical calculations using the Stratton-Chu aperture radiation theory for unperturbed waveguide modes. A mirror focusing in the azimuthal direction was designed by a geometrical optics approach to focus the radiation coming from the launcher. Good focusing with 91.4% efficiency (power in the focused beam divided by gyrotron power) was found experimentally using the combined launcher and mirror with the pulsed gyrotron. These results indicate that quasi-optical antennas are useful for transforming high order, high frequency gyrotron modes into directed beams in free space.     

Travelling Modes in Wave-Heated Plasma Sources

This paper describes a theoretical and experimental study of surface- and helicon-wave-heated plasma sources in which standing waves are set up in the cavity between the closed end plate to a plasma vessel and a wave launcher while travelling waves propagate from the opposite side of the launcher into a region which is long compared with the attenuation distance of the waves. We model the situation as a lossy transmission line of finite length coupled at the launcher to a lossy transmission line of infinite extent. RF power applied to the launcher divides in the ratio of the input impedances of the two transmission lines. For a conducting end plate, the power delivered to the travelling waves is a maximum when the cavity length is an odd number of 1/4 wavelengths long for which its input impedance is a maximum. Similarly, for an insulated end plate, the power delivered to the travelling waves is a maximum for a cavity with a length equal to an integer number of half wavelengths for which its input impedance is again a maximum.